RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) and Eretmocerus eremicus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) are whitefly natural enemies. Previously, under laboratory conditions, we showed that G. punctipes engages in intraguild predation (IGP), the attack of one natural enemy by another, on E. eremicus. However, it is unknown whether this IGP interaction takes place under more complex scenarios, such as semi-field conditions. Even more importantly, the effect of this interaction on the density of the prey population requires investigation. Therefore, the present study aimed to establish whether this IGP takes place under semi-field conditions and to determine whether the predation rate of G. punctipes on the whitefly decreases when IGP takes place. RESULTS: Molecular analysis showed that, under semi-field conditions, G. punctipes performed IGP on E. eremicus. However, although IGP did take place, the predation rate by G. punctipes on the whitefly was nevertheless higher when both natural enemies were present together than when the predator was present alone. CONCLUSION: While IGP of G. punctipes on E. eremicus does occur under semi-field conditions, it does not adversely affect whitefly control. The concomitant use of these two natural enemies seems a valid option for inundative biological control programmes of T. vaporariorum in tomato. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Cadeia Alimentar , Hemípteros , Himenópteros/fisiologia , Controle Biológico de Vetores/métodos , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Dinâmica PopulacionalRESUMO
Los cítricos son frutales muy utilizados como patrones de injerto. Para incrementar la cantidad de estos cultivos en las plantaciones citrícolas, se pueden usar técnicas de propagación in vitro como la embriogénesis somática, que requiere medios de cultivos artificiales y fitohormonas. Debido a los altos costos de las fitohormonas, una alternativa cubana es el uso de biorreguladores del crecimiento de producción nacional como: los análogos de brasinoesteroides: 25(R) 2α, 3α, dihidroxi 5α espirostan- 6-ona (Biobras-6) y C: 25(R) 2α, 3α, 5α, trihidroxiespirostan-6-ona (MH-5) y una mezcla de oligogalacturónido de grado de polimerización entre 10-14 (Pectimorf®). Estos biorreguladores son efectivos en los procesos morfogenéticos como sustitutos o complemento de las auxinas y citoquininas. El presente trabajo estuvo dirigido a determinar el efecto del Pectimorf® y los brasinoesteroides como sustitutos de las fitohormonas tradicionales en el desarrollo de la embriogénesis somática y en la obtención de una línea celular embriogénica de Citrus macrophylla Wester. Se utilizó el medio de cultivo de Murashige y Skoog (MS) (1962), suplementado con los biorreguladores del crecimiento MH-5, Biobras-6 y Pectimorf®. Mediante la embriogénesis somática se obtuvieron embriones, raíces y plántulas, en todos los tratamientos. En la formación de plántulas estos biorreguladores fueron muy efectivos.
Citrus fruits are widely used as rootstock. To increase the amount of these crops in plantations, in vitro propagation techniques such as somatic embryogenesis can be used, which requires artificial culture media and plant hormones. Due to the high cost of the plant hormone, a Cuban alternative is the use of cuban bioregulators growth as the analogs of brassinosteroids, 25(R) 2α, 3α, dihidroxi 5α espirostan- 6-ona (Biobras-6) y C: 25(R) 2α, 3α, 5α, trihidroxiespirostan-6-ona (MH-5) and oligogalacturonic mixed degree polimerization between 10-14 (Pectimorf ®). These bioregulators are effective in morphogenetic processes as a substitute or complement for auxins and cytokinins. Our work was aimed to determine the effect of Pectimorf ® and brassinosteroids (MH-5 and Biobras-6) in morphogenetic development and to obtain embryogenic cell line of Citrus macrophylla Wester. We used the medium of Murashige and Skoog (MS) (1962), supplemented with MH-5, Biobras-6 and Pectimorf ®. Embryos, roots and seedlings were obtained through somatic embryogenesis in all treatments. These products were effective in plant regeneration.
