Simulation of the Influence of the Radial Graded Porosity Distribution on Elastic Modulus of γ/ß Phase Ti-Based Alloy Foams for Bone Implant.

This research aims to examine how a radial graded porosity distribution affects the elastic modulus by conducting simulations on Ti-based alloy foams with face-centered cubic and body-centered cubic crystal structures. Four types of foams were analyzed; commercially pure-Ti, Ti-13Ta-6Mn (TTM), Ti-13Ta-(TT) and Ti-13Ta-6Sn (TTS), (all in at.%). Four radial graded porosity distribution configurations were modeled and simulated using the finite element analysis (FEA). The radial graded porosity distribution configurations were generated using a Material Designer (Ansys) with a pore range of 200 to 600 µm. These radial graded porosity distributions had average porosity values of 0, 20, 30 and 40%. The consolidated samples that were obtained through a powder metallurgy technique in two step samples were synthesized using a powder metallurgy technique, with the elastic moduli values of the aforementioned Ti based alloys being measured by ultrasound using ~110, ~69, ~61 and ~65 GPa, respectively. The results showed that the modulus decreased as a function of porosity level in all simulated materials. The TTM, TT and TTS foams, with average porosities of 20, 30 and 40%, exhibited an modulus smaller than 30 GPa, which is a requirement to be used as a biomaterial in human bones. The TT foams showed the lowest modulus when compared to the other foams. Finally, certain theoretical models were used to obtain the modulus, the best being; the Gibson-Ashby model (α = 1 and n = 2.5) for the cp-Ti foams and Knudsen-Spriggs model (b = 3.06) for the TTM, TT and TTS foams.

Metal ion trend in patients with metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty: a 10-year prospective study.

INTRODUCTION:: There have been reported adverse reactions in patients with large head metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty, therefore metal particle debris are a cause for concern. The aim of this study was to evaluate the release trend of metal ions and the correlated variables. METHODS:: 54 patients were prospectively enrolled into the study from 2004 to 2006. All patients had 36-mm metal head, Pinnacle acetabular component, Summit stem and Ultamet CoCr alloy liner (Depuy Inc.), and underwent clinical and radiological management. The haematic concentration of Cr-Co at 0, 6, 12, 24, 60 and 120 months after the implantation was analysed in a sub-cohort of 34 patients. RESULTS:: 10-year revision rate for each case was 8.9%. The average concentration of Co at 120 months was 3.12 µg/L (median 2.20) with 53% values >2 µg/L and 1 >7 µg/L. After 6 months the median levels of Cr and Co were higher than time 0 ( p < 0.0001); no significant differences were found between 6 and 24 months; while Co had significant increase between 60 and 120 months ( p = 0.002). Overweight, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) >9 and <50 years old patients have significantly higher circulating metal ions. DISCUSSION:: This is 1 of the few prospective studies on the argument. The revision rate is conforming to records. Our data shows ionic concentration is not predictive of revision or adverse reaction to metals. We described a 3-phase trend for Co probably due to the loss of integrity of the surfaces.

Perception of risk from electric and magnetic fields: Stress effects and psychological aspects / Percepção de risco de campos elétricos e magnéticos: efeitos do estresse e outros aspectos psicológicos

The present study aimed to investigate the perception of risk in the Brazilian population related to electric and magnetic fields. Six hundred adults were recruited from the surrounding communities. Three hundred of them lived in large cities and an equal number lived in small towns. A short questionnaire was constructed to assess risk perception, trust in government to control risk exposure, level of comfort with exposure to extra-low-frequency electromagnetic fields, measures perceived as necessary to reduce emotional discomfort, and trust in the regulatory agencies. The Lipp Inventory of Stress Symptoms for Adults was applied to assess stress levels. Findings indicate that the majority of the participants in this study did not trust the Government to provide protective measures from exposure to electric and magnetic fields, did not trust the regulatory agencies, felt that there is no adequate risk control and thought about it frequently, and some felt that line installations were being performed in excess and that this should be stopped. Results endorse the need for risk education and indicate that risk perception and feelings should be considered before starting new line installations. Risk communication should incorporate knowledge regarding social cognition since a large proportion of the people were concerned about electric and magnetic fields. Lack of communication can lead to a rejection of necessary transmission line installation, and to unnecessary or exaggerated fear.(AU)

