Trombólisis de válvula mecánica en posición aórtica en segundo episodio de trombosis

A pesar de que la cirugía es el manejo usual de la trombosis de válvula protésica mecánica, la trombólisis con alteplasa es una opción que puede ser considerada en ciertos casos, principalmente, cuando existe alguna contraindicación para cirugía. Por lo que presentamos el caso de una paciente en su segundo episodio de trombosis de válvula mecánica en posición aórtica en quien se aplica infusión trombolítica con alteplasa. La paciente mostró una evolución satisfactoria clínica, con resolución completa de sus síntomas y por ecocardiografía, donde los gradientes disminuyeron de manera significativa.

Although surgery is the usual management of mechanical prosthetic valve thrombosis, the usage of alteplase as a thrombolytic agent is an option that can be considered in certain cases. Mainly its usage takes place when there is a contraindication for surgery. We present the case of a patient in her second episode of mechanical valve thrombosis in whom thrombolysis with alteplase was achieved. She had a satisfactory evolution, with complete resolution of her symptoms and improvement in echocardiographic gradients.

Vasculatura fetal persistente bilateral. Reporte de caso / Bilateral persistent fetal vasculature. A case report

Introducción: La vasculatura fetal persistente bilateral es una malformación ocular poco frecuente, generalmente unilateral, que suele presentarse como leucocoria. Objetivo: Presentar el caso de una paciente de 6 meses con leucocoria bilateral y diagnóstico de vasculatura fetal persistente bilateral. Resumen del caso: Reporte de caso por medio de recopilación de datos de la historia clínica, fotografías del segmento anterior de la paciente, ecografía ocular y resonancia magnética de cerebro. Conclusiones: La vasculatura fetal persistente bilateral es poco frecuente, pero hay que tenerla en cuenta en el momento del abordaje de un paciente con leucocoria bilateral, cuyo pronóstico visual depende de su reconocimiento y tratamiento tempranos.

Introduction: Bilateral persistent fetal vasculature is a rare developmental disorder of the eye, usually seen as leukocoria affecting only one eye. Objective: Report on a case of a 6 month old patient with bilateral leukocoria and diagnosis of bilateral persistent fetal vasculature. Case summary: Descriptive case report study with data from de medical history, anterior segment photographs, ocular ultrasonography and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusions: Bilateral persistent fetal vasculature is an infrequent disease that has to be taken into account when approaching a patient with bilateral leukocoria, whose visual prognosis depends on the early detection and treatment

Economic impact of dengue fever in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review

[ABSTRACT]. Objectives. To assess the economic impact of dengue in Latin America and the Caribbean using a systematic review that includes studies not previously considered by other reviews. Methods. Cochrane methodology was used to conduct a systematic review of the cost of dengue in Latin America. PubMed Central, EMBASE, and the Biblioteca Virtual en Salud— which includes scientific, peer-reviewed journals not indexed by other databases—were searched from inception through August 2016. All articles that reported cost of illness data for countries in Latin America were included. Included studies underwent a methodological appraisal using a seven-question instrument designed for cost of illness studies. Extracted data were direct and indirect costs for outpatient and hospitalized cases and total cost of the disease. Values were adjusted to 2015 US dollars using the consumer price index. Results. From a total of 848 initial references, 17 studies were included, mainly from Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, and Puerto Rico; costs were available for 39 countries. The methodological appraisal showed that 70% of the studies met more than 70% of the evaluated items. The main economic impact of dengue was due to productivity costs. Average annual cost was more than US$ 3 billion. Direct costs represented over 70% of the total share for hospitalized cases. For outpatients, direct medical costs were low, but social costs were significant since indirect costs may account for up to 80% of the total cost. Conclusions. Dengue fever has a significant economic impact in Latin America. It is essential to develop new public health interventions, such as dengue vaccination, to decrease the propagation of the disease and its total cost.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivos. Evaluar las repercusiones económicas del dengue en América Latina y el Caribe mediante una revisión sistemática que abarcó estudios no considerados en otras revisiones anteriores. Métodos. Se usó la metodología de Cochrane para hacer una revisión sistemática del costo del dengue en América Latina. Se hizo una búsqueda en PubMed Central, EMBASE y la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, que incluyen revistas científicas arbitradas no indizadas por otras bases de datos, desde su aparición hasta agosto del 2016. Se incluyeron todos los artículos que contenían datos sobre el costo de la enfermedad para los países de América Latina. Los estudios incluidos se sometieron a una evaluación metodológica para la cual se usó un instrumento de siete preguntas diseñado para los estudios sobre los costos de las enfermedades. Los datos extraídos fueron los costos directos e indirectos para los casos de pacientes ambulatorios y hospitalizados y el costo total de la enfermedad. Los valores se ajustaron a dólares de los Estados Unidos del 2015 con base en el índice de precios al consumidor. Resultados. De un total de 848 referencias iniciales, se incluyeron 17 estudios, principalmente de Brasil, Colombia, Cuba, México y Puerto Rico; se encontraron datos sobre los costos en 39 países. La evaluación metodológica indicó que 70% de los estudios reunían más de 70% de los puntos evaluados. La principal repercusión económica del dengue se debió a los costos por pérdida en la productividad. El costo anual promedio fue de más de USD 3.000 millones. Los costos directos representaron más de 70% del total para los casos de pacientes hospitalizados. En cuanto a los pacientes ambulatorios, los costos médicos directos fueron bajos, pero los costos sociales fueron considerables, ya que los costos indirectos pueden representar hasta 80% del costo total. Conclusiones. El dengue tiene importantes repercusiones económicas en América Latina. Es fundamental elaborar nuevas intervenciones en materia de salud pública, como la vacunación contra el dengue, para reducir la propagación de la enfermedad y su costo total.

