Self-reported prevalence of asthma and its associated factors among adult rural population in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study using WHO PEN protocol.

OBJECTIVE: For over a decade, the prevalence of asthma remained unchanged at around 7% in Bangladesh. Although asthma causes significant morbidity among both children and adults, updates on epidemiological data are limited on the prevalence in Bangladesh. This study attempted to determine the prevalence of asthma, and its modifiable and non-modifiable lifestyle predictors in a rural population of Bangladesh. METHOD: This study was part of a cross-sectional study that applied the WHO Package of Essential Noncommunicable Disease Interventions via census in a rural area of Bangladesh, where self-reported data on asthma were recorded. Data on anthropometric measurement, sociodemographic characteristics and behavioural risk factors were collected following the standard protocol described in the WHO STEP-wise approach to surveillance (STEPS) questionnaire. Analysis included descriptive statistics to assess the prevalence of asthma and its risk factors, and binary logistic regression to determine contributing factors. RESULT: The overall prevalence of asthma was 4.2%. Asthma was predominant among people above 60 years (8.4%). Higher asthma was noted among males (4.6%), self-employed (5.1%), with a family history of asthma (9.1%), with comorbidities besides asthma (7.8%) and underweight (6.0%) compared with their counterparts. The OR of having asthma was 1.89, 1.93, 1.32, 1.50, 2.60, 0.67, 0.67 and 0.78 if a respondent was 45 years old or more, married, underweight, ever smoker, with a family history of asthma, housewife, employed and consumed red meat, respectively, while considering all other variables constant, compared with their counterparts. CONCLUSION: The study emphasised asthma to be a public health concern in Bangladesh, although it seems to have decreased over the last decade. Among others, red meat intake and nutritional status were strongly associated with asthma, and the linkage among these is still a grey area that needs further exploration.

Baseline prevalence of hyperglycemia and its predictors among community clinic users of a selected rural area of Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study using the WHO PEN Protocol 1.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of hyperglycemia at baseline, and identify its predictors among community clinic (CC) users from a selected rural area of Bangladesh. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study partly used the baseline data of implementation research in which a total of 11,244 adults visited the CC, and their blood glucose, blood pressure and anthropometry were evaluated according to 'Action 2' of the World Health Organization (WHO) Package of Essential Noncommunicable Disease Interventions (PEN) protocol 1. Of these, 11,144 had complete information on demography, chronic diseases and their risk factors, which were collected during the implementation of 'Action 1' of WHO PEN protocol 1 at the household level. Hyperglycemia, prediabetes (PreD) and type 2 diabetes were diagnosed using the WHO criteria. RESULTS: Using WHO PEN protocol 1, the estimated baseline prevalence was 12.5% for hyperglycemia, 3.4% for PreD and 9.2% for type 2 diabetes, and was more prevalent among men compared with women. PreD and type 2 diabetes had significantly higher odds ratio (OR >1) of having common risk factors as follows: age ≥40 years (PreD, P < 0.001; type 2 diabetes, P < 0.001), generalized obesity (PreD, P < 0.001; type 2 diabetes, P = 0.005) and hypertension (PreD, P < 0.000; type 2 diabetes, P < 0.001). Furthermore, participants with a family history of diabetes appeared to be a significant predictor of type 2 diabetes (P < 0.001), but not for PreD (P = 0.303). CONCLUSIONS: Hyperglycemia, preD and type 2 diabetes showed a comparatively high prevalence among the CC users of the selected rural area. Obesity and hypertension are the key modifiable risk factors that should be reduced using a CC-centered risk reduction strategy.

Healthy behaviours, treatment, and control status of diagnosed hypertension and diabetes among the government nurses and para-health professionals of Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study.

