Morphologic characterization of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery: a direct anatomic study.

OBJECTIVE: An adequate knowledge of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) is oriented to the morphological sciences, clinical management and surgical planning of the posterior fossa. We aimed to determine the morphology of AICA in a sample from Colombian population. METHOD: We studied 92 AICA from fresh cadavers. For each specimen, the vertebral arteries were injected with 100 cc of semi-synthetic resin (a mixture of Palatal E210® BASF 80 cc and Styrene 20 cc) dyed with mineral red. The biometrics and morphological variables of AICA were registered. RESULTS: AICA originated at 9.9 ± 3.2 mm from the vertebrobasilar junction. In 12 samples (8.1%), we observed a common trunk between AICA and posterior inferior cerebellar artery, which presented a caliber of 1.56 ± 0.23 mm and a length of 11.3  ± 3. 53 mm. In 80 (51.3%) specimens, AICA was originated from the proximal segment of basilar artery, while in 76 (48.7%) of them emerged from the medium segment. The AICA bifurcation distance from its origin was less than 20 mm in 20.5% of cases; between 20 and 40 mm in 62.3%. In its trajectory, AICA passed ventral to the facial nerve in 85 samples (53.2%), dorsal to the facial nerve in 68 samples (43.6%) and between the roots in 5 samples (3.2%). CONCLUSIONS: The origin of the AICA from the proximal segment of the basilar artery is confirmed in this study, which disagrees with reports that point out its origin in the middle segment.

Morphological characterisation of the coronary arteries in African sheep (Ovis orientalis). Differential analysis with those of humans and other animal species.

BACKGROUND: Despite the importance of the coronary system in the African sheep as a possible experimental model, there is little information about this particular vascular system. The objective of this investigation was to characterise morpho- logically the coronary arteries and their branches in African sheep. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study evaluated the coronary arteries and their branches of 62 hearts of short hair sheep. The right and left coronary ostia were perfused with a semi-synthetic resin (Palatal GP40L 85%; styrene 15%) dyed with mineral red. The morphological characteristics were evaluated using a digital calibrator and the biometrics of the coronary arteries and their branches were registered. RESULTS: The right coronary artery had a proximal calibre of 2.11 ± 0.46 mm. The subsinusal interventricular branch ended at the middle third of the homonym sulcus in 19 (30.6%) specimens. The left coronary artery had a diameter of 5.38 ± ± 1.59 mm and a length of 4.67 ± 3.32 mm. This artery bifurcated itself in the paraconal interventricular branch and the left circumflex branch in 57 (91.9%) hearts and trifurcated with an additional left diagonal branch in 5 (8.1%) spec- imens. Left coronary artery dominance was observed in 51 (82.3%) specimens, whereas in 11 (17.7%) cases the coronary circulation dominance was balanced. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the similitude in the features of the coronary arteries between African sheep and humans, this animal model can be proposed for procedural and haemodynamic activities.

Accessory head of the flexor pollicis longus muscle: anatomical study and clinical significance.

BACKGROUND: The accessory head of the flexor pollicis longus (AHFPL) has an oblique trajectory from medial to lateral aspect of the forearm below the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle and then joins the flexor pollicis longus muscle. When the anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) courses underneath the muscle belly of the AHFPL an entrapment neuropathy may occur, known as anterior interosseous nerve syndrome (AINS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study evaluated 106 fresh upper extremities. When the AHFPL was present, its fascicle was traced up to evaluate the origin site. The morphometric variables were measured using a digital micrometre (Mitutoyo, Japan). The relationship between the AHFLP and the AIN was evaluated. RESULTS: The AHFPL was found in 34 (32.1%) of the 106 forearms. The AHFPL arose from the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle in 16 (47.1%) forearms, the medial epicondyle of the humerus in 10 (29.4%) forearms and the coronoid process of ulna in 8 (23.5%) forearms. The average total length of the AHFPL was 94.11 ± ± 10.33 mm. The AIN was located lateral to the AHFPL in 3 (8.8%) forearms, posterolateral in 7 (20.6%) forearms and posterior in 24 (70.6%) forearms. CONCLUSIONS: This study performed in a South American population sample revealed a prevalence of the AHFPL in a lower range compared to previous studies in North Americans and Asians. The AIN coursed more frequently underneath the muscle belly of AHFPL. This finding has clinical significance in the onset of the AINS and the subsequent surgical procedure for the AIN decompression.

