Association Between Doses of Levonorgestrel Intrauterine Systems and Subsequent Use of Psychotropic Drugs in France.

This matched-cohort study uses data from the French National Health Insurance database to assess whether a 19.5-mg levonorgestrel intrauterine system, vs a 52-mg system, is associated with increased use of antidepressant, hypnotic, and anxiolytic medications.

Profiles of copper intrauterine devices and levonorgestrel intrauterine systems users in France in 2019: A national observational population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the user profiles of copper intrauterine devices (Cu-IUD) and levonorgestrel intrauterine systems (LNG-IUS) in France in 2019 and the rates of continuation 1 year later. METHODS: A population-based study was conducted of all French women aged 13-49 years for whom an IUD was dispensed in 2019. Information was collected from the French National Health Data System about their characteristics at the time of dispensation and indicators of continued use 1 year later. Associations between these characteristics and the type of IUD were analyzed using multivariate regressions. RESULTS: A total of 477 705 Cu-IUDs and 355 242 LNG-IUSs (mean age 32.5 ± 7.3 and 36.4 ± 7.7 years, respectively) were dispensed in 2019. After adjustment, having a LNG-IUS rather than a Cu-IUD was associated with being aged 35-44 years compared to 25-35 years (odds ratio [OR35-44 ] 2.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.01-2.05), having a prescription by a gynecologist rather than a general practitioner (OR35-44 1.09, 95% CI 1.08-1.11), and having a gynecological history (OR35-44 2.28, 95% CI 2.20-2.36). The continuation rates 1 year after dispensation were 86.4% for Cu-IUD versus 85.7% for LNG-IUS. A Cu-IUD dispensation rather than a LNG-IUS one was associated with a higher chance of continued use 1 year later. CONCLUSION: Two different patterns of use of Cu-IUDs and LNG-IUSs in France are highlighted.

Vaccine effectiveness against severe COVID-19 outcomes within the French overseas territories: A cohort study of 2-doses vaccinated individuals matched to unvaccinated ones followed up until September 2021 and based on the National Health Data System.

IMPORTANCE: Although several observational studies on the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination have been published, vaccination coverage by August, 3 2021, remained low in the French overseas territories, despite Martinique and Guadeloupe experiencing an unprecedented number of COVID-19-related hospitalizations. We aimed to determine the association between COVID-19 vaccination and severe COVID-19 in the French overseas territories. METHODS: The French National Health Data System was used to conduct a 1:1 matched-cohort study. For each individual receiving a first dose of BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, or Ad26.COV2-S vaccine between December 27, 2020, and July 31, 2021, one unvaccinated individual was randomly selected and matched for year of birth, sex, and overseas territories on the date of vaccination. We estimated vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19-related hospitalization and in-hospital death after a full vaccination schedule, defined as ≥14 days after the second dose. Analyses were stratified according to the number of comorbidities. RESULTS: 276,778 vaccinated individuals had a double-dose vaccination during the follow-up period and were followed with their paired unvaccinated control. The average age was 50 years and 53% were women. During a median 77 days of follow-up from day 14 after the second injection, 96 COVID-19-related hospitalizations occurred among vaccinated individuals and 1,465 among their unvaccinated counterparts. Overall, vaccine effectiveness against hospitalization was 94% (95%CI [93-95]) and exceeded 90% in each overseas territory, except Mayotte. The results were similar looking specifically at hospitalizations between July 15 and September 30, 2021. Vaccine effectiveness against in-hospital death was similar (94% [95%CI 91-96]). The risk of COVID-19-related hospitalization increased with the number of comorbidities, especially among vaccinated individuals. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In conclusion, vaccination has a major effect in reducing the risk of severe Covid-19 in the French overseas territories. The risk of COVID-19-hospitalization was very low among vaccinated individuals, especially in the absence of comorbidities. These results aim to increase confidence in vaccine effectiveness in overseas territories in hope of achieving better vaccination coverage.

Risk for Myocardial Infarction, Stroke, and Pulmonary Embolism Following COVID-19 Vaccines in Adults Younger Than 75 Years in France.

