Rabies Virus in Bats, State of Pará, Brazil, 2005-2011.

Rabies is an acute, progressive zoonotic viral infection that in general produces a fatal outcome. This disease is responsible for deaths in humans and animals worldwide and, because it can affect all mammals, is considered one of the most important viral infections for public health. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of rabies in bats of different species found in municipalities of the state of Pará from 2005 to 2011. The rabies virus was detected in 12 (0.39%) bats in a total of 3100 analyzed, including hematophagous, frugivorous, and insectivorous bats. Of these, eleven were characterized as AgV3, which is characteristic of the hematophagous bat Desmodus rotundus (E. Geoffroy 1810); one insectivorous animal showed a different profile compatible with the Eptesicus pattern and may therefore be a new antigenic variant. This study identified the need for greater intensification of epidemiological surveillance in municipalities lacking rabies surveillance (silent areas); studies of rabies virus in bats with different alimentary habits, studies investigating the prevalence of AgV3, and prophylactic measures in areas where humans may be infected are also needed.

Phylogenetic and epidemiologic evidence of multiyear incubation in human rabies.

Eight years after emigrating from Brazil, an otherwise healthy man developed rabies. An exposure prior to immigration was reported. Genetic analysis revealed a canine rabies virus variant found only in the patient's home country, and the patient had not traveled internationally since immigrating to the United States. We describe how epidemiological, phylogenetic, and viral sequencing data provided confirmation that rabies encephalomyelitis may present after a long, multiyear incubation period, a consideration that previously has been hypothesized without the ability to exclude a more recent exposure. Accordingly, rabies should be considered in the diagnosis of any acute encephalitis, myelitis, or encephalomyelitis.

Eco-epidemiologia dos arbovírus na área de influência da rodovia Cuiabá-Santarém (BR 163), Estado do Pará, Brasil / Arbovirus eco-epidemiology in the area affected by the Cuiabá-Santarém Highway (BR-163), Pará State, Brazil

O presente estudo descreve os aspectos eco-epidemiológicos sobre arbovírus nos Municípios de Novo Progresso e Trairão, Estado do Pará, Brasil, na área de influência da BR 163. Anticorpos IH foram detectados para diferentes arbovírus, com reações monotípicas para os VMAY e VORO, dois importantes arbovírus associados a epidemias na Amazônia. Anticorpos IgM para o VORO e VMAY foram detectados em soros humanos, sugerindo infecção recente por esses arbovírus. Duas cepas do VDEN-3 foram isoladas de pacientes febris residentes em Novo Progresso e identificadas como genótipo III. Em termos gerais, os dados obtidos sugerem uma área propícia para a circulação e manutenção de arbovírus e uma população pouco imunizada. Portanto, é importante um monitoramento dinâmico das populações locais e de imigrantes e de animais silvestres quanto à presença de anticorpos e isolamentos de arbovírus, o que permitirá um efetivo controle das infecções por esses agentes virais em residentes da área da rodovia dentro do território paraense.

The current study describes the eco-epidemiological aspects of arbovirus diseases in the municipalities (counties) of Novo Progresso and Trairão, Para State, Brazil, in the area affected by highway BR-163. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies to different arboviruses were detected, with monotypic reactions to MAYV and OROV, two important arboviruses associated with epidemics in the Amazon. IgM antibodies to OROV and MAYV were found in human sera, suggesting recent infections by these viruses. Two DENV-3 strains were isolated from febrile patients in Novo Progresso and identified as genotype III strains. In general, the data suggest that the area displays ideal conditions for maintenance and circulation of arboviruses, plus a population with low immunization levels. Dynamic surveillance of local immigrants and wild animals is thus important, focusing on antibody prevalence and isolation of arboviruses, thereby allowing effective control of infections by these viral agents in the resident population along highway BR-163 in Pará State.

[Arbovirus eco-epidemiology in the area affected by the Cuiabá-Santarém Highway (BR-163), Pará State, Brazil]. / Eco-epidemiologia dos arbovírus na área de influência da rodovia Cuiabá-Santarém (BR 163), Estado do Pará, Brasil.