Anatomical study of the renal excretory system in pigs. A review of its characteristics as compared to its human counterpart.

BACKGROUND: Despite the importance of the pyelocalyceal system in the pig as an experimental model, there is little information about this particular anatomical subject. We determined the morphological characteristics of the renal excretory system in pigs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study evaluated 130 pairs of kidneys of pigs destined to slaughter. The pyelocalyceal system was subjected to injection technique - corrosion by infusion of polyester resin (85% Palatal and 15% Styrene) and subsequent infusion in potassium hydroxide (KOH) for 10 days. The significance level used was p < 0.05. RESULTS: The renal excretory system is characterised by the presence of type A major cranial and caudal calyxes seen in 34.3% of the kidneys (type A1 in 30% and type A2 in 4.3%). type B calyxes, corresponding to minor calyxes draining directly into the renal pelvis, were present in 65.7% of the specimens (type B1 59.2%; type B2 6.5% of the cases). The number of minor calyxes in the collector system was 7.9 ± 2.27 with statistically significant differences in side (p = 0.0047). CONCLUSIONS: The morphometric characteristics of the kidneys in this study are slightly smaller than reported in humans. Similarly, the incidence of type A renal excretory system distribution is highest in humans and lowest in pigs. Due to its few morphological differences, the pig kidney is an excellent model for teaching- -learning processes, for research purposes, and for training of urologic applications.

Variaciones vasculares en cavidad abdominal y de vías urinarias: presentación de caso / Vascular variations in urinary tract and abdominal cavity: case report

Se presenta un raro caso de múltiples variaciones en la cavidad abdominal de un espécimen cadavérico de 50 años de género masculino, del laboratorio de anatomía de la Universidad Industrial de Santander (Bucaramanga-Colombia). Se observó variaciones arteriales (arteria renal adicional derecha y origen de la rama hepática derecha desde la arteria mesentérica superior), venosa (vena renal derecha adicional) y de vía urinaria (doble uréter en el lado derecho). Estas diversas variantes anatómicas además de suscitar interés académico, deben ser consideradas y descritas correctamente por los clínicos durante la realización de procedimientos quirúrgicos, radiológicos y de imágenes diagnósticas en la cavidad abdominal.

Here we present a rare case of multiple abdominal cavity variations in a 50-year-old male cadaveric specimen of the anatomy laboratory of the Universidad Industrial de Santander (Bucaramanga, Colombia). The anatomical dissection revealed arterial variations (right additional renal artery and origin of the right hepatic branch from the superior mesenteric artery), venous (right additional renal vein) and urinary tract (duplicated ureter on the right side). These multiple anatomic variations in addition to raising academic interest, should be considered and described correctly by clinicians while performing surgical, radiological and imaging procedures in the abdominal cavity.

Evaluation of coronary dominance in pigs; a comparative study with findings in human hearts / Avaliação da dominância coronária em suínos. Estudo comparativo com os achados em corações humanos

Coronary dominance in swine has been poorly evaluated. The frequencies of each type of dominance have been described, but few details have been given as to the different expressions of each one. The aim of this study was to characterize coronary dominance in commercial breed swine. One hundred and fifty eight pig hearts were evaluated. The coronary arteries (CA) were infused with synthetic resin (Palatal 85% and Styrene15%) through the ostia after channeling. The coronary artery that gives origin to the posterior interventricular artery (PIA), and the site of termination of both the circumflex arteries (CXA), and left retroventricular branch (LRVB) were determined in order to establish the coronary dominance pattern. Right coronary dominance was found in 105 hearts (66.5%), and a balanced circulation in 53 specimens (33.5%). No dominance was observed for the left coronary artery in the hearts studied. The CXA ended on the posterior aspect of the left ventricle in 101 samples (64%) and on the crux cordis in 55 specimens (34.8%). In two specimens (1.3%) it ended as a left marginal artery. In all cases the PIA was a branch of the RCA, and was long in 105 hearts (66%), 55% of which corresponded to males and 45% to females, but this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.77). The AIA ended on the apex in 126 specimens (80%), 71 of which (56%) corresponded to males and 55 (44%) to females (p=0.74)...

