Reporte de un caso: perforación intestinal por cuerpo extraño / Case report: intestinal perforation by foreign body

La ingestión accidental de cuerpos extraños en la infancia es un evento frecuente que pocas veces requiere manejo intervencionista y presenta muy pocas complicaciones que impliquen tratamiento quirúrgico. Se presenta un caso clínico de un lactante de 10 meses de edad, sin signos abdominales, en quien se encontró, como hallazgo incidental, un cuerpo extraño radiopaco de 7 cm de longitud en el abdomen compatible con un tornillo. No fue posible realizar la extracción endoscópica y requirió manejo quirúrgico. Se encontró una perforación de la segunda y tercera porción duodenal.

Accidental ingestion of foreign bodies in childhood is a common event that rarely requires interventional management and presents very few complications involving surgical treatment. We present a clinical case of a 10 month old infant, without abdominal manifestations, in whom it was incidentally found a foreign radiopaque body of 7 cm in length in the abdomen, compatible with a screw. It was not possible to extract it by endoscopy. Therefore, it was necessary to perform surgery and a perforation of the second and third portion of the duodenum was encountered.

[Case report: intestinal perforation by foreign body]. / Reporte de un caso: perforación intestinal por cuerpo extraño.

Accidental ingestion of foreign bodies in childhood is a common event that rarely requires interventional management and presents very few complications involving surgical treatment. We present a clinical case of a 10 month old infant, without abdominal manifestations, in whom it was incidentally found a foreign radiopaque body of 7 cm in length in the abdomen, compatible with a screw. It was not possible to extract it by endoscopy. Therefore, it was necessary to perform surgery and a perforation of the second and third portion of the duodenum was encountered.

La ingestión accidental de cuerpos extraños en la infancia es un evento frecuente que pocas veces requiere manejo intervencionista y presenta muy pocas complicaciones que impliquen tratamiento quirúrgico. Se presenta un caso clínico de un lactante de 10 meses de edad, sin signos abdominales, en quien se encontró, como hallazgo incidental, un cuerpo extraño radiopaco de 7 cm de longitud en el abdomen compatible con un tornillo. No fue posible realizar la extracción endoscópica y requirió manejo quirúrgico. Se encontró una perforación de la segunda y tercera porción duodenal.

Dietary and anthropometric indicators of nutritional status in relation to Helicobacter pylori infection in a paediatric population.

It has been postulated that Helicobacter pylori infection could affect growth and appetite, consequently influencing body weight. Therefore, the association between H. pylori infection and the dietary and anthropometric indicators of nutritional status of a paediatric population were investigated. A total of 525 children (aged 4-16 years) who were referred to the gastroenterology unit of the Sor Maria Ludovica Children's Hospital from Buenos Aires, Argentina, were enrolled and completed an epidemiological questionnaire. H. pylori infection was diagnosed using the ¹³C-urea breath test (¹³C-UBT). Height and weight were assessed for calculation of anthropometric indicators. Energy and macronutrient intakes were estimated by 24 h dietary recall. Data analysis was performed using a χ² test, a Student's t test, a Mann-Whitney U test and linear and logistic regressions. The prevalence of H. pylori infection was 25·1 % (with a mean age of 10·1 (SD 3·1) years). A tendency towards lower energy, carbohydrate, protein and fat intakes was observed in infected patients; however, it was not associated with H. pylori infection in any of the evaluated age groups (4-8, 9-13 and 14-16 years). Underweight, stunting, overweight and obesity were also not associated with the infection. Although height-for-age and BMI-for-age Z scores tended to be lower in infected patients, the differences between H. pylori-positive and H. pylori-negative children were not statistically significant. In conclusion, H. pylori infection was not associated with dietary intake or with anthropometric indicators in the present population of children with gastrointestinal symptoms; however, an increased sample size would be needed to confirm the observed tendency towards lower dietary intake and lower anthropometric indicators of nutritional status in H. pylori-infected children.