O estudo teve como objetivo investigar a percepção de risco relacionada a campos eletromagnéticos de baixa frequência na população brasileira. Participaram seiscentos adultos, sendo metade constituída por habitantes de cidades grandes e a outra metade por habitantes de cidades pequenas. Um breve questionário foi utilizado para avaliar: (1) percepção de risco associada aos campos eletromagnéticos; (2) confiança no governo para proteger o povo do risco de exposição; (3) nível de conforto emocional frente à exposição às linhas de transmissão elétrica; (4) medidas percebidas como capazes de reduzir desconforto emocional; e (5) confiança nas concessionárias. Adicionalmente, foi aplicado o Inventário de Sintomas de Stress de Lipp, com o intuito de identificar o nível de estresse dos respondentes. Os dados indicaram que a maioria dos participantes (51,59%) deste estudo não confia que o governo tome as medidas necessárias para controlar os riscos; 28,05% não confiam nas concessionárias quanto ao controle de exposição excessiva; 33,0% sentem que não há um controle adequado do risco; e 17,00% pensam que a instalação de linhas de transmissão é excessiva, devendo-se parar com sua colocação. Os dados mostram a necessidade de se implementar um programa de educação quanto aos riscos reais, que leve em consideração o modo de pensar e sentir do povo brasileiro, antes de se instalar novas linhas de transmissão. A falta de comunicação pode levar o povo a rejeitar a instalação de linhas de transmissão necessárias e criar um medo desproporcional quanto a este assunto.(AU)

Perception of risk from electric and magnetic fields: Stress effects and psychological aspects / Percepção de risco de campos elétricos e magnéticos: efeitos do estresse e outros aspectos psicológicos

The present study aimed to investigate the perception of risk in the Brazilian population related to electric and magnetic fields. Six hundred adults were recruited from the surrounding communities. Three hundred of them lived in large cities and an equal number lived in small towns. A short questionnaire was constructed to assess risk perception, trust in government to control risk exposure, level of comfort with exposure to extra-low-frequency electromagnetic fields, measures perceived as necessary to reduce emotional discomfort, and trust in the regulatory agencies. The Lipp Inventory of Stress Symptoms for Adults was applied to assess stress levels. Findings indicate that the majority of the participants in this study did not trust the Government to provide protective measures from exposure to electric and magnetic fields, did not trust the regulatory agencies, felt that there is no adequate risk control and thought about it frequently, and some felt that line installations were being performed in excess and that this should be stopped. Results endorse the need for risk education and indicate that risk perception and feelings should be considered before starting new line installations. Risk communication should incorporate knowledge regarding social cognition since a large proportion of the people were concerned about electric and magnetic fields. Lack of communication can lead to a rejection of necessary transmission line installation, and to unnecessary or exaggerated fear...

O estudo teve como objetivo investigar a percepção de risco relacionada a campos eletromagnéticos de baixa frequência na população brasileira. Participaram seiscentos adultos, sendo metade constituída por habitantes de cidades grandes e a outra metade por habitantes de cidades pequenas. Um breve questionário foi utilizado para avaliar: (1) percepção de risco associada aos campos eletromagnéticos; (2) confiança no governo para proteger o povo do risco de exposição; (3) nível de conforto emocional frente à exposição às linhas de transmissão elétrica; (4) medidas percebidas como capazes de reduzir desconforto emocional; e (5) confiança nas concessionárias. Adicionalmente, foi aplicado o Inventário de Sintomas de Stress de Lipp, com o intuito de identificar o nível de estresse dos respondentes. Os dados indicaram que a maioria dos participantes (51,59%) deste estudo não confia que o governo tome as medidas necessárias para controlar os riscos; 28,05% não confiam nas concessionárias quanto ao controle de exposição excessiva; 33,0% sentem que não há um controle adequado do risco; e 17,00% pensam que a instalação de linhas de transmissão é excessiva, devendo-se parar com sua colocação. Os dados mostram a necessidade de se implementar um programa de educação quanto aos riscos reais, que leve em consideração o modo de pensar e sentir do povo brasileiro, antes de se instalar novas linhas de transmissão. A falta de comunicação pode levar o povo a rejeitar a instalação de linhas de transmissão necessárias e criar um medo desproporcional quanto a este assunto...