A dominância coronária em suínos tem sido pouco avaliada. Descreveram-se as frequências de cada um dos tipos, mas não detalharam as diferentes expressões de cada um deles. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a dominância coronária em suínos de raças comerciais. Avaliaram-se 158 corações de suínos. As artérias coronárias (AC) foram infundidas através da canalização dos seus ostium com resina sintética (Palatal 85% e Estireno15%). Para estabelecer o tipo de dominância coronária, determinou-se de qual coronária desprendia-se a artéria interventricular posterior (AIP) e o lugar de finalização das artérias circunflexa (ACX) e do ramo retro ventricular esquerdo (RRVI). Encontrou-se dominância coronária direita em 105 corações (66%) e circulação balanceada em 53 exemplares (34%). Não foi observada a dominância coronária esquerda nos corações estudados. O calibre proximal e médio da ACD nos casos de dominância coronária direita foi de 3,84 ± 0,80 mm. Por outro lado, encontrou-se que este mesmo calibre nos corações com dominância coronária balanceada foi de 3,97 + 0,79 mm. (p=0,88). A ACX finalizou-se na face posterior do ventrículo esquerdo em 101 amostras (64%) e na crux cordis em 55 exemplares (34,8%). A AIP emergiu em todos os casos da ACD sendo comprida em 105 corações (66%) dos quais 55% correspondia a machos e 45% a fêmeas, sem que esta diferença fosse estatisticamente significativa (p=0,77). A AIA finalizou-se no ápice em 126 exemplares (80%), dos quais 71 (56%) corresponderam a machos e 55 (44%) a fêmeas (p=0,74)...

Characterisation of myocardial bridges in pigs: a comparative anatomical analysis with the human heart.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have been conducted in pigs concerning the presence of myocardial bridges (MB) on the coronary arteries and their branches, and some of them have evaluated small samples. The objective of this study was to characterise MB in pigs of commercial breeds. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and fifty eight hearts of pigs destined to the slaughterhouse with stunning method were studied. The coronary arteries were perfused with polyester resin (palatal 85% and styrene 15%) and then subjected to potassium hydroxide infusion to remove the subepicardial fat. RESULTS: Ninety three MB were found in 67 (42.4%) specimens, 43 (46%) of which were located on branches of the right coronary artery, 38 (41%) on branches of the left coronary artery and 12 (13%) on both vessels. The MB occurred in 26 (38.8%) females and 41 (61.2%) males, but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.23). Single MB were most common (70%), followed by the presence of 2 (21%) MB in different vessels. the subsinusal interventricular artery was the vascular structure with the largest number of MB (46.2%), with its middle third being the most compromised segment (79%). The mean length of the MB was 11.23 ± 5.67 mm and the thickness of the suprapontine myocardium was 1.13 ± 0.48 mm. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency, localisation, and length of the MB reported in pigs are consistent with the findings of the present study, whereas in humans the MB involve mainly the anterior interventricular artery and are longer.

Evaluation of additional head of biceps brachii: a study with autopsy material.

Additional head of the biceps brachii (AHBB) has been reported in different population groups with a frequency of 1-25%. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and morphologic expression of the AHBB as determined in a sample of the Colombian population. An exploration was conducted with 106 arms corresponding to unclaimed corpses autopsied at Institute of Legal and Forensic Medicine of Bucaramanga, Colombia. Using medial incision involvingskin, subcutaneous tissue, and brachial fascia, the heads of the biceps and their innervating branches were visualised. One AHBB was observed in 21 (19.8%) of the arms evaluated, with non-significant difference (p = 0.568) per side of presentation: 11 (52.4%) cases on the right side and 10 (47.6%) on the left side. All AHBBs were originated in the infero-medial segment of the humerus, with a mean thickness of 17.8 ± 6.8 mm. In 4 (19%) cases the fascicle was thin, less than 10 mm; in 7 (33.3%) cases it was of medium thickness, between 11 and 20 mm, whereas in 47.6% it was longer than 20 mm. The length of the AHBB was 118.3 ± 26.8 mm; its motor point supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve was located at 101.3 ± 20.9 mm of the bi-epicondylar line. The incidence of AHBB in this study is located at the upper segment of what has been reportedin the literature and could be a morphologic trait of the Colombian population; in agreement with prior studies, the origin was the infero-medial surface of the humerus.