[RESUMO]. Objetivos. Avaliar o impacto econômico da dengue na América Latina e o Caribe por meio de uma revisão sistemática que incluiu estudos não considerados anteriormente por outras revisões. Métodos. Utilizou-se a metodologia Cochrane para realizar uma revisão sistemática do custo da dengue na América Latina. Foi realizada uma busca dos bancos de dados PubMed Central, EMBASE e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde— a qual inclui periódicos científicos com avaliação por pares não indexados por outros repositórios— desde sua criação até agosto de 2016. Todos os artigos que relataram dados de custo de doença para países da América Latina foram incluídos. Os estudos incluídos foram submetidos a uma avaliação metodológica usando um instrumento de sete perguntas desenvolvido para estudos de custo de doença. Os dados extraídos foram os custos diretos e indiretos para casos ambulatoriais e hospitalizados e o custo total da doença. Os valores foram ajustados para dólares de 2015, usando-se o índice de preços ao consumidor. Resultados. De 848 referências inicialmente identificadas, 17 estudos foram incluídos, principalmente do Brasil, Colômbia, Cuba, México e Porto Rico; dados sobre custos estavam disponíveis para 39 países. A avaliação metodológica demonstrou que 70% dos estudos apresentavam mais de 70% dos itens avaliados. O principal impacto econômico da dengue foi devido aos custos de produtividade. O custo médio anual foi superior a US$3 bilhões. Para casos que exigiram hospitalização, os custos diretos representaram mais de 70% do custo total. Para pacientes ambulatoriais, os custos médicos diretos foram baixos, mas os custos sociais foram significativos, pois os custos indiretos podem representar até 80% do custo total. Conclusões. A dengue tem impacto econômico considerável na América Latina. É essencial desenvolver novas intervenções de saúde pública, como a vacinação contra a dengue, para diminuir a propagação da doença e seu custo total.

Economic impact of dengue fever in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the economic impact of dengue in Latin America and the Caribbean using a systematic review that includes studies not previously considered by other reviews. METHODS: Cochrane methodology was used to conduct a systematic review of the cost of dengue in Latin America. PubMed Central, EMBASE, and the Biblioteca Virtual en Salud-which includes scientific, peer-reviewed journals not indexed by other databases-were searched from inception through August 2016. All articles that reported cost of illness data for countries in Latin America were included. Included studies underwent a methodological appraisal using a seven-question instrument designed for cost of illness studies. Extracted data were direct and indirect costs for outpatient and hospitalized cases and total cost of the disease. Values were adjusted to 2015 US dollars using the consumer price index. RESULTS: From a total of 848 initial references, 17 studies were included, mainly from Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, and Puerto Rico; costs were available for 39 countries. The methodological appraisal showed that 70% of the studies met more than 70% of the evaluated items. The main economic impact of dengue was due to productivity costs. Average annual cost was more than US$ 3 billion. Direct costs represented over 70% of the total share for hospitalized cases. For outpatients, direct medical costs were low, but social costs were significant since indirect costs may account for up to 80% of the total cost. CONCLUSIONS: Dengue fever has a significant economic impact in Latin America. It is essential to develop new public health interventions, such as dengue vaccination, to decrease the propagation of the disease and its total cost.