Chronic illness among health professionals (HPs) is rarely reported due to idealistic views of their role in treating and fighting diseases. This creates a gap mainly due to a lack of research on them, resulting in insufficient data at the national level, especially in Bangladesh. In this circumstance, we analyzed the data of senior staff nurses (SSNs) and para-health professionals (PHPs) to assess their healthy bahaviours, treatment, and control status of hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM). It was a cross-sectional study that used the census as a sampling technique. The study site was a medical university in Bangladesh located in the capital city of Dhaka. A total of 1942 government-employed health professionals working at Upazila Health Complexes participated and completed both the questionnaire and physical measurements with a response rate of 100%. Among them, 1912 (SSNs = 938 and PHPs = 974) remained for analysis after data cleaning. The prevalence of self-screening (HTN, 97.4%; DM, 81.5%), diagnosis (HTN, 20.5%; DM,15.3%), treatment (HTN, 88.7%; DM, 83.7%) and control status (HTN, 63.7%; DM, 31%) did not reveal any notable differences between SSNs and PHPs. Most of the HPs with HTN and DM failed to maintain adequate physical activity (87.4%; 86.2%), fruit and/or vegetable intake (60.7%; 59%), and healthy body weight (60.5%; 54%) respectively. Only avoidance of smoking showed a significant association with the professional categories in both hypertensives (AOR, 7.98; p = 0.001) and diabetics (AOR, 14.78; p<0.001). Although working in the field of primary health care and involved in assisting patient management, control of HTN, DM and their risk factors is not satisfactory among the SSNs and PHPs of Bangladesh. Future interventions should focus on smoking, diet, and physical activity to reduce HTN and DM in the HPs of Bangladesh.

Association of exposure to salinity in groundwater with chronic kidney disease among diabetic population in Bangladesh.

Globally, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the major public health concerns. CKD and renal failure are reported to be high in the areas with higher salinity, however, the association is still unclear. We aimed at assessing the association of degree of groundwater salinity with CKD among diabetic populations of two selected areas in Bangladesh. This cross-sectional analytic study was carried out among 356 diabetic patients aged 40-60 years in high groundwater salinity exposed Pirojpur (n = 151) and non-exposed Dinajpur (n = 205), the southern and northern districts of Bangladesh, respectively. The primary outcome was the presence of CKD (via estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min) using Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. Binary logistic regression analyses were done. In non-exposed (mean age 51.2±6.9 years) and exposed (mean age 50.8±6.9 years) respondents, men (57.6%) and women (62.9%) were predominant, respectively. The proportion of patients with CKD was found to be higher in the exposed group than that of the non-exposed group (33.1% vs. 26.8%; P 0.199). The odds (OR [95% confidence interval]; P) of CKD were not found to be significantly higher in high salinity exposed respondents (1.35 [0.85-2.14]; 0.199), compared to the non-exposed. However, the odds of hypertension were found to be significantly higher in high salinity exposed respondents (2.10 [1.37-3.23]; 0.001), compared to the non-exposed. And, the interaction of high salinity and hypertension showed a significant association with CKD (P = 0.009). In conclusion, the findings suggest that groundwater salinity may not be directly associated with CKD in southern Bangladesh, however, it may have an indirect association with the disorder through the association of hypertension with groundwater salinity. Further large scaled studies are required to answer the research hypothesis more clearly.

Low physical activity among middle-aged type-2 diabetic outpatients of two peripheral hospitals in Bangladesh.

Physical activity (PA) is an important lifestyle recommendation for managing type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, low PA among them is a global public health concern, including Bangladesh. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of low PA levels and its associated sociodemographic factors particularly among middle-aged T2DM subjects, which is quite limited globally and unknown in Bangladesh. In this cross-sectional study, we conveniently recruited 356 T2DM subjects (aged 40-60 years) from outpatient departments of the corresponding diabetic hospitals from Pirojpur and Dinajpur, the southern and northern districts, respectively. The primary outcome was low PA (via metabolic equivalents <600), using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Univariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were used to identify the factors associated with low PA. Among the participants (mean age 51.0±6.9 years), men and women were with almost equal proportions (48.9% and 51.1%, respectively). The prevalence (95% Confidence Intervals [CI]) of low PA was 34.8% (29.9-39.7). The median sitting or reclining time was 6 hours on a typical day. The odds (OR [95% CI]; P) of low PA was found to be significantly higher in respondents with primary or no education compared to the above-primary level, in unadjusted (1.6 [1.1-2.6]; 0.029) and adjusted (2.0 [1.1-3.7]; 0.028) associations both. In conclusion, over one-third of the middle-aged study subjects had a low PA level, which was associated with education. There is a high demand for designing and implementing PA enhancing interventions among them.