BACKGROUND: The BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine has been shown to be safe with regard to risk for severe cardiovascular events (such as myocardial infarction [MI], pulmonary embolism [PE], and stroke) in persons aged 75 years or older. Less is known about the safety of other COVID-19 vaccines or outcomes in younger populations. OBJECTIVE: To assess short-term risk for severe cardiovascular events (excluding myocarditis and pericarditis) after COVID-19 vaccination in France's 46.5 million adults younger than 75 years. DESIGN: Self-controlled case series method adapted to event-dependent exposure and high event-related mortality. SETTING: France, 27 December 2020 to 20 July 2021. PATIENTS: All adults younger than 75 years hospitalized for PE, acute MI, hemorrhagic stroke, or ischemic stroke (n = 73 325 total events). MEASUREMENTS: Linkage between the French National Health Data System and COVID-19 vaccine databases enabled identification of hospitalizations for cardiovascular events (MI, PE, or stroke) and receipt of a first or second dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech, mRNA-1273 (Moderna), Ad26.COV2.S (Janssen), or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Oxford-AstraZeneca) vaccine. The relative incidence (RI) of each cardiovascular event was estimated in the 3 weeks after vaccination compared with other periods, with adjustment for temporality (7-day periods). RESULTS: No association was found between the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccine and severe cardiovascular events. The first dose of the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine was associated with acute MI and PE in the second week after vaccination (RI, 1.29 [95% CI, 1.11 to 1.51] and 1.41 [CI, 1.13 to 1.75], respectively). An association with MI in the second week after a single dose of the Janssen vaccine could not be ruled out (RI, 1.75 [CI, 1.16 to 2.62]). LIMITATIONS: It was not possible to ascertain the relative timing of injection and cardiovascular events on the day of vaccination. Outpatient deaths related to cardiovascular events were not included. CONCLUSION: In persons aged 18 to 74 years, adenoviral-based vaccines may be associated with increased incidence of MI and PE. No association between mRNA-based vaccines and the cardiovascular events studied was observed. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: None.

Characteristics associated with the residual risk of severe COVID-19 after a complete vaccination schedule: A cohort study of 28 million people in France.

Background: Prior to the availability of vaccines, the risk factors for developing severe forms of COVID-19 were mostly older age and various comorbidities such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, mental disorders, transplantations, and kidney disease. Although vaccines have been shown to be highly effective in preventing severe forms of COVID-19, a residual risk may persist, despite vaccination, for certain population groups. Methods: The study was based on data from the national COVID-19 vaccination database (VAC-SI) coupled with the National Health Data System (SNDS), which contains comprehensive reimbursement and hospitalisation data for all of France. All people fully vaccinated by July 31, 2021, with a double-injection vaccine, i.e., the mRNA BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccines, or a single dose for people with a previous confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were included and followed until August 31, 2021. Cox proportional hazard models were performed to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) for COVID-19-related hospitalisation or in-hospital death associated with age, gender, deprivation index, comorbidities, and immunosuppressive or oral corticosteroid therapy from day 14 after full-vaccination. Findings: In a population of 28,031,641 fully vaccinated individuals with an average follow-up of 80 days, 5,345 (87 hospitalisations per 100,000 person-years) were hospitalised for COVID-19 and 996 (16 in-hospital death per 100,000 person-years) died in hospital. In multivariable analysis, a higher risk was observed with increasing age, male gender, and social deprivation. Most of the 47 chronic conditions considered were positively associated with an increased risk of COVID-19-related hospitalisation and a slight excess risk of death. The risk of hospitalisation and in-hospital death for COVID-19 also increased with the use of immunosuppressants (aHR 3.3 [2.8-3.8] and 2.4 [1.7-3.5], respectively) and oral corticosteroids (aHR 2.8 [2.5-3.1] and 4.1 [3.3-5.1]).Less than 10% (519/5,345) of hospitalised cases and 2% (24/996) of those who died in hospital had no identified comorbidities. There was a strong association between an increasing number of comorbidities and the risk of hospitalisation and in-hospital death (e.g., 5+ versus none, aHR 10.1 95%CI 9.0-11.5 and 17.8 95%CI 11.5-27.4, respectively). Interpretation: Although vaccination has dramatically reduced the occurrence of severe forms of COVID-19, a residual risk remains for the elderly, immunocompromised, and polypathological populations and warrants complementary preventive measures. Funding: None.

