RESUMO
Scots pine is one of the most widely occurring pines, but future projections suggest a large reduction in its range, mostly at the southern European limits. A significant part of its range is located in the Caucasus, a global hot-spot of diversity. Pine forests are an important reservoir of biodiversity and endemism in this region. We explored demographic and biogeographical processes that shaped the genetic diversity of Scots pine in the Caucasus ecoregion and its probable future distribution under different climate scenarios. We found that the high genetic variability of the Caucasian populations mirrors a complex glacial and postglacial history that had a unique evolutionary trajectory compared to the main range in Europe. Scots pine currently grows under a broad spectrum of climatic conditions in the Caucasus, which implies high adaptive potential in the past. However, the current genetic resources of Scots pine are under high pressure from climate change. From our predictions, over 90% of the current distribution of Scots pine may be lost in this century. By threatening the stability of the forest ecosystems, this would dramatically affect the biodiversity of the Caucasus hot-spot.
Assuntos
Aclimatação/genética , Mudança Climática , Ecossistema , Evolução Molecular , Florestas , Genes de Plantas , Pinus sylvestris/genética , Árvores/genética , Biodiversidade , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , DNA de Plantas/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , República da Geórgia , Repetições de Microssatélites , Pinus sylvestris/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Árvores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , TurquiaRESUMO
Thin layer chromatographic methods for quantitative determination of nightshade-specific tropane (l-hyoscyamine, scopolamine) and steroidal alkaloids (α-solanine, α-chaconine) in goji berries (L. barbarum L., Solanaceae) were developed. The analysis of tropane derivatives included separation on silica gel-coated HPTLC plates using mobile phase consisted of chloroform:methanol:acetone:25% ammonium hydroxide (75:15:10:1.6 v/v/v/v), derivatization with Dragendorff reagent and scanning densitometry at λ - 520nm in reflectance/absorption mode. Steroidal alkaloid analysis employed silica gel-coated TLC plates, mobile phase composed of chloroform:methanol:water:25% ammonium hydroxide (70:30:4:2 v/v/v/v), derivatization with Carr-Price reagent and video densitometry under white light in the reflectance mode. Both methods were validated with respect to linearity, precision, accuracy and sensitivity, enabling reliable detection of tropane derivatives and α-solanine at 1.20 and 7.84mgper100g fresh material, respectively. None of the analyzed compounds were detected in fruits, leaves, stems and roots of three L. barbarum varieties ('No. 1', 'New Big' and 'Amber Sweet Goji').
Assuntos
Alcaloides/análise , Densitometria/métodos , Lycium , Fitosteróis/análise , Tropanos/análise , Cromatografia em Camada Fina/métodos , Raízes de Plantas/química , Estruturas Vegetais/química , SolanumRESUMO
The composition of C-glycosylflavones in fenugreek seeds is complicated and comprises of flavone mono- and di-C-glycosides, derivatives of both apigenin and luteolin as well as their ester forms. In this paper the application of one- and two-dimensional HPLC techniques: off-line heart-cutting and on-line comprehensive for the analysis of flavone C-glycosides in fenugreek seeds is presented. For the identification of flavone C-glycosides two types of detectors: diode array detector and mass detector, coupled to HPLC were used. 18 flavones were separated and identified in the methanol extract from fenugreek seeds. The best separation was achieved in off-line heart-cutting mode. The presence of two new compounds in fenugreek seeds was shown, namely: vicenin-3 and isoschaftoside. Furthermore, five unknown C-glycosides, possibly derivatives of apigenin were revealed.