Coping strategy among the women with metastatic breast cancer attending a palliative care unit of a tertiary care hospital of Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is one of the leading cancers among the Bangladeshi women. Coping helps these patients to adjust with this life-changing disease. Each individual has unique and different coping mechanism. But we know a little regarding their coping strategies. This study aims to explore the different coping strategies adopted by the women with metastatic (stage IV) breast cancer attending the palliative care unit and their relationship with the common mental health issues like anxiety and depression. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 95 patients with metastatic (stage IV) breast cancer attending the Department of Palliative Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Bangladesh from April 2021 to September 2021. Data was collected by face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire adapted from Hospital Depression and Anxiety Scale (HADS), Brief COPE inventory and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance scale. Pearson correlation test was used to find the relationships between various domains of coping strategies and psychological variables. Correlation matrix was done to observe the internal correlation among different coping strategies. Kruskal-Wallis H test was done to find the relationship between different coping strategies and ECOG performance status. RESULT: The mean age of the respondents was 48.9 ± 9.9 years. Most of them were married (94.7%), Muslim (92.6%) and homemakers (82.1%). Commonly used coping strategies by the patients were: acceptance (median 10; IQR 10), religion (median 9; IQR 8-10) and instrumental support (median 9; IQR 6-10). Significantly strong positive correlation was found between emotional and instrumental support (R = 0.7; p = 0.01), planning, acceptance and active coping (R = 0.7; p = 0.01); behavioral disengagement, self distraction and denial (R = 0.5; p = 0.01). Significantly fair negative correlation was observed between active coping and depression (R = -0.4, p <0.001). Patients with better performance status on ECOG scale (Grade 0-2) leaned more on the positive coping strategies like instrumental support, emotional support, positive reframing and venting. CONCLUSION: Different coping strategies, especially positive coping helps the patients to adapt with their disease over time. All women suffering from breast cancer should be routinely screened and assessed for psychological distress and ensure early intervention and management to promote a better quality of life.

Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, and Fear of COVID-19: an Online-Based Cross-cultural Study.

The study aimed to measure Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) and fear level towards COVID-19 and explore its cross-cultural variances in knowledge by sociodemographic factors among the general population of 8 different countries over 5 continents. It was a cross-sectional online survey. This survey was conducted in April 2020 among 1296 participants using the "Google Form" platform. Considering the social distancing formula and pandemic situation, we collect data using popular social media networks. Univariate and bivariate analyses were used to explore the collected data on KAP, fear, and sociodemographic factors. Overall knowledge score was 9.7 ± 1.7 (out of 12), and gender differences (female vs male: 9.8 ± 1.6 vs 9.5 ± 1.9) were significant (p = 0.008) in the bivariate analysis. Knowledge score variances were found significant in some regions by gender, marital status, and education qualification. The highest and lowest mean knowledge scores were recorded in the Middle East (10.0 ± 1.7) and Europe (9.3 ± 2.0). Despite having a high fear score (22.5 ± 5.6 out of 35), 78.35% of respondents were positively and 81.7% in a good practice level. Fear score rankings: Middle East (1st; 23.8 ± 5.5), Europe (2nd; 23.2 ± 5.8), Africa (3rd; 22.7 ± 5.0), South Asia (4th; 22.1 ± 5.7), Oceania (5th; 21.9 ± 5.8), and North America (6th; 21.7 ± 5.5). Fear and knowledge were not correlated. KAP and fear variation exist among geographical regions. Gender, marital status, and education qualification are factors in knowledge variances for some regions. KAP and fear measures can help health education programs consider some sociodemographic factors and regions during an outbreak of highly contagious disease and uplift a positive attitude and good practice. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11469-021-00638-4.

Satisfaction with care provided by home-based palliative care service to the cancer patients in Dhaka City of Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study.