Decreasing trend of Helicobacter pylori infection in children with gastrointestinal symptoms from Buenos Aires, Argentina.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori infection is declining in developed and developing countries. The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate over an 8-year period the rate of H. pylori infection in children with gastrointestinal symptoms from Buenos Aires, Argentina. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the records of children referred from 2002 to 2009 to the gastroenterology unit of the Children Hospital "Superiora Sor Maria Ludovica" for evaluation of upper gastrointestinal signs and symptoms in which the (13) C-urea breath test was performed to diagnose H. pylori infection and a sociodemographic questionnaire was obtained. RESULTS: Records of a total of 1030 children and adolescents with a mean age of 9.99 years were included in the analysis. We found an H. pylori prevalence of 41.2% (95% CI, 36.9-46.0%) for the triennium 2002-2004, dropping to 26.0% (95% CI, 20.7-31.8%) in the triennium 2007-2009. CONCLUSION: Our results showed a significant decrease in H. pylori infection rates from children referred for upper gastrointestinal symptoms evaluation from 2002 to 2009, following the H. pylori epidemiologic trend reported in other countries.

Iron, zinc, and copper nutritional status in children infected with Helicobacter pylori.

OBJECTIVE: : Helicobacter pylori colonizes the gastric mucosa of about half of the world's population and it has been related to extragastrointestinal diseases. The present study sought to evaluate the association between H pylori infection and iron, zinc, and copper nutritional status in symptomatic children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: : A cross-sectional study was carried out in 395 children (4-16 years) with upper gastrointestinal symptoms, who were tested for H pylori infection by the C-urea breath test. Iron status was determined by hemoglobin, serum ferritin, and serum transferrin receptors. Copper and zinc serum concentrations were also evaluated. Epidemiological data, dietary assessment, and anthropometric indicators were analyzed as potential confounding factors. RESULTS: : Prevalence of H pylori infection was 24.3%. Anemia and iron deficiency (ID) were found in 12.0% and 14.3% of the H pylori-positive and 8.9% and 11.0% of the H pylori-negative children, respectively. There was no association between H pylori infection and anemia (odds ratio = 1.54 [95% confidence interval [CI] 0.73%-3.24%]) or ID (odds ratio = 1.35 [95% CI 0.67-2.70]). Crude beta coefficients showed that H pylori has no significant effect on hemoglobin, serum ferritin, serum transferrin receptors, copper, and zinc concentrations. However, adjusted results suggested that H pylori-infected children had an increase of 9.74 microg/dL (95% CI 2.12-17.37 microg/dL) in copper concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: : This study revealed that H pylori infection was not associated with iron deficiency, anemia, or zinc concentrations; however, a positive relation with copper status was found after adjusting for confounding factors. The contribution of H pylori infection to higher copper concentrations needs to be confirmed by additional studies.

Factors associated with H. pylori epidemiology in symptomatic children in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

AIM: To determine prevalence of H pylori infection in symptomatic children in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and to investigate factors associated with H pylori positivity. METHODS: A total of 395 children with upper gastrointestinal symptoms referred to the Gastroenterology Unit of the Children Hospital "Sor Maria Ludovica" were evaluated for the presence of H pylori by the (13)C-Urea Breath Test ((13)C-UBT). A questionnaire was applied to the recruited population. RESULTS: Prevalence of H pylori infection was 40.0% in this population (mean age 9.97 +/- 3.1 years). The factors associated with H pylori positivity were number of siblings (P < 0.001), presence of pet cats (P = 0.03) and birds (P = 0.04) in the household, and antecedents of gastritis among family members (P = 0.01). After multivariate analysis, number of siblings [Odds ratio (OR) = 1.39; 95% CI, 1.20-1.61] and contact with pet cats (OR = 1.76; 95% CI, 1.00-3.09) remained as variables associated with H pylori infection. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of H pylori infection in children with upper gastrointestinal symptoms in Argentina was similar to that reported in developed countries. Children from families with a higher crowding index and presence of pet cats have a higher risk of being colonized with H pylori.

Effect of a probiotic food as an adjuvant to triple therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in children.