Assuntos
Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Flavonas/análise , Trigonella/química , Glicosilação , Sementes/químicaRESUMO
Raspberries, derived from different cultivar varieties, are a popular ingredient of everyday diet, and their biological activity is a point of interest for researchers. The ethanol-water extracts from four varieties of red (Rubus idaeus'Ljulin', 'Veten', 'Poranna Rosa') and black (Rubus occidentalis'Litacz') raspberries were evaluated in the range of their antimicrobial properties as well as phenolic content - sanguiin H-6, free ellagic acid and anthocyanins. The antimicrobial assay was performed with the use of fifteen strains of bacteria, both Gram-negative and Gram-positive. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts varied and depended on the analysed strain of bacteria and cultivar variety, with the exception of Helicobacter pylori, towards which the extracts displayed the same growth inhibiting activity. Two human pathogens Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Moraxella catarrhalis proved to be the most sensitive to raspberry extracts. Contrary to the extracts, sanguiin H-6 and ellagic acid were only active against eight and nine bacterial strains, respectively. The determined MIC and MBC values of both compounds were several times lower than the tested extracts. The highest sensitivity of Corynebacterium diphtheriae to extracts from both black and red raspberries may be due to its sensitivity to sanguiin H-6 and ellagic acid.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Ácido Elágico/farmacologia , Frutas/química , Taninos Hidrolisáveis/farmacologia , Rubus/química , Antocianinas/análise , Antocianinas/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Corynebacterium diphtheriae/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido Elágico/análise , Helicobacter pylori/efeitos dos fármacos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Taninos Hidrolisáveis/análise , Moraxella catarrhalis/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: House dust mite (HDM) allergens have been reported to increase airway epithelial permeability, thereby facilitating access of allergens and allergic sensitisation. OBJECTIVES: The authors aimed to understand which biochemical properties of HDM are critical for epithelial immune and barrier responses as well as T helper 2-driven experimental asthma in vivo. METHODS: Three commercially available HDM extracts were analysed for endotoxin levels, protease and chitinase activities and effects on transepithelial resistance, junctional proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokine release in the bronchial epithelial cell line 16HBE and normal human bronchial cells. Furthermore, the effects on epithelial remodelling and airway inflammation were investigated in a mouse model. RESULTS: The different HDM extracts varied extensively in their biochemical properties and induced divergent responses in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, the Greer extract, with the lowest serine protease activity, induced the most pronounced effects on epithelial barrier function and CCL20 release in vitro. In vivo, this extract induced the most profound epithelial E-cadherin delocalisation and increase in CCL20, CCL17 and interleukin 5 levels, accompanied by the most pronounced induction of HDM-specific IgE, goblet cell hyperplasia, eosinophilic inflammation and airway hyper-reactivity. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the ability of HDM extracts to alter epithelial immune and barrier responses is related to allergic sensitisation but independent of serine/cysteine protease activity.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Dermatophagoides/imunologia , Asma/imunologia , Pyroglyphidae/imunologia , Mucosa Respiratória/imunologia , Animais , Asma/fisiopatologia , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Caderinas/imunologia , Quimiocina CCL17/imunologia , Quimiocina CCL20/imunologia , Citocinas/imunologia , Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus/imunologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade/imunologia , Técnicas In Vitro , Interleucina-5/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Mucosa Respiratória/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
The separation of anthocyanins present in the fruits of 11 varieties of red raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a diode-array detector and evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD). The ELSD parameters--drift tube temperature, nebulising gas flow rate and gain value--were optimised to get the best detection and identification of the anthocyanins. The varieties Heritage and Willamette had the simplest anthocyanin sets consisting of only two predominant anthocyanins--cyanidin-3-O-sophoroside (1) and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (3), while in the other varieties two other predominant compounds were also present, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside (4) and cyanidin-3-O-(2(G)-O-glucosylrutinoside) (2). Moreover, using ELSD, simultaneous analysis of anthocyanins and sanguiin H-6 (5), an ellagitannin, was performed. The contents of anthocyanins and sanguiin H-6 (5) were estimated by HPLC with ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) light detection. The determined concentrations of anthocyanins varied from 76.22 to 277.06 mg per 100 g of dry weight (d.w.). The content of sanguiin H-6 (5) was in the range from 135.04 to 547.48 mg per 100 g of d.w.