Economic impact of dengue fever in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review / Repercusiones económicas del dengue en América Latina y el Caribe: una revisión sistemática / Impacto econômico da dengue na América Latina e Caribe: revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Objectives To assess the economic impact of dengue in Latin America and the Caribbean using a systematic review that includes studies not previously considered by other reviews. Methods Cochrane methodology was used to conduct a systematic review of the cost of dengue in Latin America. PubMed Central, EMBASE, and the Biblioteca Virtual en Salud—which includes scientific, peer-reviewed journals not indexed by other databases—were searched from inception through August 2016. All articles that reported cost of illness data for countries in Latin America were included. Included studies underwent a methodological appraisal using a seven-question instrument designed for cost of illness studies. Extracted data were direct and indirect costs for outpatient and hospitalized cases and total cost of the disease. Values were adjusted to 2015 US dollars using the consumer price index. Results From a total of 848 initial references, 17 studies were included, mainly from Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, and Puerto Rico; costs were available for 39 countries. The methodological appraisal showed that 70% of the studies met more than 70% of the evaluated items. The main economic impact of dengue was due to productivity costs. Average annual cost was more than US$ 3 billion. Direct costs represented over 70% of the total share for hospitalized cases. For outpatients, direct medical costs were low, but social costs were significant since indirect costs may account for up to 80% of the total cost. Conclusions Dengue fever has a significant economic impact in Latin America. It is essential to develop new public health interventions, such as dengue vaccination, to decrease the propagation of the disease and its total cost.

RESUMEN Objetivos Evaluar las repercusiones económicas del dengue en América Latina y el Caribe mediante una revisión sistemática que abarcó estudios no considerados en otras revisiones anteriores. Métodos Se usó la metodología de Cochrane para hacer una revisión sistemática del costo del dengue en América Latina. Se hizo una búsqueda en PubMed Central, EMBASE y la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, que incluyen revistas científicas arbitradas no indizadas por otras bases de datos, desde su aparición hasta agosto del 2016. Se incluyeron todos los artículos que contenían datos sobre el costo de la enfermedad para los países de América Latina. Los estudios incluidos se sometieron a una evaluación metodológica para la cual se usó un instrumento de siete preguntas diseñado para los estudios sobre los costos de las enfermedades. Los datos extraídos fueron los costos directos e indirectos para los casos de pacientes ambulatorios y hospitalizados y el costo total de la enfermedad. Los valores se ajustaron a dólares de los Estados Unidos del 2015 con base en el índice de precios al consumidor. Resultados De un total de 848 referencias iniciales, se incluyeron 17 estudios, principalmente de Brasil, Colombia, Cuba, México y Puerto Rico; se encontraron datos sobre los costos en 39 países. La evaluación metodológica indicó que 70% de los estudios reunían más de 70% de los puntos evaluados. La principal repercusión económica del dengue se debió a los costos por pérdida en la productividad. El costo anual promedio fue de más de USD 3.000 millones. Los costos directos representaron más de 70% del total para los casos de pacientes hospitalizados. En cuanto a los pacientes ambulatorios, los costos médicos directos fueron bajos, pero los costos sociales fueron considerables, ya que los costos indirectos pueden representar hasta 80% del costo total. Conclusiones El dengue tiene importantes repercusiones económicas en América Latina. Es fundamental elaborar nuevas intervenciones en materia de salud pública, como la vacunación contra el dengue, para reducir la propagación de la enfermedad y su costo total.