OBJECTIVE: Current recommendations for treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection include a proton pump inhibitor in combination with two antibiotics. We evaluated the potential activity of a probiotic food as an adjuvant to antibiotic triple therapy for eradication of H. pylori infection in children from Buenos Aires, Argentina. METHODS: Sixty-five children who tested positive for H. pylori, as diagnosed by (13)C-urea breath test and endoscopy, were included in this study. Patients were randomized to receive 1-wk triple therapy plus probiotic food (treated group) or milk placebo (control) that was administered for 3 mo. Probiotic food consisted of 250 mL of a commercial yogurt containing Bifidobacterium animalis and Lactobacillus casei (10(7) colony-forming units/mL). Post-treatment urea breath test controls were performed 1 and 3 mo after the end of triple therapy. RESULTS: We found no significant differences in H. pylori eradication rates (ERs) at 1 and 3 mo between the treated group (ER = 45.5% and 42.4%) and the control group (ER = 37.5% and 40.6%). Relative risks between groups were 0.87 (95% confidence interval 0.58-1.32, P = 0.345) in the first month and 0.97 (95% confidence interval 0.64-1.46, P = 0.542) in the third month. CONCLUSIONS: We could not demonstrate an adjuvant effect of the studied probiotic food to triple therapy in the eradication of H. pylori infection in children in Buenos Aires, Argentina. However, we found lower ERs than those reported for the same therapeutic scheme in developed countries, indicating that bacterial resistance and alternative therapeutic strategies should be studied.

Histologic findings in "ex- Helicobacter pylori" gastric biopsies of pediatric patients.

Long-term sequelae of Helicobacter pylori-associated chronic gastritis (HpCG) have been described in adult patients. In the present study we report the histology of gastric mucosa biopsies in 6 asymptomatic pediatric patients (5 male and 1 female; mean age 9.5 years) with previous HpCG. Preceding H. pylori was histologically proved and confirmed by culture, direct visualization, and/or serology before delivering treatment. In 5 of 6 cases the HpCG followed a protracted clinical course, with various therapeutic series needed before H. pylori eradication. Time from final treatment for HpCG to actual biopsy ranged from 3 months to almost 3 years. Gastric mucosa showed mild chronic gastritis with absence of H. pylori organisms (6 of 6), focal loss of gland units with collagenous replacement (6 of 6), serrated foveolae (3 of 6), regenerative changes at elongated glandular necks with cells having enlarged and hyperchromatic nuclei (5 of 6), lymphoid aggregates (2 of 6), and presence of sulfomucins in isolated epithelial cells of glands and foveolae (2 of 6). None of these features were noticed in 10 normal gastric mucosa biopsies used as controls. The referred findings in "ex- H. pylori" pediatric patients may represent very early sequelae from HpCG at this age.

Atrofia focal con cicatrices estrelladas en niños con gastritis crónica asociada con Helicobacter pylori. Gastritis atrófica inicial? / Focal atrophy with stellate scars in children with chronic gastritis associated to Helicobacter pylori. Is this early atrophic gastritis?

Background: Atrophic gastritis has not been described in children in the setting of Helicobacter pylori infection. Methods: Gastric biopsies of six children (7 to 11 years old) with history of HpCG and recent therapeutic eradication of H. pylori, were reviewed. In the 6 H. pylori was documented with histology, culture, direct visualization and/or serology before treatment. Cases were compared with five biopsies of age-matched patients showing none of the above-mentioned clinical data. All the biopsies were formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded and stained with hematoxilin-eosin, Masson trichrome and reticulin stain. Results: The biopsies of the six treated patients showed variable-in-size stellate-shaped spots of glandular loss replaced by dense connective tissue with few inflammatory cells. The fibrous tissue showed a central area of scaring and radially oriented spikes extending to adjacent interglandular tissue, more evident with the Masson trichrome stain. Density of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria was variable. H. pylori organisms were consistently absent. On the reticulin stain the atrophic areas showed coarser and compacted reticulin. Stellate scars were not present in the five controls. Conclusions: Small foci with fibrous scars may be found in children with long standing HpCG, perhaps as an early sequel of it. We hypothesize that if the chronic gastritis-gastric atrophy process is a continuum, these stellate scars may be representing the very beginning of the multifocal atrophic gastritis usually seen in adult patients.