Background and Aims: Patient satisfaction is an important quality indicator of health care service. The concept of home-based palliative care has been recently introduced in Bangladesh, but the patients' satisfaction with this care remained unexplored. This study aimed to assess the satisfaction of the cancer patients receiving this care. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 51 surviving cancer patients above 18 years of age registered under the home-based care service of the Department of Palliative Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire based on the FAMCARE P16 questionnaire from February to March 2019. Descriptive analysis was done for the sociodemographic and satisfaction-related indicators. A correlation matrix was done to see the correlation among the satisfaction indicators. Result: The majority of the patients (88.2%) were satisfied with the service provided by the home care team. Most (76.5%) of the patients were women, and the mean age was 56.25 ± 14.8 years. The median duration of getting home-based care was 4 months. Main satisfaction indicators were-assessment of physical symptoms (70.6%), providing information about pain management (70.6%), the inclusion of the family in decision making (76.5%), coordination of care between the members of the home care team (84.3%) and availability of doctors, nurses and palliative care assistants (74.5%). A high correlation was observed between satisfaction regarding the care of physical symptoms and provision of information (R = 0.814, p < 0.001). Also, satisfaction regarding the provision of information and support provided to the family is highly correlated (R = 0.722, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Despite the limitations, the overall satisfaction level of the patients regarding home-based palliative care services in Bangladesh is very high. Home-based palliative can be a solution to provide palliative care to patients who are unable to access institution-based care and improve their quality of life.

Quality of life of the cancer patients receiving home-based palliative care in Dhaka city of Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: The concept of home-based palliative care has been recently introduced in Bangladesh, but the patients' quality of life remains unexplored. This study aimed to assess the quality of life and its determinants of the cancer patients receiving home-based palliative care in Dhaka, Bangladesh. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 51 surviving cancer patients above 18 years registered under the home-based care service of the Department of Palliative Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data was collected by face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire based on the "Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Palliative (FACIT-Pal)" questionnaire from February to March 2019. Descriptive analysis was done for the socio-demographic, disease and treatment related factors. Mann-Whiteney U test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, and logistic regression were done to determine the relationships between independent variables and QoL. RESULT: The majority of the patients (76.5%) were women. The mean age of the respondents was 56.2±4.8 years. Common primary sites of cancer were breast (39.2%), gastrointestinal (17.6%), and genitourinary system (23.5%). The median duration of getting home-based care was four months. The most prevalent problems were pain, sadness, feeling ill, and lack of satisfaction regarding sexual life. The majority (88.2%) of the patients had an average and above-average quality of life. Although, 92.1%patients had average or above-average social and emotional wellbeing, 60.8% had below-average physical wellbeing. Patients' marital status, belief about disease prognosis, and duration of getting home-based care had a positive influence, and age negatively influenced the quality of life. CONCLUSION: The majority of the patients receiving home-based palliative care in Dhaka city had average or above-average quality of life. However, these patients had better social and emotional wellbeing, but the physical wellbeing and symptom control were below-average according to the individual domain.

Non-communicable diseases risk factors among the forcefully displaced Rohingya population in Bangladesh.

Rohingya refugees of Ukhiya, Cox's bazar are an unaccounted group of people who form the largest cluster of refugees worldwide. Non-communicable disease (NCD) alone causes 70% of worldwide deaths every year therefore, the trend of NCD among Rohingya refugees demands proper evaluation and attention. The objective of this study was to measure the NCD risk factors among a convenient sample of Rohingya refugees. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 249 Rohingya refugees living in Balukhali and Kutupalang Rohinga Camps at Ukhiya, Cox's bazaar using a survey dataset adapted from the WHO Stepwise approach to NCD Risk Factor Surveillance (STEPS). Data was collected through face-to-face interviews with a structured questionnaire. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were done by trained medical assistants. Descriptive analysis was applied as appropriate for categorical variables. A Chi-square test and a student t test were performed to compare the categories. In general, the findings of NCD risk factors as per STEPS survey was 53.4% for tobacco use including smokeless tobacco, 2.8% for alcohol consumption, 23.7% for inadequate vegetable and fruit intake, 34.5% for taking extra salt, 89.6% for insufficient physical activity, 44.5%for confirmed hypertension, 16.9% for overweight, 1.2% for obesity and 0.8% for high blood sugar. Some modifiable non-communicable disease risk factors such as physical inactivity, tobacco smoking, extra salt with food, and hypertension are present among the Rohinga refugees in Bangladesh. These findings were timely and essential to support the formulation and implementation of NCD-related policies among the Rohingya refugees as a priority sub-population.