Anatomic study of the right coronary artery in pigs: feature review in comparison with the human artery / Estudio anatómico de la arteria coronaria derecha en cerdos: revisión de sus características en comparación con la del humano

A few studies conducted on the morphology of coronary arteries in pigs emphasize the description of its course and number of branches. The objective of this study was to determine the anatomic expression of the right coronary artery (RCA) in pigs of commercial stock. One hundred and fifty eight hearts obtained from pigs destined to sacrifice were studied. The RCA were perfused with polyester resin (Palatal 85 percent and Styrene 15 percent) and then subjected to KOH infusion for 5 minutes to release the subepicardial fat. Diameters were measured and courses were evaluated. Results: The diameter of the RCA in its proximal portion was 3.85 mm (SD 0.75). The right artery of the cone originated from the RCA in 100 specimens (63.3 percent) and from the aorta (third coronary) in 8 specimens (5.1 percent). The posterior interventricular branch (PIB) reached the apex in the majority of the cases (49.3 percent). Its proximal diameter was 2.75 mm (SD 0.61). The sinoatrial node branch (SAB) and the atrioventricular node branch (AVNB) originated from the RCA in 100 percent of the specimens. The diameters of the SAB and AVNB were 1.1 mm (SD 0.30) and 1.16 mm (SD 0.30), respectively. The posterior right diagonal branch was not observed. There is an agreement with most prior studies with respect to both SAB and AVNB emerging from the RCA. Morphometric and qualitative knowledge of the RCA and its branches in pigs is relevant for the design of procedural and hemodynamic models.

Los escasos estudios realizados con relación a la morfología de las arterias coronarias en porcinos enfatizan en descripciones de sus trayectorias y número de ramas. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la expresión anatómica de la arteria coronaria derecha (ACD) en cerdos de razas comerciales. Fueron estudiados 158 corazones extraídos de cerdos destinados al sacrificio. Las ACD fueron perfundidas con resina poliéster (Palatal 85 por ciento y Estireno15 por ciento) y posteriormente sometidas a infusión de KOH durante 5 minutos para liberar la grasa subepicárdica. Se midieron calibres y evaluaron trayectorias. El calibre de la ACD en su porción proximal fue 3,85 mm (DE 0,75). La arteria derecha del cono se originó de la ACD en 100 especímenes (92,6 por ciento) y de la aorta (tercera coronaria) en 8 (7,4 por ciento). La arteria interventricular posterior (AIP) alcanzó el ápex en la mayoría de los casos (49,3 por ciento.) Su calibre proximal fue 2,75 mm (DE 0,61). La rama del nodo sinusal (RNS) y la rama del nodo atrio ventricular (RNAV) se originaron de la ACD en el 100 por ciento de los especímenes. Los calibres de la RNS y RNAV fueron 1,1 mm (DE 0,30) y 1,16 mm (DE 0,30) respectivamente. No se observó rama posterolateral. Existe concordancia con la mayoría de estudios previos con relación a la emergencia desde la ACD de las ramas RNS y RNAV. El conocimiento morfométrico y cualitativo de la ACD y sus ramas en porcinos, es relevante para el diseño de modelos procedimentales y hemodinámicos.

Dimensión vertical en edentados: relación con síntomas referidos / Vertical dimension on edentulous patient: relationship with symptoms reported

La dimensión vertical es una medida aproximada de las relaciones fisiológicas intermaxilares. Su obtención es un proceso sensible y metódico que produce efectos craneofaciales colaterales cuando es erróneamente lograda. Los conceptos individualistas de su obtención deben ser cambiados e interiorizados de una manera colectiva debido a la complejidad de la dinámica masticatoria que exige una perspectiva más amplia de esta noción. La correspondencia entre la dimensión vertical y lo funcional-disfuncional cráneo-cervical es innegable y va mas allá de una relación exclusivamente dental. Esta revisión busca situar al lector en una realidad estomatognática y no solo odontológica, que exige mayores esfuerzos y un cambio de perspectiva en la conceptualización de la importancia de la dimensión vertical en el normal funcionamiento del sistema estomatognático y de estructuras vecinas en el paciente edentado.