Assuntos
Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Flavonoides/química , Frutas/química , Fenóis/química , Rosaceae/química , Antocianinas/química , Glucosídeos/química , Estrutura Molecular , PolifenóisRESUMO
Bupranolol is an antagonist at the cardiostimulatory low-affinity state of b(1)-adrenoceptors and we were interested whether this effect is shared by its fluorine (GD-6), methyl (DZ-51) and isopropyl analogue (DZ-13) and by the analogue hydroxylated at the tertiary butyl moiety (DZ-52). (-)-Bupranolol and compounds (-)-GD-6, (+)-GD-6, (-)-DZ-13, (+)-DZ-13, DZ-51 and DZ-52 antagonized the CGP 12177-induced tachycardia in pithed rats with "apparent pA(2) values" of 6.1, 6.1, 4.6, 5.5, 4.6, 5.1 and 5.3, respectively. For comparison, their potencies and affinities at the high-affinity state of b(1)-adrenoceptors were determined, using the xamoterol-induced tachycardia in pithed rats and [(3)H]CGP 12177 binding to rat cerebrocortical membranes. The respective "apparent pA(2) values" in the functional experiments were 7.9, 8.1, 5.4, 8.4, 5.7, 7.3 and 6.8 and the pK(i) values in the binding experiments were 8.8, 8.4, 6.9, 8.5, 6.7, 8.4 and 8.2. In conclusion, (-)-bupranolol and its fluorine analogue (-)-GD-6 are equipotent at the low-affinity state of beta(1)-adrenoceptors. The stereoselectivity of GD-6 and DZ-13 suggests that the low-affinity state is indeed a receptor.
Assuntos
Antagonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 1 , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacologia , Bupranolol/farmacologia , Taquicardia/prevenção & controle , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Bupranolol/análogos & derivados , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Masculino , Propanolaminas/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Estereoisomerismo , Xamoterol/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The endocannabinoid virodhamine is a partial agonist at the cannabinoid CB(1) receptor and a full agonist at the CB(2) receptor, and relaxes rat mesenteric arteries through endothelial cannabinoid receptors. Its concentration in the periphery exceeds that of the endocannabinoid anandamide. Here, we examined the influence of virodhamine on the human pulmonary artery. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Isolated human pulmonary arteries were obtained during resections for lung carcinoma. Vasorelaxant effects of virodhamine were examined on endothelium-intact vessels precontracted with 5-HT or KCl. KEY RESULTS: Virodhamine, unlike WIN 55,212-2, relaxed 5-HT-precontracted vessels concentration dependently. The effect of virodhamine was reduced by endothelium denudation, two antagonists of the endothelial cannabinoid receptor, cannabidiol and O-1918, and a high concentration of the CB(1) receptor antagonist rimonabant (5 muM), but only slightly attenuated by the NOS inhibitor L-NAME and not affected by a lower concentration of rimonabant (100 nM) or by the CB(2) and vanilloid receptor antagonists SR 144528 and capsazepine, respectively. The COX inhibitor indomethacin and the fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 and combined administration of selective blockers of small (apamin) and intermediate and large (charybdotoxin) conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels attenuated virodhamine-induced relaxation. The vasorelaxant potency of virodhamine was lower in KCl- than in 5-HT-precontracted preparations. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Virodhamine relaxes the human pulmonary artery through the putative endothelial cannabinoid receptor and indirectly through a COX-derived vasorelaxant prostanoid formed from the virodhamine metabolite, arachidonic acid. One or both of these mechanisms may stimulate vasorelaxant Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels.
Assuntos
Ácidos Araquidônicos/farmacologia , Prostaglandina-Endoperóxido Sintases/metabolismo , Artéria Pulmonar/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Canabinoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido Araquidônico/metabolismo , Ácidos Araquidônicos/administração & dosagem , Canabinoides , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Endotélio Vascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Canais de Potássio Cálcio-Ativados/efeitos dos fármacos , Canais de Potássio Cálcio-Ativados/metabolismo , Cloreto de Potássio/farmacologia , Artéria Pulmonar/metabolismo , Receptores de Canabinoides/metabolismo , Serotonina/farmacologia , Vasodilatação/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The aim of our study was to examine whether non beta(1)-/beta(2)-adrenoceptors participate in the relaxation of the human pulmonary artery. For this purpose the vasodilatory effect of the non-conventional partial beta-adrenoceptor agonist cyanopindolol was examined. Cyanopindolol (1-300 microM), studied in the presence of the beta(1)-/beta(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol, relaxed the human pulmonary artery preconstricted with serotonin 1 microM in a concentration-dependent manner (maximally by about 80%). This effect was diminished by bupranolol 10 microM (an antagonist of beta(1)-beta(3)-adrenoceptors and the low affinity state of the beta(1)-adrenoceptor) and CGP 20712 10 microM (known to antagonize the low-affinity state of the beta(1)-adrenoceptor at high concentrations). In further experiments, the effect of beta-adrenoceptor ligands on the serotonin-induced vasoconstriction was examined. The concentration-response curve for serotonin was not affected by cyanopindolol 30 microM, bupranolol 10 microM and CGP 20712 10 microM but shifted to the right by cyanopindolol 100 and 300 microM; the serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist ketanserin 0.3 microM abolished the maximum contraction elicited by serotonin. In conclusion, the present study reveals that the vasodilatory effect of cyanopindolol in the human pulmonary artery consists of two components, i.e. activation of a propranolol-insensitive atypical beta-adrenoceptor and antagonism against 5-HT(2A) receptors.