Factors Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Bangladesh.

Diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are a major public health burden in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to explore factors associated with CKD in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Bangladesh. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 315 adults with T2D presenting at the outpatient department of Bangladesh Institute of Health Sciences (BIHS) hospital between July 2013 to December 2013. CKD was diagnosed based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate using the 'Modification of Diet in Renal Disease' equations and the presence of albuminuria estimated by the albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with CKD. The overall prevalence of CKD among patients with T2D was 21.3%. In the unadjusted model, factors associated with CKD included age 40-49 years (OR: 5.7, 95% CI: 1.3-25.4), age 50-59 years (7.0, 1.6-39), age ≥60 years (7.6, 1.7-34), being female (2.2, 1.2-3.8), being hypertensive (1.9, 1.1-3.5), and household income between 10,001 and 20,000 Bangladeshi taka, BDT (2.9, 1.0-8.2) compared with income ≤10,000 BDT. However, after adjustment of other covariates, only the duration of hypertension and household income (10,001-20,000 BDT) remained statistically significant. There is a need to implement policies and programs for early detection and management of hypertension and CKD in T2D patients in Bangladesh.

Baseline prevalence of high blood pressure and its predictors in a rural adult population of Bangladesh: Outcome from the application of WHO PEN interventions.

This cross-sectional study estimated the prevalence of high blood pressure (BP) and examined its predictors at baseline following protocol 1 (actions 1 and 2) of World Health Organization (WHO) Package of Essential Noncommunicable Disease (PEN) Interventions in a selected rural area of Bangladesh. A total of 11 145 adults (both sex and age ≥ 18 years) completed both the questionnaire and clinical measurements at the household and community clinics, respectively. We defined high BP as systolic BP ≥ 120 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥ 80 mmHg, prehypertension (pre-HTN) as systolic BP 120-139 mmHg or diastolic BP 80-89 mmHg, and hypertension (HTN) as systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg and/or anti-hypertensive drug intake for the raised BP. The prevalence of high BP was 51.2% (pre-HTN, 25.3%; HTN, 25.9%). Among them, the proportion of pre-HTN was higher among men (28.7%) while HTN was higher among women (27.4%). Other than fast food intake (pre-HTN, OR: 1.110, P = .063) and women sex (HTN, OR: 1.236, P < .001), the pre-HTN and HTN had higher odds for having same predictors as follows: age ≥ 40 years, family history of HTN, physical inactivity, central obesity, generalized obesity, and diabetes. In conclusion, the application of WHO PEN protocol 1 detected one-fourth of the rural adult population had pre-HTN and HTN respectively, and the common significant predictors of those were the age, family history of HTN, physical inactivity, generalized obesity, and diabetes.

Malnutrition in all its forms and associated factors affecting the nutritional status of adult rural population in Bangladesh: results from a cross-sectional survey.