Vertical dimension is an approximate measure of the physiological inter-maxillary relations. Its register is a sensitive and methodical process with craniofacial side effects when wrongly achieved. Single concepts for vertical dimension register should be changed and understood in a collective manner. The complexity of the masticatory dynamics requires a broader view of this notion. The correspondence between the vertical dimension and the functional-dysfunctional cranio-cervical relations is undeniable and goes beyond an exclusively dental relation. This review seeks to place the reader in a stomatognathic functional perspective, which requires greater efforts of the prosthodontics operator. Normal functioning of the stomatognathic system and surrounding structures in the edentulous patient depends on the conceptualization about the importance of vertical inter-maxillary relations.

Antropometría del martillo en humanos: un estudio anatómico directo / Anthropometry of the malleus in humans: a direct anatomic study

El conocimiento morfométrico de las estructuras del oído medio, incluidos cada uno de los oscículos, es importante para la comprensión de su complejidad biomecánica. Las características estructurales y dimensionales del martillo son registradas en 23 martillos de población mestiza adulta Colombiana. Las medidas registradas involucran el área de la cabeza, el cuello, el manubrio, el proceso anterior y lateral y el área de la articulación incudo-maleolar. Tres de los diecinueve registros tomados en este estudio pudieron ser comparados concienzudamente con otros estudios que mostraron similitudes. El largo total del martillo fue de 8,18 mm DE 0,24, la longitud del manubrio fue de 4,91 mm DE 0,25 y la proporción del largo del manubrio y el largo total fue de 60,11 % DE 3,47. Conforme a la población estudiada no se logro encontrar variación individual o pareada en la anatomía del martillo lo que lo hace un hueso morfométricamente uniforme y estable.

Morphometric knowledge of middle ear structures, including each of the oscicles, is important for the understanding of its biomechanics complexity. The structural and dimensional characteristics of the malleus are registered in 23 samples of Colombian adult mestizo population. Registered measures involve the area of the head, neck, the manubrium, the anterior and lateral process and the area of the incudo-maleolar joint. Three of nineteen records taken in this study could be carefully compared to other studies, which showed similarities. The total length of the malleus was 8,18 mm SD 0.24, the length of the handle was 4.91 mm SD 0.25 and the ratio of the length of the manubrium and the malleus total length was 60,11% of 3.47. In accordance with the studied population, individual or paired variations were not found in the anatomy of the malleus that makes it a morphometrically uniform and stable bone.

Antropometría del Estribo en Humanos: Un Estudio Anatómico Directo / Human's Stape Anthropometry: A Direct Anatomic Study

Es modesta la base de datos morfológicos del estribo en humanos. Su caracterización morfométrica es importante cuando se compara con estribos de otras épocas ancestrales e igualmente en el estudio de una biomecánica oscicular compleja. Las características estructurales y dimensionales y pareadas del estribo fueron registradas en 23 huesos de población mestiza adulta Colombiana. Las medidas registradas involucraron el área de la articulación lenticular incudo-estapedial, la platina del estribo y los procesos anterior y posterior del estribo, en diferentes sentidos. Cinco de los dieciséis registros tomados en este estudio pudieron ser comparados concienzudamente con otros estudios. Las cinco medidas comparables fueron: el largo total de la platina con 2,87 mm DE 0,09; el ancho mayor de la platina con 1,36 mm DE 0,09; el largo del estribo con 3,18 DE 0,15 y la distancia interna interpilar con 1,65 DE 0,17; y la altura del arco con 1,82 DE 0,19. La angulación de los procesos anterior y posterior del estribo resulto en 29.01 grados DE 2.93. Conforme a la población estudiada no se logro encontrar variación individual o pareada en la anatomía del estribo, haciéndolo un hueso morfométricamente uniforme y estable.