Patterns of opioid analgesic prescribing in cancer outpatients during the last year of life in France: A pharmacoepidemiological cohort study based on the French health insurance database.

Cancer pain management with adequate analgesics for cancer outpatients can be particularly challenging. This representative retrospective cohort study aimed to investigate the prevalence and timing of weak and strong opioid analgesic prescriptions in cancer outpatients during their last year of life, with a focus on factors associated to potential late strong opioid initiation. Factors associated with late strong opioid initiation were investigated through multivariate logistic regression analyses stratified by place of death. A retrospective cohort of cancer outpatients, who died between 2014 and 2016, was identified from the general sample of beneficiaries. Among N=4704 cancer patients (median age 76 years, 42.7% women), 3002 (63.8%) were prescribed and dispensed ≥1 weak or strong opioid analgesic during their last year of life; of whom, 2458 (52.3%) received ≥1 weak opioid analgesic (tramadol as single-ingredient accounting for 25.9%) and 1733 (36.8%) ≥1 strong opioid analgesic dispensation (fentanyl 21.6%). Median interval between the first prescription for any strong opioid and death was 18 weeks (interquartile range: 8-38), and for weak opioids 33 weeks (interquartile range: 20-47). Among weak opioid users, 1229 (50.0%) patients had received ≥1 weak opioid analgesic dispensation during the year n-2 before death. Among strong opioid users, 986 (56.9%) patients had received ≥1 weak opioid analgesic dispensation during the year n-2 before death and 381 (21.9%) patients ≥1 strong opioid analgesic dispensation. Patients with an outpatient death were more likely to have a late strong opioid initiation compared to patients with an inpatient death. Late strong opioid initiation (<18 weeks before death) was significantly associated with a lower number of hospitalization days and prior weak opioid exposure for patients with an inpatient death and, with older age, social, prior weak opioid exposure, and a prescription initiation by general practitioner for patients with an outpatient death. Our gained knowledge of opioid prescribing patterns in cancer patients during the last year of life might help to progress opioid analgesic treatment and to improve patient outcomes.

Association of Statins for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases With Hospitalization for COVID-19: A Nationwide Matched Population-Based Cohort Study.

Background There is little evidence on the relationship between statin use and the risk of hospitalization attributable to COVID-19. Methods and Results The French National Healthcare Data System database was used to conduct a matched-cohort study. For each adult aged ≥40 years receiving statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases, one nonuser was randomly selected and matched for year of birth, sex, residence area, and comorbidities. The association between statin use and hospitalization for COVID-19 was examined using conditional Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for baseline characteristics, comorbidities, and long-term medications. Its association with in-hospital death from COVID-19 was also explored. All participants were followed up from February 15, 2020, to June 15, 2020. The matching procedure generated 2 058 249 adults in the statin group and 2 058 249 in the control group, composed of 46.6% of men with a mean age of 68.7 years. Statin users had a 16% lower risk of hospitalization for COVID-19 than nonusers (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.84; 95% CI, 0.81-0.88). All types of statins were significantly associated with a lower risk of hospitalization, with the adjusted HR ranging from 0.75 for fluvastatin to 0.89 for atorvastatin. Low- and moderate-intensity statins also showed a lower risk compared with nonusers (HR, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.71-0.86] and HR, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.80-0.89], respectively), whereas high-intensity statins did not (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.86-1.18). We found similar results with in-hospital death from COVID-19. Conclusions Our findings support that the use of statins for primary prevention is associated with lower risks of hospitalization for COVID-19 and of in-hospital death from COVID-19.

Age and sex-specific risks of myocarditis and pericarditis following Covid-19 messenger RNA vaccines.