INTRODUCTION: The burden of malnutrition is widely evaluated in Bangladesh in different contexts. However, most of them determine the influence of sociodemographic factors, which have limited scope for modification and design intervention. This study attempted to determine the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity and their modifiable lifestyle predictors in a rural population of Bangladesh. METHODS: This study was part of a cross-sectional study that applied the WHO Package of Essential Noncommunicable Disease Interventions in a rural area of Bangladesh to assess the burden of diabetes, hypertension and their associated risk factors. Census was used as the sampling technique. Anthropometric measurement and data on sociodemographic characteristics and behavioural risk factors were collected following the standard protocol described in the WHO STEP-wise approach. Analysis included means of continuous variables and multinomial regression of factors. RESULTS: The mean body mass index of the study population was 21.9 kg/m2. About 20.9% were underweight, 16.4% were overweight and 3.5% were obese. Underweight was most predominant among people above 60 years, while overweight and obesity were predominant among people between 31 and 40 years. Higher overweight and obesity were noted among women. Employment, consumption of added salt and inactivity increased the odds of being underweight by 0.32, 0.33 and 0.14, respectively. On the other hand, the odds of being overweight or obese increased by 0.58, 0.55, 0.78, 0.21 and 0.25 if a respondent was female, literate, married, housewife and consumed red meat, and decreased by 0.38 and 0.18 if a respondent consumed added salt and inadequate amounts of fruits and vegetables, respectively. Consumption of added salt decreases the odds of being overweight or obese by 0.37. CONCLUSION: The study emphasised malnutrition to be a public health concern in spite of the dynamic sociodemographic scenario. Specific health messages for targeted population may help improve the nutritional status. Findings from further explorations may support policies and programmes in the future.

Physicians' knowledge about palliative care in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study using digital social media platforms.

INTRODUCTION: Palliative care is still a new concept in many developing countries like Bangladesh. Basic knowledge about palliative care is needed for all physicians to identify and provide this care. This study aims to assess the preliminary knowledge level and the misconceptions about this field among physicians. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 479 physicians using a self-administered structured questionnaire adapted from Palliative Care Knowledge Scale (PaCKs) on various digital social media platforms from December 2019 to February 2020. Chi-square, Fisher's extract test, and the Monte Carlo extract test was done to compare the knowledge level with the study subjects' demographic variables. RESULTS: An almost equal number of physicians of both genders from four major specialties and their allied branches took part in the study (response rate 23.9%). The majority (71%) of the respondents had an average to an excellent level of knowledge about palliative care, with a median score of 11.0. Although most physicians had average knowledge about the primary goals and general concepts of palliative care, misconceptions are highly prevalent. The commonly present misconceptions were that palliative care discourages patients from consulting other specialties (88.9%), refrains them from taking curative treatments (83.1%), and this care is only for older adults (74.5%), cancer patients (63%), and the last six months of life (56.4%). Age, educational qualifications, and specialties had significant relationships (P<0.05) with the level of knowledge. CONCLUSION: Despite having average or above knowledge about palliative care, the physicians' prevailing misconceptions act as a barrier to recognizing the need among the target populations. So, proper education and awareness among the physicians are necessary to cross this field's barrier and development.

Cardiovascular risk assessment among type-2 diabetic subjects in selected areas of Bangladesh: concordance among without cholesterol-based WHO/ISH, Globorisk, and Framingham risk prediction tools.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is higher among the subjects with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in low- and middle-income countries, like Bangladesh. However, there is no relevant available online published data for this country. We aimed at assessing the 10-year CVD risk among T2DM subjects in selected areas of Bangladesh using the without cholesterol-based joint World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension (WHO/ISH), Globorisk, and Framingham Risk Score (FRS) risk prediction tools, and also evaluating the concordance among these tools. METHODS AND MATERIALS: In this paper, we extracted a total of 327 subjects (40-60 years aged) from an observational study with 356 subjects, excluding those with diagnosed CVDs. The subjects were selected conveniently from purposively selected respective diabetic hospitals of Pirojpur and Dinajpur districts. We used the required respective variables of WHO/ISH, Globorisk, and FRS tools to predict CVD risks. The risks were categorized as low (<10%), moderate (10-<20%), high (20-<30%) and very high (≥30%). RESULTS: Subjects at moderate CVD risk were much higher identified by Globorisk (37.0%) and FRS (38.8%) compared to WHO/ISH (15.3%), and the same scenarios have also been observed for high (13.5%, 19.3% and 2.4%, respectively) and very high (5.5%, 17.4% and 1.8%, respectively) risks. There was fair level of concordance between WHO/ISH and Globorisk (PABAK-OS k = 0.37; 95% CI 0.33-0.42; P < 0.001), and Globorisk and FRS (PABAK-OS k = 0.34; 95% CI 0.30-0.39; P < 0.001). And, between WHO/ISH and FRS, it was none to slight level (PABAK-OS k = 0.09, 95% CI 0.04-0.14; P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A significant proportion of the selected study subjects is at moderate to very high risk of developing CVDs predicted especially by Globorisk and FRS compared to WHO/ISH, indicating low concordance. With and without cholesterol-based studies can answer the problem more clearly.