There is a modest database about morphological data for the stapes in humans. Its preliminary characterization is important when compared with other ancestral times and also in the study of a complex oscicular biomechanics. Paired and structural characteristics of the stapes were registered in 23 bones of Colombian adult mestizo population. Registered measures involved the lenticular incudo-stapedial joint; the anterior and posterior processes of the stapes; and the footplate dimensions. Five of the sixteen records taken in this study could be carefully compared to other results. The five comparable measures were: the total length of the footplate with 2.87 SD 0.09 mm; the widest footplate zone with 1.36 SD 0.09 mm; the stape's total length with 0.15 SD 3.18 and internal interprocesses length with 1.65 SD 0.17; and the arc height with 1,82 SD 0,19. Anterior and posterior angulation of the stape processes was 29.01 SD 2.93 degrees. In accordance with the studied population the measures cannot show individually or paired variations in the anatomy of the stapes, making it a uniform and morphometrically stable bone.

Oclusión dental: ¿doctrina mecanicista o lógica morfofisiológica? / Dental occlusion: mechanistic doctrine or morphophysiological logical?

Las escuelas de oclusión han creado un constructo mecanicista que busca explicar, bajo un modelo reduccionista y determinista, una dinámica cráneo-cervical y estomatognática compleja. Estos modelos de oclusión le dedican más importancia a la morfología dental y sus geometrías interpretativas que a la morfofisiología estomatognática. La configuración musculo-esquelética cráneo-cervical tiene el poder ganado de influir concomitantemente en la ubicación espacial de la mandíbula e implícitamente en las relaciones interoclusales. La visión actual de la oclusión sigue basándose en observaciones empíricas de un siglo de antigüedad que carecen de soporte apropiado en el marco del nivel de evidencia. En la dimensión funcional los modelos de oclusión conservan los mismos vacíos que existían desde su estructuración en el siglo pasado, particularmente en sus representaciones espaciales estáticas, uniáxicas y anti-dinámicas que desestiman la individualidad de cada sujeto. Cada especialidad puede tener tantas razones como puntos de vista diferentes de "maloclusión" así como formas de tratarla.

Occlusion schools have created a mechanistic construct that seeks to explain, under a reductionist and deterministic model, a craneal-cervical and stomatognathic complex dynamic. These occlusion models dedicate more importance to dental morphology and its interpretative geometries than a stomatognathic morphophysiology. Craneocervical musculoskeletal configuration has the gained power to concomitantly influence the jaw location in the space and implicitly in the interocclusal relations. The current vision of the occlusion is based on empirical observations of almost a century that lack support in the level of evidence framework. In the functional dimension occlusion models maintain the same gaps that existed from its origins since the last century, particularly in its static, uniaxic and anti-dynamic spatial representations that dismiss the individuality of each subject. Each specialty can have as many reasons as different points of view about "malocclusion" as well as techniques to treat it.

A direct anatomical study of additional renal arteries in a Colombian mestizo population.

Traditional anatomy describes each kidney as receiving irrigation from a single renal artery. However, current literature reports great variability in renal blood supply, the number of renal arteries mentioned being the most frequently found variation. Such variation has great implications when surgery is indicated, such as in renal transplants, uroradiological procedures, renovascular hypertension, renal trauma and hydronephrosis. This article pretends to determine the frequency of additional renal arteries and their morphological expression in Colombian population in a cross-sectional study. A total of 196 of renal blocks were analysed from autopsies carried out in the Bucaramanga Institute of Forensic Medicine, Colombia; these renal blocks were processed by the injection- corrosion technique. The average age of the people being studied was 33.8 +/- 15.6 years; 85.4% of them were male and the rest female. An additional renal artery was found in 22.3% of the whole population and two additional ones were found in 2.6% of the same sample. The additional renal artery was most frequently found on the left side. The additional artery arose from the aorta's lateral aspect (52.4%); these additional arteries usually entered the renal parenchyma through the hilum. No difference was established according to gender. Nearly a third of the Colombian population presents one additional renal artery and about 3% of the same population presents two additional renal arteries. Most of them reached the kidney through its hilar region.

Morphological expression of the left coronary artery: a direct anatomical study.