The clinical and histological spectrum of esophagitis in pediatrics. Some keys to its links to gastritis

The purpose of our study was to assess the clinical and histological spectrum of esophagitis, seeking possible links between esophagitis and gastritis particularly Helicobacter pylori-associated, in pediatric patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied 66 sequential and 63 gastric biopsies from 66 patients fulfilling the histological diagnosis of "esophagitis". Cases were arranged in two groups: G1 (H. pylori negative): N = 44 (27 m; 17 f), mean age 7.3 y (range 7-9 m-18 y) and G2 (H. pylori positive): N = 22 (16 f; 6 m), mean age 12.8 y (range 7-16 y). RESULTS: The bases for performing endoscopy and biopsies were as follows: in G1 (N44) symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in 24 cases and non-GER in 20 cases; in G2 (N = 22): symptoms of GER in 13 and non-GER in 9 cases. Esophageal endoscopic findings for G1 patients included: normal mucosa 39; esophagitis 3; congestive mucosa and esophagitis 1 each. Stomach endoscopic findings for G1 patients were normal mucosa 29; nodular antrum 7; congestive mucosa 4; ulceration 2; unknown 2. G2 children revealed nodular antrum 19; congestive antrum 2; normal mucosa 1. Histology of esophageal biopsies in G1 was esophagitis grade 1,35; grade 2,4; grade 3, 4, and grade 5, 1. G2 showed esophagitis grade 1,20, and grade 2,2. The histologic findings of the gastric biopsies were as follows: G1 (N = 41): normal mucosa 23; mild chronic gastritis 6; mucus depletion in the superficial 5; mild acute gastritis 3; hemorrhage 1; insufficient tissue 3. G2: chronic gastritis associated with H. pylori with or without follicular hyperplasia 21; mild gastritis 1.

Atrofia focal con cicatrices estrelladas en niños con gastritis crónica asociada con Helicobacter pylori. Gastritis atrófica inicial? / Focal atrophy with stellate scars in children with chronic gastritis associated to Helicobacter pylori. Is this early atrophic gastritis?

Background: Atrophic gastritis has not been described in children in the setting of Helicobacter pylori infection. Methods: Gastric biopsies of six children (7 to 11 years old) with history of HpCG and recent therapeutic eradication of H. pylori, were reviewed. In the 6 H. pylori was documented with histology, culture, direct visualization and/or serology before treatment. Cases were compared with five biopsies of age-matched patients showing none of the above-mentioned clinical data. All the biopsies were formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded and stained with hematoxilin-eosin, Masson trichrome and reticulin stain. Results: The biopsies of the six treated patients showed variable-in-size stellate-shaped spots of glandular loss replaced by dense connective tissue with few inflammatory cells. The fibrous tissue showed a central area of scaring and radially oriented spikes extending to adjacent interglandular tissue, more evident with the Masson trichrome stain. Density of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria was variable. H. pylori organisms were consistently absent. On the reticulin stain the atrophic areas showed coarser and compacted reticulin. Stellate scars were not present in the five controls. Conclusions: Small foci with fibrous scars may be found in children with long standing HpCG, perhaps as an early sequel of it. We hypothesize that if the chronic gastritis-gastric atrophy process is a continuum, these stellate scars may be representing the very beginning of the multifocal atrophic gastritis usually seen in adult patients. (Au)

The clinical and histological spectrum of esophagitis in pediatrics. Some keys to its links to gastritis