The current study describes the eco-epidemiological aspects of arbovirus diseases in the municipalities (counties) of Novo Progresso and Trairão, Para State, Brazil, in the area affected by highway BR-163. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies to different arboviruses were detected, with monotypic reactions to MAYV and OROV, two important arboviruses associated with epidemics in the Amazon. IgM antibodies to OROV and MAYV were found in human sera, suggesting recent infections by these viruses. Two DENV-3 strains were isolated from febrile patients in Novo Progresso and identified as genotype III strains. In general, the data suggest that the area displays ideal conditions for maintenance and circulation of arboviruses, plus a population with low immunization levels. Dynamic surveillance of local immigrants and wild animals is thus important, focusing on antibody prevalence and isolation of arboviruses, thereby allowing effective control of infections by these viral agents in the resident population along highway BR-163 in Pará State.

Molecular epidemiology of rabies virus isolated from different sources during a bat-transmitted human outbreak occurring in Augusto Correa municipality, Brazilian Amazon.

We genetically characterize rabies virus (RABV) strains isolated from human cases, domestic and wild animals during a human outbreak of bat-transmitted rabies in Augusto Correa municipality, Pará state, Brazilian Amazon in 2005. Partial nucleotide sequences of the N gene (491 bp) were obtained for all strains, and phylogenetic analysis grouped these into two major clades (Pará and Central-Southeast) and identified them as bat-related viruses genotype I, Desmodus rotundus antigenic variant 3 (AgV3). A molecular clock was used to estimate the time of emergence for each RABV isolate. The molecular data from this study suggest the association of vampire bats with human and domestic animal cases reported in the outbreak, the circulation of at least two predominant lineages in the Pará state, and also a geographic association to lineages dispersion.

Epidemiologia molecular do vírus da raiva no estado do Pará no período de 2000 a 2005: emergência e transmissão por morcegos hematófagos (Desmodus rotundus) / Molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in Para state during 2000 to 2005: emergence and transmission by hematophagous bats (Desmodus rotundus)

A ocorrência recente de surtos de raiva humana transmitida por morcegos hematófagos Desmodus rotundus vem sendo registrada no Estado do Pará desde 2004. Neste artigo, é realizado um estudo retrospectivo de caracterização genética de 37 cepas do vírus rábico de diferentes mamíferos, incluindo o homem, isoladas de 2000 a 2005, de diferentes regiões paraenses. Foi obtido o sequenciamento nucleotídico parcial do gene N e construída árvore filogenética baseada no método Neighbor-joining. A análise filogenética determinou a formação de cinco clades principais e agrupou as cepas isoladas no Estado do Pará em três distintas clades: clade I, cepas da variante antigênica 3 (VAg3), comumente encontrada nos morcegos D. rotundus; clade II, cepa relacionada à VAg3, porém com topologia diferenciada isolada de morcego frugívoro Uroderma bilobatum; e clade IV, cepas da variante antigênica 2 (VAg2), comumente isoladas de cães domésticos. No Pará, no período estudado, circularam as variantes VAg2 e VAg3. A VAg3 da clade I se encontra subdividida em três linhagens virais (I-a, I-b, e I-c) associadas à distribuição geográfica: duas delas (I-a e I-b) circulam no continente nas regiões paraenses do Sudeste, Nordeste e Baixo Amazonas, enquanto a linhagem I-c restringe-se à ilha do Marajó. A associação dos dados genéticos com os ecológicos fornece uma melhor compreensão da epidemiologia molecular da raiva no Estado do Pará e sugere que duas distintas variantes antigênicas isoladas do vírus da raiva foram associadas com a transmissão da doença por morcegos hematófagos entre 2000 e 2005. Finalmente, foi demonstrado neste estudo a presença de pelo menos três distintas linhagens genéticas de VAg3 no estado, e a emergência de uma possível nova variante, que foi isolada de um morcego frugívoro U. bilobatum capturado na localidade de Ajará, município de Portel, durante o surto ocorrido em 2004.