Cases of myocarditis and pericarditis have been reported following the receipt of Covid-19 mRNA vaccines. As vaccination campaigns are still to be extended, we aimed to provide a comprehensive assessment of the association, by vaccine and across sex and age groups. Using nationwide hospital discharge and vaccine data, we analysed all 1612 cases of myocarditis and 1613 cases of pericarditis that occurred in France in the period from May 12, 2021 to October 31, 2021. We perform matched case-control studies and find increased risks of myocarditis and pericarditis during the first week following vaccination, and particularly after the second dose, with adjusted odds ratios of myocarditis of 8.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.7 to 9.9) for the BNT162b2 and 30 (95% CI, 21 to 43) for the mRNA-1273 vaccine. The largest associations are observed for myocarditis following mRNA-1273 vaccination in persons aged 18 to 24 years. Estimates of excess cases attributable to vaccination also reveal a substantial burden of both myocarditis and pericarditis across other age groups and in both males and females.

A modified self-controlled case series method for event-dependent exposures and high event-related mortality, with application to COVID-19 vaccine safety.

We propose a modified self-controlled case series (SCCS) method to handle both event-dependent exposures and high event-related mortality. This development is motivated by an epidemiological study undertaken in France to quantify potential risks of cardiovascular events associated with COVID-19 vaccines. Event-dependence of vaccinations, and high event-related mortality, are likely to arise in other SCCS studies of COVID-19 vaccine safety. Using this case study and simulations to broaden its scope, we explore these features and the biases they may generate, implement the modified SCCS model, illustrate some of the properties of this model, and develop a new test for presence of a dose effect. The model we propose has wider application, notably when the event of interest is death.

Effectiveness of BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and ChAdOx1-S vaccines against severe covid-19 outcomes in a nationwide mass vaccination setting: cohort study.

Objective: To estimate the effectiveness of the three covid-19 vaccines by Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2), Moderna (mRNA-1273), and Oxford-AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1-S) in people after receiving two doses. Design: Cohort study. Setting: Nationwide, population based data in France, from the French National Health Data System (Système National des Données de Santé), between 27 December 2020 and 30 April 2021. Participants: Adults aged ≥50 years receiving a first dose of BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, or ChAdOx1-S were randomly selected (1:1) and matched on the date of vaccination with one unvaccinated control. Individuals were matched on year of birth, sex, region of residence, and residence in a nursing home (for individuals aged ≥75 years). All individuals were followed up until 20 August 2021. Main outcome measures: Primary outcome measure was vaccine effectiveness estimated at least 14 days after the second dose against covid-19 related hospital admission using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for baseline characteristics and comorbidities. Vaccine effectiveness against covid-19 related death in hospital was also investigated. Results: 11 256 832 vaccinated individuals were included in the study (63.6% (n=7 161 658) with the BNT162b2 vaccine, 7.6% (n=856 599) with the mRNA-1273 vaccine, and 28.8% (n=3 238 575) with the ChAdOx1-S vaccine), along with 11 256 832 matched unvaccinated controls. During follow-up (up to 20 August 2021), 43 158 covid-19 related hospital admissions and 7957 covid-19 related deaths in hospital were registered. Compared with unvaccinated controls, vaccine effectiveness of two doses against covid-19 related hospital admission was 91% (95% confidence interval 91% to 92%), 95% (93% to 96%), and 91% (89% to 94%) for the BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and ChAdOx1-S vaccines, respectively. Similar results were observed for vaccine effectiveness of two doses against covid-19 related deaths in hospital (BNT162b2, 91% (90% to 93%); mRNA-1273, 96% (92% to 98%); and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, 88% (68% to 95%)). At 5-6 months after receiving the second dose of vaccine, effectiveness remained high at 94% (92% to 95%) for the BNT162b2 vaccine and 98% (93% to 100%) for the mRNA-1273 vaccine. Vaccine effectiveness of ChAdOx1-S estimated at 3-4 months was 90% (63% to 97%). All three vaccines remained effective at the time of circulation of the delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 between 1 July and 20 August 2021 (effectiveness between 89% and 95%). Conclusions: These findings provide evidence indicating that two doses of ChAdOx1-S is as effective as two doses of mRNA vaccines in France against the alpha and delta variants of SARS-CoV-2. The effectiveness of ChAdOx1-S should be further examined with a longer follow-up and in the light of the circulation of new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.

Reduced risk of severe COVID-19 in more than 1.4 million elderly people aged 75 years and older vaccinated with mRNA-based vaccines.

