Effect of Fatigue and Graded Running on Kinematics and Kinetics Parameters in Triathletes.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cycling-induced fatigue on subsequent running with different ground inclinations on triathletes. Twenty male triathletes ran on a treadmill at individual speeds, on three inclines: level (0%), 7% uphill (7%), and 7% downhill (-7%). Subsequently, the athletes performed an incremental ramp-to-exhaustion (RTE) protocol on an ergometric bicycle until task failure and repeated the running protocol (POST-RTE). During running and cycling was monitored perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate (HR). Plantar pressure distribution, peak plantar pressure, total foot area, and ground contact time were measured by an in-shoe sensor. Analysis of variance showed that HR (p=0.001; η2=0.63) and RPE (p=0.001; η2=0.82 large effect) were higher in POST-RTE, without interactions between slopes and fatigue. The heel load showed difference between 0 and 7% and 7 and -7% (p=0.001; η 2=0.44 large effect) with higher value in -7%. The midfoot showed differences between 0 and -7% with higher value in 0% (p=0.03; η 2=0.15 small effect). The contact time showed interactions between fatigue and slopes with a higher value in POST-RTE. Coaches should be aware that training on the uphill and downhill surfaces can alter the plantar load on different foot parts.

Relationships between take-off speed and performance in F-44 and F-46 paralympic discus throwers / Relações entre a velocidade de decolagem e desempenho em lançadores de disco paraolímpicos da classe F-44 e F-46 / Relaciones entre la velocidad de despegue y el rendimiento en los lanzadores de discos paralímpicos de las clases F-44 y F-46

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze discus throwing in Paralympic athletes from two functional classes (FCs). Seven athletes from two classes F-44 (N=4) and F-46 (N=3) performed three throws each during a regional competition and were evaluated through 3D kinemetry. The assessed athletes presented a similar throwing technique, with a preparation movement opposite to the throw preceding the shot. Class F-44 showed a weak correlation between take-off speed and range (r= 0.15; p>0.05). F-46 showed a strong correlation between take-off speed and range (r=0.77; p=0.014). We conclude that athletes from the assessed FCs present important differences in terms of performance.

RESUMO O presente estudo teve como objetivo a análise do lançamento de disco em atletas paralímpicos de duas classes funcionais (CFs). Sete atletas de duas classes F-44 (N=4) e F-46 (N=3) executaram 3 lançamentos cada durante uma competição regional, e foram avaliados por meio de cinemetria 3D. Os atletas avaliados apresentaram uma técnica de lançamento semelhante, com movimento de preparação em direção oposta ao lançamento que antecedia o arremate. Na classe F-44 houve uma fraca correlação entre a velocidade de decolagem e o alcance do disco (r= 0,15; p>0,05). Na F-46 houve forte correlação entre a velocidade de decolagem e o alcance (r= 0,77; p=0,014). Conclui-se que atletas das CFs avaliadas apresentam diferenças importantes em termos de desempenho.

RESUMEN El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar el lanzamiento de disco en atletas paralímpicos de dos clases funcionales (FC). Siete atletas de dos clases F-44 (N = 4) y F-46 (N = 3) realizaron 3 lanzamientos cada uno durante una competencia regional, y fueron evaluados usando cinemetría 3D. Los deportistas evaluados presentaron una técnica de lanzamiento similar, con un movimiento de preparación en sentido contrario al lanzamiento que precedió al tiro. En la clase F-44 hubo una correlación débil entre la velocidad de despegue y el alcance del disco (r = 0,15; p> 0,05). En el F-46 hubo una fuerte correlación entre la velocidad de despegue y el alcance (r = 0,77; p = 0,014). Se concluye que los deportistas de los CF evaluados presentan importantes diferencias en cuanto a rendimiento.