The left coronary artery presents wide variability in its morphological expression. The purpose of this work was to determine the variations in the left coronary artery and those of its branches in heart samples taken from a group of 154 Colombian mixed-race people. Cadaveric coronary arteries were injected with synthetic resins. Left coronary artery trunks presented 6.48 +/- 2.57 mm lengths. Left coronary arteries were bifurcated in 80 hearts (52%), trifurcated in 65 hearts (42.2%) and tetrafurcated in 9 hearts (5.8%). A short circumflex branch was observed in 143 hearts (92.8%), finalising as a left marginal branch in 39 of them (25.3%). The inferior third of the posterior interventricular sulcus was the most frequently occurring segment in anterior interventricular branch finalisation (63.6%). The calibre of the left coronary artery trunk was 3.58 +/- +/- 0.59 mm, that of the anterior interventricular branch 2.94 +/- 0.5 mm and that of the circumflex branch 2.71 +/- 0.54 mm. Of the total sample 86 myocardial bridges were observed with 61 cases (70.9%) in the anterior interventricular branch, distributed amongst all segments (proximal, intermediate and distal). Average myocardial bridge length was 19.4 +/- 10.7 mm, and no gender differences were observed (p = 0.20). The most frequently occurring location of the myocardial bridges, on the anterior interventricular branch (proximal and intermediate), agreed with previous studies. Left coronary artery trunk length and calibre and that of its branches were considerably smaller than those reported in other populations. (

Topical review: temporomandibular disorders in an integral otic symptom model.

The literature has closely observed otic symptoms (and other craniofacial complaints) in temporomandibular disorders; however, there is little evidence for an association between the two. This review tries to provide an integrated biological basis for otic symptoms in temporomandibular disorders from both anatomical and physiological points of view; it also attempts to enlarge the view of one of the ranges of central and peripheral mechanisms involved. The pathophysiology of common symptoms is integrated within different health specialties through basic science. This review is not based on a structured selection of randomized controlled trials; rather, it deals with perspectives of otic symptoms triggered or exacerbated by stomatognathic dynamics.

Theories on Otic Symptoms in Temporomandibular Disorders: Past and Present / Teorías de los Síntomas Óticos en los Trastornos Temporomandibulares: Pasado y Presente

For many years otic symptoms have been closely observed in TMD clinical practice. This review includes trials that meet eligibility criteria in the field of otic symptoms diagnosed and treated by a stomatognathic focal point. The aim is centered on the implications of the debated cause-effect connection between otic symptoms and TMD offering a probable bond between the TMJ, ear and adjacent structures. The rationalization is based on an embryological and anatomical approach that offers explanations on the otic pathogenic mechanisms symptoms interconnected with TMD. The accompanying reciprocity among disciplines of odontology and otolaryngology is brought together by TMD and otic referred mutual symptomatology as is showed in multiple trials. This research is an attempt that targets the integration of these two health specialties in the diagnosis and treatment of this type of population.

Por muchos años, síntomas óticos observados en la práctica clínica se han relacionado estrechamente con trastornos temporomandibulares (TTM). Esta revisión incluye juicios que plantean criterios específicos en el campo de los síntomas óticos diagnosticados y tratados desde un punto vista estomatognático. El objetivo está centrado en las implicancias debatidas causa-efecto entre síntomas óticos y TTM estableciendo un probable vínculo entre la ATM, oído y estructuras adyacentes. La revisión está basada en una aproximación embriológica y anatómica que explica los mecanismos y síntomas de patogenia ótica interconectados con TTM. El acompañamiento recíproco entre disciplinas de odontología y otorrinolaringología estableció un equilibrio entre los TTM y la mutua sintomatología ótica remitida, como está mostrado en múltiples diagnósticos. Esta investigación constituye un intento de alcanzar una integración entre estas dos especialidades médicas en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de este tipo de patologías.

[Anatomical and pathological study of the temporomandibular joint disk in Colombian individuals]. / Estudio anátomo-patológico del disco de la articulación temporomandibular en individuos colombianos.

BACKGROUND: The temporomandibular joint is an oval fibrous plate that completely divides the joint and accommodates irregularities existent in the bone articular surfaces. AIM: To study the frequency of temporomandibular joint disk abnormalities among Colombian subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 120 temporomandibular joint disks obtained from fresh cadavers arrived in the Instituto de Medicina Legal, in Cali Colombia. These were analyzed according to subject's dental status and age. RESULTS: Nineteen percent of disks had small erosions. In 7.5% of disks there were wider erosions or perforations. Twenty six percent of discs were very thin and this alteration was seen mostly in people aged 50 years or older. CONCLUSIONS: These results are intermediate between those who claim that disk perforations are rare and those who had shown tile opposite. The loss of dental pieces seems to be a risk factor leading to such disk perforation.