Randomized clinical trials have shown mRNA-based vaccines to be 92-95% effective to prevent COVID-19 in adults. We aimed to estimate the impact of vaccination on the risk of severe COVID-19 (requiring hospitalization) in elderly people. Each 1,422,461 vaccinated subject aged 75 or older was matched to two unvaccinated subjects of same age, sex, administrative region, and type of residence. They were followed from date of first injection between 27 December 2020 and 24 February 2021 to 20 March 2021 for COVID-19 hospitalization. Mean age was 82.4 years (SD, 5.7) and median follow-up was 38 days [IQR, 17-54]. Adjusted Hazard Ratio for COVID-19 hospitalization from day 7 after the second dose was estimated at 0.14 (95% confidence interval, 0.11-0.17), i.e. an estimated 86% risk reduction in people aged 75 and older, highlighting the major impact of mRNA vaccination on reducing the risk of COVID-19 among elderly people.

Risk factors of hospitalisation for thrombosis in adults with primary immune thrombocytopenia, including disease-specific treatments: a French nationwide cohort study.

We aimed to assess the risk factors of venous thrombosis (VT) and arterial thrombosis (AT) in adults with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), particularly in relation to treatments. The population comprised all incident primary ITP adults in France between 2009 and 2017 (FAITH cohort; NCT03429660) built in the national health database. Outcomes were the first hospitalisation for VT and AT. Multivariable Cox regression models included baseline risk factors, time-varying exposure to ITP drugs, splenectomy and to cardiovascular drugs. The cohort included 10 039 patients. A higher risk of hospitalisation for VT was observed with older age, history of VT, history of cancer, splenectomy [hazard ratio (HR) 3·23, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·26-4·61], exposure to corticosteroids (HR 3·55, 95% CI 2·74-4·58), thrombopoietin-receptor agonists (TPO-RAs; HR 2·28, 95% CI 1·59-3·26) and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg; HR 2·10, 95% CI 1·43-3·06). A higher risk of hospitalisation for AT was observed with older age, male sex, a history of cardiovascular disease, splenectomy (HR 1·50, 95% CI 1·12-2·03), exposure to IVIg (HR 1·85, 95% CI 1·36-2·52) and TPO-RAs (HR 1·64, 95% CI 1·26-2·13). Rituximab was not associated with an increased risk. These findings help to estimate the risk of thrombosis in adult patients with ITP and to select treatment.

Antihypertensive Drugs and COVID-19 Risk: A Cohort Study of 2 Million Hypertensive Patients.

After initially hypothesizing a positive relationship between use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), more recent evidence suggests negative associations. We examined whether COVID-19 risk differs according to antihypertensive drug class in patients treated by ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) compared with calcium channel blockers (CCBs). Three exclusive cohorts of prevalent ACE inhibitors, ARB and CCB users, aged 18 to 80 years, from the French National Health Insurance databases were followed from February 15, 2020 to June 7, 2020. We excluded patients with a history of diabetes, known cardiovascular disease, chronic renal failure, or chronic respiratory disease during the previous 5 years, to only consider patients treated for uncomplicated hypertension and to limit indication bias. The primary end point was time to hospitalization for COVID-19. The secondary end point was time to intubation/death during a hospital stay for COVID-19. In a population of almost 2 million hypertensive patients (ACE inhibitors: 566 023; ARB: 958 227; CCB: 358 306) followed for 16 weeks, 2338 were hospitalized and 526 died or were intubated for COVID-19. ACE inhibitors and ARBs were associated with a lower risk of COVID-19 hospitalization compared with CCBs (hazard ratio, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.65-0.83] and 0.84 [0.76-0.93], respectively) and a lower risk of intubation/death. Risks were slightly lower for ACE inhibitor users than for ARB users. This large observational study may suggest a lower COVID-19 risk in hypertensive patients treated over a long period with ACE inhibitors or ARBs compared with CCBs. These results, if confirmed, tend to contradict previous hypotheses and raise new hypotheses.