The purpose of our study was to assess the clinical and histological spectrum of esophagitis, seeking possible links between esophagitis and gastritis particularly Helicobacter pylori-associated, in pediatric patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied 66 sequential and 63 gastric biopsies from 66 patients fulfilling the histological diagnosis of "esophagitis". Cases were arranged in two groups: G1 (H. pylori negative): N = 44 (27 m; 17 f), mean age 7.3 y (range 7-9 m-18 y) and G2 (H. pylori positive): N = 22 (16 f; 6 m), mean age 12.8 y (range 7-16 y). RESULTS: The bases for performing endoscopy and biopsies were as follows: in G1 (N44) symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in 24 cases and non-GER in 20 cases; in G2 (N = 22): symptoms of GER in 13 and non-GER in 9 cases. Esophageal endoscopic findings for G1 patients included: normal mucosa 39; esophagitis 3; congestive mucosa and esophagitis 1 each. Stomach endoscopic findings for G1 patients were normal mucosa 29; nodular antrum 7; congestive mucosa 4; ulceration 2; unknown 2. G2 children revealed nodular antrum 19; congestive antrum 2; normal mucosa 1. Histology of esophageal biopsies in G1 was esophagitis grade 1,35; grade 2,4; grade 3, 4, and grade 5, 1. G2 showed esophagitis grade 1,20, and grade 2,2. The histologic findings of the gastric biopsies were as follows: G1 (N = 41): normal mucosa 23; mild chronic gastritis 6; mucus depletion in the superficial 5; mild acute gastritis 3; hemorrhage 1; insufficient tissue 3. G2: chronic gastritis associated with H. pylori with or without follicular hyperplasia 21; mild gastritis 1. (AU)

Toxocariasis con afectación hepática / Toxocariasis with liver involvement

We are reporting 16 cases of toxocariasis found in a two year period. Mean age was 2 years and 9 months. Sex distribution was 1:1. Thirteen (81 per cent) children presented pica, 8 (50 per cent) had pets at home, 10 (62.5 per cent presented anemia and long standing fever, and all eosinophilic leukocytosis. Fundoscopy was normal in all. Toxocara antibodies (Through ELISA) were increased in all of them. High resolution ultrasonography revealed hypoechoic areas in the liver in 50 per cent of the cases. Therapeutic response was good, the clinical signs and symptoms disappearing at the end of treatment. The eosinophilic leukocytosis, ELISA serum positivity for toxocara and ultrasound findings persisted approximately for a year. Toxocariasis is a common parasitosis in our setting. It must be regarded as the first diagnosis when confronted with eosinophilic leukocytosis and abnormal liver findings by ultrasound.

Toxocariasis con afectación hepática / Toxocariasis with liver involvement

We are reporting 16 cases of toxocariasis found in a two year period. Mean age was 2 years and 9 months. Sex distribution was 1:1. Thirteen (81 per cent) children presented pica, 8 (50 per cent) had pets at home, 10 (62.5 per cent presented anemia and long standing fever, and all eosinophilic leukocytosis. Fundoscopy was normal in all. Toxocara antibodies (Through ELISA) were increased in all of them. High resolution ultrasonography revealed hypoechoic areas in the liver in 50 per cent of the cases. Therapeutic response was good, the clinical signs and symptoms disappearing at the end of treatment. The eosinophilic leukocytosis, ELISA serum positivity for toxocara and ultrasound findings persisted approximately for a year. Toxocariasis is a common parasitosis in our setting. It must be regarded as the first diagnosis when confronted with eosinophilic leukocytosis and abnormal liver findings by ultrasound. (Au)

Evaluación de la utilidad del sistema Sydney en la gastritis asociada a Helicobacter pylori en niños / Assessment of the Sydney system in Helicobacter pylori associated gastritis in children