RESUMO Objetivos Avaliar o impacto econômico da dengue na América Latina e o Caribe por meio de uma revisão sistemática que incluiu estudos não considerados anteriormente por outras revisões. Métodos Utilizou-se a metodologia Cochrane para realizar uma revisão sistemática do custo da dengue na América Latina. Foi realizada uma busca dos bancos de dados PubMed Central, EMBASE e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde— a qual inclui periódicos científicos com avaliação por pares não indexados por outros repositórios—desde sua criação até agosto de 2016. Todos os artigos que relataram dados de custo de doença para países da América Latina foram incluídos. Os estudos incluídos foram submetidos a uma avaliação metodológica usando um instrumento de sete perguntas desenvolvido para estudos de custo de doença. Os dados extraídos foram os custos diretos e indiretos para casos ambulatoriais e hospitalizados e o custo total da doença. Os valores foram ajustados para dólares de 2015, usando-se o índice de preços ao consumidor. Resultados De 848 referências inicialmente identificadas, 17 estudos foram incluídos, principalmente do Brasil, Colômbia, Cuba, México e Porto Rico; dados sobre custos estavam disponíveis para 39 países. A avaliação metodológica demonstrou que 70% dos estudos apresentavam mais de 70% dos itens avaliados. O principal impacto econômico da dengue foi devido aos custos de produtividade. O custo médio anual foi superior a US$3 bilhões. Para casos que exigiram hospitalização, os custos diretos representaram mais de 70% do custo total. Para pacientes ambulatoriais, os custos médicos diretos foram baixos, mas os custos sociais foram significativos, pois os custos indiretos podem representar até 80% do custo total. Conclusões A dengue tem impacto econômico considerável na América Latina. É essencial desenvolver novas intervenções de saúde pública, como a vacinação contra a dengue, para diminuir a propagação da doença e seu custo total.

Cost Effectiveness of Dulaglutide Compared with Liraglutide and Glargine in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes treatment includes very diverse drugs. It is essential to identify which drugs offer the best value for their costs. OBJECTIVES: To estimate comparative cost effectiveness for treating diabetes mellitus with dulaglutide, liraglutide, or glargine in Colombia. METHODS: A Markov model including diabetic microvascular and macrovascular complications was used to estimate cost-effectiveness. We used annual cycles, a 5-year time horizon, 5% discount rate, and third-party payer's perspective. Main outcomes were quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). Transition probabilities were obtained from primary studies and costs from local databases and studies. We used a threshold of 3 times the Colombian per capita gross domestic product (US $17,270 for 2015; US $1 = 2,743 Columbian pesos) to assess cost effectiveness. RESULTS: Total costs related to dulaglutide, liraglutide, and glargine were US $8,633, US $10,756, and US $5,783, yielding 3.311 QALYs, 3.229 QALYs, and 3.156 QALYs, respectively. Dulaglutide dominated liraglutide given lower total costs and higher QALYs. The estimated ICER for dulaglutide compared with glargine was US $18,385, greater than the accepted threshold. Sensibility analysis shows that decreased dulaglutide cost, increased consumption of glargine, nondaily injection, and number and cost of glucometry could result in ICERs lower than the threshold. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed consistent results. CONCLUSIONS: This estimation indicates that dulaglutide dominates liraglutide. Its ICER is, however, greater than the accepted threshold for Colombia in base case compared with glargine. By increasing population weight or glargine consumption, dulaglutide becomes cost effective compared with glargine, which could identify a niche where dulaglutide is the best option.

Carga de enfermedad en años de vida ajustados por discapacidad del cáncer gástrico en Colombia / Disease Burden of Gastric Cancer in Disability-Adjusted Life Years in Colombia