Impact of risk factors on the occurrence of arterial thrombosis and venous thromboembolism in adults with primary immune thrombocytopenia - Results from two nationwide cohorts.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have found that patients with Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) have an increased risk of arterial thrombosis (AT) and venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, risk factors for thrombosis in adults with primary ITP remain unassessed in large cohorts. Aim To assess the occurrence and impact of risk factors for AT and VTE in patients with primary ITP in France and Sweden. METHODS: Both countries have national health databases, including hospital diagnoses and drug dispensing data. Adults with incident primary ITP identified using algorithms between the years 2009-2015 in France, and 2009-2016 in Sweden were included. Cumulative incidence rates (IR) of AT and VTE were calculated by risk factors and multivariable Cox models were used to estimate associations. RESULTS: The study included 7225 patients from France and 2490 from Sweden. The IR of AT were 15.0 (95% CI: 13.4-16.7) and 14.7 (95% CI: 12.4-17.5) per 1000 person-years, respectively. The incidences of VTE were 6.9 (95% CI: 5.9-8.1) and 6.5 (95% CI: 5.1-8.4), respectively. Increasing age, male sex and a previous AT were associated with AT in both countries and so were exposure to antiplatelet drugs in France and a history of VTE and chronic kidney disease in Sweden. Increasing age and a history of VTE were associated with VTE in both countries, in France also cancer. CONCLUSION: The IR of AT and VTE were similar in France. Age and male sex remained the most important risk factors for AT, age for VTE.

Trends and Patterns of Antidepressant Use in French Children and Adolescents From 2009 to 2016: A Population-Based Study in the French Health Insurance Database.

PURPOSE/BACKGROUND: Over the last decade, the use of antidepressants (ATDs) in children and adolescents has markedly increased in several occidental countries, but recent data in French children are missing. This study aimed to assess trends of ATD use in French children (6-11 years) and adolescents (12-17 years) and to characterize changes in ATD prescribing patterns from 2009 to 2016. METHODS: Using data from the French Health Insurance Database, annual prevalence and incidence of ATD use and changes in ATD prescribing patterns were analyzed. RESULTS: Overall ATD prevalence of use rose slightly from 0.51% in 2009 to 0.53% in 2016 (+3.9%), with a decrease in children (0.18%-0.11%; -38.9%) and an increase in adolescents (0.86%-0.98%; +14.0%) and an overall female preponderance (56.7% in 2009; 58.7% in 2016). Serotonin reuptake inhibitor prevalence of use increased from 0.24% to 0.34%, whereas tricyclic ATD use decreased (from 0.20% to 0.16%). Similar trends were obtained with overall incidence of use, from 0.39% in 2009 to 0.36% in 2016 (-7.7%). Sertraline was the most frequently prescribed in adolescents (2009: 22.2% of all ATD prescriptions; 2016: 32.9%), whereas amitriptyline was the most prescribed in children (2009: 42.7% and 2016: 41.2%). Off-label use decreased in adolescents (from 48.4% to 34.8%) but increased in children (from 10.0% to 26.5%). IMPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: Antidepressant level of use in French children and adolescents was stable in recent years and lower than that observed in other European countries and the United States.

[Outpatient consumption of antibiotics with a bacterial resistance risk in 2014 in France]. / Consommation ambulatoire des antibiotiques à risque de résistances bactériennes en 2014 en France.

AIM: This article proposes a description of French regional consumption of antibiotics with a bacterial resistance risk (amoxicillin+clavulanic acid, third-generation cephalosporins [C3G] and fluoroquinolones). METHODS: Antibiotics reimbursements data were obtained by Open Medic website. The antibiotic consumption profile has been established using some indicators of the European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC) in daily-defined dose per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID) or in percentage. RESULTS: Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur-Corse (34.4 DID) and Midi-Pyrénées-Languedoc-Roussillon (33.5 DID) consume the most of both, systemic antibiotics and antibiotics with a bacterial resistance risk. Pays-de-la-Loire (26.7 DID), Bretagne (29.1 DID), Centre-Val-de-Loire (29.7 DID) et Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (29.7 DID) consume the less of both, systemic antibiotics and antibiotics with a bacterial resistance risk. CONCLUSION: Even if some environmental and socioeconomic factors could explain variabilities between regions, a link between consumption intensity and misuse is not excluded.