Assuntos
Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacologia , Pindolol/análogos & derivados , Artéria Pulmonar/efeitos dos fármacos , Vasodilatação/efeitos dos fármacos , Vasodilatadores/farmacologia , Análise de Variância , Bupranolol/farmacologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Humanos , Imidazóis/farmacologia , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pindolol/farmacologia , Artéria Pulmonar/fisiologia , Receptor 5-HT2A de Serotonina/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptor 5-HT2A de Serotonina/fisiologia , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 1/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 2/efeitos dos fármacos , Antagonistas do Receptor 5-HT2 de Serotonina , Vasoconstrição/efeitos dos fármacos , Vasodilatação/fisiologiaRESUMO
From the leaves of Cucumis sativus the following C-glycosides were isolated and identified: isovitexin 2"-O-glucoside, isovitexin, isoorientin, 4'-X-O-diglucosides of isovitexin and swertiajaponin. In the flowers of the above species chromatographically (HPLC, TLC) the presence of kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside and 3-O-glycosides of kaempferol, quercetin, isoramnetin was revealed. The flavonoids complexes occuring in other species of Cucumis: C. metuliferus, C. myriocarpus and six cultivar varieties of C. sativus chromatographically (HPLC, TLC) were campared.
RESUMO
We report a case of a 44 year old man, who was admitted to our hospital because of right eyeball and right eye-socket due to a piece of diamond circular saw. Right eyeball was sutured. CT--examination showed a metallic foreign body in the right frontal lobe of brain. Metallic foreign body, which damaged the right eyeball, caused upper restriction of right eye-socket ceiling and stuck in a frontal lobe of the brain was removed.
Assuntos
Traumatismos Oculares/complicações , Corpos Estranhos/diagnóstico por imagem , Corpos Estranhos/etiologia , Lobo Frontal/cirurgia , Acidentes Domésticos , Adulto , Corpos Estranhos/cirurgia , Lobo Frontal/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de Tempo , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Iridoids and phenylethanoids were separated from Verbena bipinnatifida Nutt. (Verbenaceae). The compounds identified are pulchelloside I and II--iridoids and martynoside, verbascoside-phenylethanoids. The structures of all the compounds isolated were elucidated by classical and spectroscopic methods.
Assuntos
Glucosídeos/química , Iridoides , Plantas Medicinais/química , Piranos/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Glucosídeos Iridoides , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Extratos Vegetais/químicaRESUMO
The content of nitrates and nitrites in raw milk in different regions of the country was studied. The results obtained dependent both on the factory from which the samples origin and on the seasons of the year. In 37% of samples there was insignificant increase in the level of nitrates, and in 31.9 of nitrites.
Assuntos
Leite/química , Nitratos/análise , Nitritos/análise , Animais , Leite/microbiologia , Polônia , Estações do AnoRESUMO
From the leaves of Cupressocyparis leylandii (Cupressaceae) cupressuflavone, 4-O-methylcupressuflavone, amentoflavone, 7-O-methylamentoflavone, 4-O-methylamentoflavone and hinokiflavone were isolated. 1H- and 13C-NMR data for 4-O-methylcupressuflavone are given for the first time. The biflavones from cultivar varieties of C. leylandii (Naylor's Blue, Castlewellan Gold) were chromatographicaly (HPLC) compared. The antifungal activity of cupressuflavone and 4-O-methylcupressuflavone against Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium oxysporum, Fusarium culmorum and F. avenaceum was assayed.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/química , Flavonoides/química , Extratos Vegetais , Alternaria/efeitos dos fármacos , Antifúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Cladosporium/efeitos dos fármacos , Flavonoides/isolamento & purificação , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Fusarium/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Folhas de PlantaRESUMO
From the yellow leaves of Ginkgo biloba 2,3-dihydrosciadopitysin (5,5'',7''-trihydroxy-7,4',4'''-trimethoxy-3',8''-flavanone/flavone) was isolated as a mixture of two diastereomers. Its structure was elucidated employing 2D NMR techniques.
