Telehealth replication of the trial-based ongoing visual-inspection criteria.

Trial-based functional analyses are valid assessments for identifying functions of problem behavior; however, there is little guidance in the literature on interpreting the resultant data from such assessments. The current study sought to extend Standish, Bailey, et al. (2021) by incorporating their trial-based ongoing visual-inspection criteria into a formative assessment process during a telehealth-based consultation for parents seeking treatment for their child's problem behavior. The results showed that parent-implemented trial-based functional analyses guided by the trial-based ongoing visual-inspection criteria resulted in an efficient assessment-to-intervention progression and that the treatments were both effective and socially valid.

Partially Automated Training for Implementing, Summarizing, and Interpreting Trial-Based Functional Analyses.

Trial-based functional analysis (TBFA) is an accurate and ecologically valid assessment of challenging behavior. Further, there is evidence to suggest that individuals with minimal exposure to behavior analytic assessment methodology (e.g., parents, teachers) can quickly be trained to conduct TBFAs in naturalistic settings (e.g., schools, homes). Notwithstanding, the response effort associated with training development can be prohibitive and may preclude incorporation of TBFA into practice. To address this, we developed a partially automated training package, intended to increase the methodology's accessibility. Using a multiple-probe across skills design, we assessed the degree to which the package increased caregiver accuracy in (a) implementing TBFAs, (b) interpreting TBFA outcomes, and (c) managing TBFA data. Six caregivers completed this study and all demonstrated proficiency following training, first during structured roleplays and again during assessment of their child's actual challenging behavior.

Extending functional communication training to multiple language contexts in bilingual learners with challenging behavior.

Little research has highlighted how evidence-based practices (e.g., functional communication training [FCT]) might be adapted for bilingual learners with disabilities. In the current study, we served 2 children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and challenging behavior whose parents primarily spoke Spanish at home, and whose teachers primarily spoke English at school. Following traditional FCT (i.e., 1 language only), we systematically replicated the findings of Neely, Graber et al. (2020) by demonstrating that mands in the untrained language (i.e., English) did not emerge when trained mands (i.e., Spanish) contacted extinction in alternative-language contexts. Simultaneously, challenging behavior consistently resurged. After children received explicit training with both languages and were taught to change the language of request when initial attempts were unsuccessful (i.e., "repair the message" training), these same children successfully obtained high rates of reinforcement in both language contexts, and challenging behavior rarely occurred.

Formative applications of ongoing visual inspection for trial-based functional analysis: A proof of concept.

Trial-based functional analysis (TBFA) possesses many strategic advantages which make it an ideal candidate for adoption in applied settings. Notwithstanding, some aspects of the analysis remain underdeveloped, including structured guidelines for interacting with obtained data reliably in formative and summative ways. The purpose of this study was to adapt existing ongoing visual-inspection (OVI) criteria to match the idiosyncrasies of TBFA and then to assess their practical utility in applied settings. Thus, we first drafted OVI criteria appropriate for trial-based FA (i.e., TB-OVI). Then, we trained 5 caregivers to conduct TBFAs of their children's challenging behavior and to react to their data as they obtained it, using the TB-OVI criteria as their guide. Finally, we validated interpretations of TBFA outcomes based on TB-OVI criteria through effective intervention. Across 5 participants and 7 opportunities, function-based interventions successfully eliminated challenging behavior.

Fabrication of electrodes with ultralow platinum loading by RF plasma processing of self-assembled arrays of Au@Pt nanoparticles.

Conductive, carbon-free, electrocatalytically active, nanostructured electrodes with ultra-low platinum loading were fabricated using self-assembly of octadecanethiol-coated Au@Pt nanoparticles followed by RF plasma treatment. Bilayer arrays of Au@Pt nanoparticles with platinum loadings of 0.50, 1.04, 1.44, and 1.75 µg cm(-2) (corresponding to 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 atomic layer coverage of platinum on nominally 5 nm gold core) were subjected to RF argon plasma treatment for various durations and their electrical conductivity, morphological evolution, and electrocatalytic activity characterized. Samples with monolayer and above platinum coverages exhibit maximum electrochemically active surface areas values of ∼100 m(2)/gpt and specific activities that are ∼4× to 6× of a reference platinum nanoparticle bilayer array. The underlying gold core influences the structural evolution of the samples upon RF plasma treatment and leads to the formation of highly active Pt(110) facets on the surface at an optimal plasma treatment duration, which also corresponds to the onset of a sharp decline in lateral sheet resistance. The sample having a two atom thick platinum coating has the highest total mass activity of 48 ± 3 m(2)/g(pt+au), corresponding to 44% Pt atom utilization, while also exhibiting enhanced CO tolerance as well as high methanol oxidation reaction and oxygen reduction reaction activity.