Exposure to magnetic fields and childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia in São Paulo, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies have identified increased risks of leukemia in children living near power lines and exposed to relatively high levels of magnetic fields. Results have been remarkably consistent, but there is still no explanation for this increase. In this study we evaluated the effect of 60 Hz magnetic fields on acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: This case-control study included ALL cases (n=162) recruited from eight hospitals between January 2003 and February 2009. Controls (n=565) matched on gender, age, and city of birth were selected from the São Paulo Birth Registry. Exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF MF) was based on measurements inside home and distance to power lines. RESULTS: For 24h measurements in children rooms, levels of ELF MF equal to or greater than 0.3microtesla (µT), compared to children exposed to levels below 0.1 µT showed no increased risk of ALL (odds ratio [OR] 1.09; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.33-3.61). When only nighttime measurements were considered, a risk (OR 1.52; 95% CI 0.46-5.01) was observed. Children living within 200 m of power lines presented an increased risk of ALL (OR 1.67; 95% CI 0.49-5.75), compared to children living at 600 m or more of power lines. For those living within 50 m of power lines the OR was 3.57 (95% CI 0.41-31.44). CONCLUSIONS: Even though our results are consistent with the small risks reported in other studies on ELF MF and leukemia in children, overall our results do not provide support for an association between magnetic fields and childhood leukemia, but small numbers and likely biases weaken the strength of this conclusion.

Magnetic fields and acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children: a systematic review of case-control studies.

Leukemia incidence in children has increased worldwide in recent decades, particularly due to the rise in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Studies have associated exposure to non-ionizing radiation generated by low frequency magnetic fields with childhood leukemia. The current article reviews the case-control studies published on this subject. Of 152 articles tracked in different databases, ten studies from North America, Asia, and Europe met the defined selection criteria, with patients diagnosed from 1960 to 2004. Methodological limitations were observed in these articles, including difficulties with the procedures for assessing exposure. An association may exist between exposure to low frequency magnetic fields and acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children, but this association is weak, preventing the observation of consistency in the findings. Future studies from a wider range of geographic regions should focus on the analysis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, which is the subtype with the greatest impact on the increasing overall incidence of childhood leukemia.

Magnetic fields and acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children: a systematic review of case-control studies / Campos magnéticos e leucemia linfocítica aguda em crianças: revisão sistemática de estudos caso-controle

Leukemia incidence in children has increased worldwide in recent decades, particularly due to the rise in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Studies have associated exposure to non-ionizing radiation generated by low frequency magnetic fields with childhood leukemia. The current article reviews the case-control studies published on this subject. Of 152 articles tracked in different databases, ten studies from North America, Asia, and Europe met the defined selection criteria, with patients diagnosed from 1960 to 2004. Methodological limitations were observed in these articles, including difficulties with the procedures for assessing exposure. An association may exist between exposure to low frequency magnetic fields and acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children, but this association is weak, preventing the observation of consistency in the findings. Future studies from a wider range of geographic regions should focus on the analysis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, which is the subtype with the greatest impact on the increasing overall incidence of childhood leukemia.

A incidência de leucemias em crianças tem aumentado nas últimas décadas no mundo, com influência predominante da leucemia linfocítica aguda, principal subtipo em crianças. Estudos têm relacionado a exposição às radiações não-ionizantes geradas pelos campos magnéticos de baixa freqüência com leucemia infantil. Neste artigo foram revisados os estudos caso-controle publicados sobre essa questão. Dos 152 artigos localizados em diferentes bases de dados, dez estudos da América do Norte, Ásia e Europa preencheram os critérios de seleção, comportando pacientes diagnosticados entre 1960 e 2004. Algumas limitações metodológicas foram observadas como dificuldades nos procedimentos de avaliação da exposição. É possível a existência de associação entre exposição a campos magnéticos de baixa freqüência e leucemia linfocítica aguda em crianças, porém, a força desta associação é tênue, impedindo observar consistência entre os resultados. Futuros estudos, com maior diversidade de regiões, deveriam concentrar-se na análise da leucemia linfocítica aguda, pois é o subtipo com maior influência na incidência crescente da leucemia infantil.