RESUMO
The authors, basing on the own experience in the treatment of 578 patients with purulent meningitis and encephalitis, discuss etiologic and clinical problems as an early diagnosis of the cause decides on the proper therapy and often on the patient's fate. The authors are convinced that the result of general CSF examination is a crucial diagnostic criterion in meningitis and encephalitis but does not permit identification of the disease causes. Problems with etiological verification is discussed. The authors have found that the infection with N. meningitidis and S. pneumoniae remains the most frequent cause of the disease in adults. However, the cause of the disease cannot be determined in over 50% of patients, and etiological verification of infections caused by H. influenzae and anaerobic organisms is quite unsatisfactory. The authors stress that over 20% of patients had skull injury and meningitis most frequently resulted from the infection with S. pneumoniae in these patients. It is suggested that purulent meningitis and encephalitis as a rule is endogenous disease produced by the activation of endogenous source of the infection.
Assuntos
Encefalite/etiologia , Meningites Bacterianas/etiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Infecções Bacterianas/complicações , Infecções Bacterianas/microbiologia , Criança , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/complicações , Encefalite/diagnóstico , Encefalite/terapia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Meningites Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Meningites Bacterianas/terapia , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
The authors present own methods and results of the treatment of 578 patients with suppurative meningitis and encephalitis. Etiologically most frequent infections due to N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae, and H. influenzae were treated with penicillin and ampicillin; the authors recommend to replace the latter antibiotic with cefotaxime. If meningitis and encephalitis were due to aerobic gram-negative bacilli, a possibility of the simultaneous infection with anaerobic flora was considered, and the drugs active against both types of the organisms were administered. The same was the treatment in case of etiologically confirmed staphylococcal infection. In case of unknown etiology of meningitis and encephalitis therapy was based on clinical data, and laboratory findings.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Encefalite/tratamento farmacológico , Meningites Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Cefotaxima/uso terapêutico , Encefalite/microbiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Meningites Bacterianas/microbiologia , Penicilinas/uso terapêutico , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The authors discuss problems connected with the clinical, aetiological diagnosis, methods and results of treatment of purulent meningoencephalitis in adults. The basis for the discussion were own experiences obtained during hospitalization of 578 patients in the period 1981-1990. As a results of this analysis the authors found that the organisms causing this disease most frequently were, as previously, Neisseria meningitidis and anaerobic Haemophilus influenzae were still highly unsatisfactory. Complete recovery was obtained in 73.3% of cases, 6.6% were discharged with various neurological sequelae, and 29.1% died. Cases of pneumococcal origin, frequent after cranial trauma, showed the most severe course, had the highest percent of psychoneurological complications and recurrences with the highest death rate.
Assuntos
Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/etiologia , Infecções Meningocócicas/etiologia , Meningoencefalite/etiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/etiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Esquema de Medicação , Quimioterapia Combinada , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/diagnóstico , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Humanos , Infusões Intravenosas , Masculino , Infecções Meningocócicas/diagnóstico , Infecções Meningocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Meningoencefalite/diagnóstico , Meningoencefalite/tratamento farmacológico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções Pneumocócicas/diagnóstico , Infecções Pneumocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Recidiva , Indução de Remissão , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
The therapeutic effect of isoprinosine and acyclovir have been studied in 352 and 284 patients with chicken-pox and herpes zoster respectively. The patients were divided into 4 groups: the first one was given palliative treatment only, the second--both palliative and isoprinosine ones, the third--palliative and acyclovir treatment, and the fourth group was given all these. The best therapeutic effect was achieved when acyclovir and isoprinosine was applied jointly, the one of acyclovir alone was less pronounced and that of isoprinosine only was the smallest. According to the authors acyclovir should be the treatment of choice in the very severe and severe cases of chicken-pox and herpes zoster; in the early stage of disease it should be supplemented with isoprinosine and passive immunotherapy.