Synchronous luminescence spectroscopic characterization of urine of normal subjects and cancer patients.

Urine is one of the diagnostically potential bio fluids, as it contains many metabolites and some of them are native fluorophores. These fluorophores distribution and the physiochemical properties may vary during any metabolic change or at different pathologic conditions. Since urine is a multicomponent fluid, synchronous luminescence technique, a powerful tool has been adopted to analyse multicomponents in single spectrum and to resolve emission spectrum without much of photobleaching of fluorophores. In this study, urine samples of both normal subjects and cancer patients were characterised using synchronous luminescence spectroscopy with a Stokes shift of 20 nm. Different ratio parameters were calculated from the intensity values of the synchronous luminescence spectra and they were used as input variables for a multiple linear discriminant analysis across normal and cancer groups. The stepwise linear discriminant analysis classifies 90.3% of the original grouped cases and 88.6% of the cross-validated grouped cases correctly.

Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopic characterization of urine of healthy subjects and cervical cancer patients.

Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy were employed in the discrimination of cervical cancer patients from healthy subjects using urine samples. Fluorescence emission at 390 and 440 nm was considered to monitor the fluorescence of indoxyl sulfate and neopterin. Significant spectral differences were observed between healthy and cancer subjects. Different ratio parameters were calculated from the spectral intensity at 280- and 350-nm excitation and were subjected to stepwise linear discriminant analysis. In total, 84.0% of samples were correctly classified at 280 nm and 96.4% were correctly classified at 350 nm. The fluorescence decay kinetics of urine samples at 390-nm emission was best described by bi- exponential fits, whereas the decay characteristics at 440 nm of urine samples was best explained by bi-exponential fits and, in some cases, by tri-exponential fits. However, the decay kinetics of both indoxyl sulfate and neopterin standards was well described by bi-exponential decays. Based on the fluorescence emission characteristics and statistical analysis, the fluorophores indoxyl sulfate, neopterin, and riboflavin may be considered as potential biomarkers for cervical cancer diagnosis.