Objetivo: Establecer la utilidad de la escaa visual del "Sistema Sydney"actualizado (Ssa) para calificar las biopsias con gastritis crónica en la edad pediátrica. Material y métodos: Se analizaron 79 biopsias gástricas de 15 pacientes con gastritis crónica asociada con H. Pylori. Se obtuvieron biopsias de antro y cuerpo de todos los pacientes, y en 13 series de biopsias de 11 pacientes (dos con dos series), se realizaron cinco biopsias siguiendo la propuesta del Ssa: dos del antro a 2-3 cm proximales al piloro (una de la curvatura menor y otro de la curvatura mayor), dos del cuerpo a 8 cm del cardias (una de la curvatura menor y otro de la curvatura mayor), y una de la incisura angularis. La presencia de sulfomucinas se detectó mediante la coloración de azul Alcian-PAS a pH 1,0, preferentemente en las muestras de la incisura angularis. En cada muestra se calificó la densidad de H. pylori, infiltrados de neutrófilos y células mononucleadas, atrofia y metaplasia intestinal como: normal (ausencia), leve moderada o marcada, y se determinó la presencia o no de folículos linfóides. Resultados: Diez pacientes fueron mujeres y cinco, varones; la edad osciló entre 2 y 16 años (promedio: 10.8 años). Los principales síntomas de presentación fueron dolor abdominal recurrente (10 casos), hemorragia gastrointestinal (4 casos), pirosis (2 casos), vómitos y anemia (uno cada uno). Un paciente tenía hipertensión portal. En los 15 pacientes, se efectuaron en total 79 biopsias. La evaluación de esas muestras siguiendo la escala de analogía visual del Ssa mostró las siguientes calificaciones morfológicas: no hubo infiltrados de neutrófilos en 27 biopsias; fueron leves en 35 y moderados en 17. No se halló ninguna biopsia con marcada cantidad de neutrófilos. Los infiltrados mononucleares fueron leves en 38 biopsias, moderados en 36, y abundantes en 5. La densidad de H. pylori fue considerada leve en 39 biopsias, moderada en 27 y marcada en dos. En tres biopsias postratamiento del mismo paciente (caso 8) no se encontró H. pylori. Otras ocho biopsias (7 del cuerpo y una del antro) revelaron ausencia de H. pylori, aunque los gérmenes estuvieron presentes simultáneamente en otros sitios del estómago...

Evaluación de la utilidad del sistema Sydney en la gastritis asociada a Helicobacter pylori en niños / Assessment of the Sydney system in Helicobacter pylori associated gastritis in children

Objetivo: Establecer la utilidad de la escaa visual del "Sistema Sydney"actualizado (Ssa) para calificar las biopsias con gastritis crónica en la edad pediátrica. Material y métodos: Se analizaron 79 biopsias gástricas de 15 pacientes con gastritis crónica asociada con H. Pylori. Se obtuvieron biopsias de antro y cuerpo de todos los pacientes, y en 13 series de biopsias de 11 pacientes (dos con dos series), se realizaron cinco biopsias siguiendo la propuesta del Ssa: dos del antro a 2-3 cm proximales al piloro (una de la curvatura menor y otro de la curvatura mayor), dos del cuerpo a 8 cm del cardias (una de la curvatura menor y otro de la curvatura mayor), y una de la incisura angularis. La presencia de sulfomucinas se detectó mediante la coloración de azul Alcian-PAS a pH 1,0, preferentemente en las muestras de la incisura angularis. En cada muestra se calificó la densidad de H. pylori, infiltrados de neutrófilos y células mononucleadas, atrofia y metaplasia intestinal como: normal (ausencia), leve moderada o marcada, y se determinó la presencia o no de folículos linfóides. Resultados: Diez pacientes fueron mujeres y cinco, varones; la edad osciló entre 2 y 16 años (promedio: 10.8 años). Los principales síntomas de presentación fueron dolor abdominal recurrente (10 casos), hemorragia gastrointestinal (4 casos), pirosis (2 casos), vómitos y anemia (uno cada uno). Un paciente tenía hipertensión portal. En los 15 pacientes, se efectuaron en total 79 biopsias. La evaluación de esas muestras siguiendo la escala de analogía visual del Ssa mostró las siguientes calificaciones morfológicas: no hubo infiltrados de neutrófilos en 27 biopsias; fueron leves en 35 y moderados en 17. No se halló ninguna biopsia con marcada cantidad de neutrófilos. Los infiltrados mononucleares fueron leves en 38 biopsias, moderados en 36, y abundantes en 5. La densidad de H. pylori fue considerada leve en 39 biopsias, moderada en 27 y marcada en dos. En tres biopsias postratamiento del mismo paciente (caso 8) no se encontró H. pylori. Otras ocho biopsias (7 del cuerpo y una del antro) revelaron ausencia de H. pylori, aunque los gérmenes estuvieron presentes simultáneamente en otros sitios del estómago...(AU)