Resumen Objetivo: el cáncer gástrico es la segunda causa de muerte por cáncer y la quinta neoplasia más frecuente en el mundo. En Colombia, es la primera causa de mortalidad por cáncer. La incidencia y mortalidad anuales son 16,3 y 14,2/100 000 habitantes, respectivamente. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar su carga de enfermedad, medida en años de vida ajustados por discapacidad (AVAD), en Colombia. Métodos: se desarrolló un estudio con enfoque en prevalencia para el año 2014. Para estimar la prevalencia, se realizó una búsqueda en los registros del Sistema de Información en Protección Social (SISPRO) y el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). La duración promedio de los casos prevalentes y la sobrevida estimada se obtuvieron de la literatura local. Los AVAD fueron calculados sumando los años de vida perdidos por muerte prematura (AVPM) y los años de vida vividos con discapacidad (AVVD), según la metodología de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Resultados: las prevalencias estimadas para 5 años en población mayor de 15 años fueron 40,9/100 000 en mujeres y 62,5/100 000 en hombres. El total de AVAD fue 293,418, con una tasa de 623/100 000 habitantes, de los cuales el 97,4% corresponde a AVPM. La tasa de AVVD y AVPM para Colombia fue 16 y 607/100 000, respectivamente. Conclusiones: los datos obtenidos de SISPRO y el DANE estiman una alta carga de enfermedad en Colombia. Es necesaria la implementación de estrategias de detección temprana del cáncer para disminuir la carga de la enfermedad y mejorar el pronóstico de los pacientes.

Abstract Objective: Gastric cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death and the fifth most common neoplasm in the world. In Colombia, it is the leading cause of cancer mortality. The annual incidence and mortality are 16.3/100,000 and 14.2/100,000 inhabitants respectively. The aim of this study was to estimate the disease burden in Colombia as measured in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Methods: This study focuses on prevalence in 2014. To estimate prevalence, a search was made in the registries of the Social Protection Information System (SISPRO) and the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE). The average duration of cases and estimated survival were obtained from the local literature. DALYs were calculated by adding the years of life lost due to premature death (YLLs) and years of life lived with disability (YLD) according to the methodology of the World Health Organization (WHO). Results: Prevalences estimated for five years in the population older than 15 years were 40.9/100,000 for women and 62.5/100,000 for men. The total DALY was 293,418, with a rate of 623/100,000 inhabitants; 97.4% correspond to YLL. The YLD and YLL for Colombia were 16/100,000 and 607/100,000, respectively. Conclusions: Data obtained from SISPRO and DANE estimate a high disease burden in Colombia. It is necessary to implement early cancer detection strategies to reduce the burden of disease and improve patient prognosis.

Rivastigmina parches sola o combinada con memantina, comparada con memantina sola en pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer moderada y severa: revisión sistemática de la literatura / Rivastigmine patches alone or combined with memantine compared with memantine alone in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease: Systematic review of the literature

Resumen Introducción: la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA), una condición neurodegenerativa irreversible y progresiva, es la causa más frecuente de demencia y genera una gran carga económica anual. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura para determinar la seguridad y eficacia de rivastigmina parche, sola o en combinación con memantina, comparadas con la memantina en monoterapia para el tratamiento de la EA moderada y severa. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura. Se incluyeron estudios clínicos controlados aleatorizados de pacientes con diagnóstico de EA moderada a severa, evaluando los desenlaces de eficacia y seguridad. Resultados: los resultados de los estudios experimentales que comparan dosis de rivastigmina en parche, indican una posible diferencia en algunos desenlaces de eficacia, tales como desempeño de las actividades diarias, actividades instrumentales y funcionamiento general en pacientes con EA moderada y severa, sin diferencia significativa en los desenlaces de seguridad. Se observó una tendencia a favor de la terapia combinada en algunos desenlaces como cambio en puntuación de MMSE y actividades diarias instrumentales. Discusión: la evidencia disponible apoya el uso de rivastigmina, y la combinación con memantina parece una opción terapéutica apropiada en casos seleccionados.

Summary Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD), an irreversible, progressive neurodegenerative condition, is the most common cause of dementia and generates a high economic burden. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature to determine the safety and efficacy of rivastigmine patch, alone or in combination with memantine, compared with memantine monotherapy for the treatment of moderate to severe AD. Methods: A systematic search of the literature was conducted. Including randomized controlled trials of patients diagnosed with moderate to severe AD, evaluating outcomes of effectiveness and safety. Results: The results of experimental studies comparing doses of rivastigmine patches indicate a possible difference in some of the outcomes of effectiveness such as performance in activities of daily living, instrumental activities, and overall functioning, in patients with moderate and severe AD, without significant difference in safety outcomes. A trend in favor of combination therapy in some of the outcomes, as change in MMSE score and instrumental daily activities, was observed. Discussion: The available evidence supports the use of rivastigmine, and the association with memantine seems an appropriate therapeutic option in selected cases.