Prevalence of non-communicable disease risk factors among nurses and para-health professionals working at primary healthcare level of Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors among nurses and para-health professionals (PHPs) working at primary healthcare centres in Bangladesh. In addition to this, we also investigated the association of these risk factors with the categories of health professions. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study and the sampling technique was a census. SETTING: The study site was a medical university of Bangladesh where the study population was recruited by NCD Control Programme of Directorate General of Health Services to participate in a 3-day training session from November 2017 to May 2018. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1942 government-employed senior staff nurses (SSNs) and PHPs working at Upazila Health Complexes. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The data were collected using a modified STEPwise approach to NCD risk factors surveillance questionnaire of the World Health Organisation (V.3.2). The prevalence of NCD risk factors was presented descriptively and the χ² test was used to determine the association between NCD risk factors distribution and categories of health professions. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 37.6 years (SD 9.5) and most of them (87.6%) had a diploma in their respective fields. Physical inactivity (86.9%), inadequate fruits and/vegetable intake (56.3%) and added salt intake (35.6%) were the most prevalent behavioural risk factors. The prevalence of central obesity, overweight, raised blood glucose and raised BP were 83.5%, 42.6%, 19.2% and 12.8% respectively. Overall, the NCD risk factors prevalence was higher among PHPs compared with SSNs. A highly significant association (p<0.001) was found between risk factors and the categories of health professions for tobacco use, alcohol intake, added salt intake and physical inactivity. CONCLUSION: High NCD risk factors prevalence and its significant association with SSNs and PHPs demand an appropriate risk-reduction strategy to minimise the possibility of chronic illness among them.

Health-related quality of life and its predictors among the type 2 diabetes population of Bangladesh: A nation-wide cross-sectional study.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: We aimed to assess the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and identify its predictors among type 2 diabetes patients of Bangladesh. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This nationwide cross-sectional study assessed HRQoL among 1,806 type 2 diabetes patients using the EuroQol-5 Dimensions Questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L), and the responses were further translated into a single summary crosswalk index score using the UK time trade-off value set. The predictors were determined using multinomial logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean EQ-5D-5L index score was 0.62 (standard deviation 0.25), and men scored better than women. More than half of the study participants (53.4%) were ranked as "average" HRQoL. Overall, 64% of respondents had a "problem" at least in one of the dimensions of the EQ-5D-5L, and the burden of reported "problems" was higher among women (70%). Among the five dimensions, the highest reported "problem" was 79.8% for anxiety/depression, 77.7% for pain/discomfort and 60.1% for mobility. However, younger participants (aged <30 years) showed a higher burden of anxiety/depression (95%) compared with the rest of the population. The specific predictors of average/good HRQoL (odds ratio >1) were being men, living in a rural area, married, literate, a monthly income >19,488 BDT, absence of comorbidity and had a duration of diabetes ≤5 years. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of Bangladesh's type 2 diabetes patients had an "average" HRQoL based on the EQ-5D-5L index score. In broad terms, the identified predictors were sex, place of residence, marital status, literacy, monthly income, comorbidity and duration of diabetes.

Prevalence and risk factors of COVID-19 suicidal behavior in Bangladeshi population: are healthcare professionals at greater risk?

BACKGROUND: Current COVID-19 researches suggest that both general population and health-care providers (HCPs) are at risk of elevated psychological sufferings including suicidality. However, suicidality has not been addressed properly, although mental health problems are studied globally. Besides, the extreme fear of COVID-19 infection is being existed among the Bangladeshi HCPs, that is reported by a recent patients' suicide because of HCPs treatment negligence. METHODS: A web-based cross-sectional study was administered through the social media platforms. A total 3,388 respondents took part in the survey (mean age 30.1 ± 6.4 years) among them 834 were frontline HCPs (30.7 ± 5.6 years). The measures included socio-demographics, PPE-related and patient-care related information and a question concerned with the COVID-19 suicidal behavior. RESULTS: About 6.1% of the total participants had suicidal behavior, with no detectable differences within the groups (i.e., general population and HCPs). Regression analysis showed that being female, being divorced, and having no child were emerged as independent predictors for suicidality. There was no significant association between the PPE-related or patient-care related variables and suicidal behavior of the HCPs. Majority of the participants sometimes had fear of death although no significant relation of the factor was found with suicidality. LIMITATIONS: The study can be limited because of its nature (i.e., cross-sectional self-reporting online survey) and not considering non-COVID-19 related suicide risk factors etc. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings identified the substantial proportion of the HCPs and general population had COVID 19 related suicidal behavior. It can be used to advocate a large-scale suicide safety plan using a multidisciplinary approach herein.

Cardiovascular disease risk factors among school children of Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: Primarily, we assessed the distribution of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among school children living in urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. In addition to this, we sought the association between place of residence and modifiable CVD risk factors among them. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 854 school children (aged 12-18 years) of Bangladesh. Ten public high schools (five from Dhaka and five from Sirajgonj district) were selected randomly and subjects from those were recruited conveniently. To link the family milieu of CVD risk factors, a parent of each children was also interviewed. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Distribution of CVD risk factors was measured using descriptive statistics as appropriate. Again, a saturated model of binary logistic regression was used to seek the association between place of residence and modifiable CVD risk factors. RESULTS: Mean age of the school children was 14.6±1.1 years and more than half (57.6%) were boys. Overall, 4.4% were currently smoker (urban-3.5%, rural-5.2%) with a strong family history of smoking (42.2%). Similar proportion of school children were identified as overweight (total 9.8%, urban 14.7%, rural 5%) and obese (total 9.8%, urban 16.8%, rural 2.8%) with notable urban-rural difference. More than three-fourth (80%) of them were physically inactive with no urban-rural variation. Only 2.4% consumed recommended fruits and/ or vegetables (urban-3.1%, rural-1.7%). In the adjusted model, place of residence had higher odds for having several modifiable CVD risk factors: current smoking (OR: 1.807, CI 0.872 to 3.744), inadequate fruits and vegetables intake (OR: 1.094, CI 0.631 to 1.895), physical inactivity (OR: 1.082, CI 0.751 to 1.558), overweight (OR: 3.812, CI 2.245 to 6.470) and obesity (OR: 7.449, CI 3.947 to 14.057). CONCLUSIONS: Both urban and rural school children of Bangladesh had poor CVD risk factors profile that demands further nation-wide large scale study to clarify the current findings more precisely.

Risk of diabetic foot ulcer and its associated factors among Bangladeshi subjects: a multicentric cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) and find out its associated factors among subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) of Bangladesh. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional study recruited 1200 subjects with T2D who visited 16 centres of Health Care Development Project run by Diabetic Association of Bangladesh. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Risk of DFU was assessed using a modified version of International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) Risk Classification System. The modified system was based on five parameters, namely peripheral neuropathy (PN), peripheral arterial diseases (PAD), deformity, ulcer history and amputation. The risks were categorised as group 0 (no PN, no PAD), group 1 (PN, no PAD and no deformity), group 2A (PN and deformity, no PAD), group 2B (PAD), group 3A (ulcer history) and group 3B (amputation). The associated factors of DFU risk were determined using multinomial logistic regression for each risk category separately. RESULTS: Overall, 44.5% of the subjects were found 'at risk' of DFU. This risk was higher among men (45.6%) than women and among those who lived in rural areas (45.5%) as compared with the urban population. According to IWGDF categories, the risk was distributed as 55.5%, 4.2%, 11.6%, 0.3%, 20.6% and 7.9% for group 0, group 1, group 2A, group 2B, group 3A and group 3B, respectively. The associated factors of DFU (OR >1) were age ≥50 years, rural area, low economic status, insulin use, history of trauma, diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy. CONCLUSION: A significant number of the subjects with T2D under study were at risk of DFU, which demands an effective screening programme to reduce DFU-related morbidity and mortality.