Visiblelight-induced ternary electron donor-acceptor complex enabled synthesis of 2-(2-hydrazinyl) thiazole derivatives and the assessment of their antioxidant and antidiabetic therapeutic potential.

A mild and eco-friendly visible-light-induced synthesis of 2-(2-hydrazinyl) thiazole from readily accessible thiosemicarbazide, carbonyl, and phenacyl bromide in the absence of a metal catalyst and/or any extrinsic photosensitizer is reported. This approach only requires a source of visible light and a green solvent at room temperature to produce the medicinally privileged scaffolds of hydrazinyl-thiazole derivatives in good to outstanding yields. Experimental studies support the in situ formation of a visible-light-absorbing, photosensitized colored ternary EDA complex. The next step is to prepare a pair of radicals in an excited state, which makes it easier to prepare thiazole derivatives through a SET and PCET process. DFT calculations additionally supported the mechanistic analysis of the course of the reaction. The antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of some of the compounds in the synthesized library were tested in vitro. All the investigated compounds demonstrated appreciable antioxidant activity, as evidenced by the reducing power experiment and the IC50 values of the DPPH radical scavenging experiment. Furthermore, the IC50 values for 4c, 4d, and 4g also demonstrated a strong α-amylase inhibitory effect.

Acute kidney injury in children with nephrotic syndrome: a single-center study.

BACKGROUND: Children with nephrotic syndrome (NS) are at risk for the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) through a variety of mechanisms.The frequency of NS hospitalizations complicated by AKI has almost doubled in the last decade. Children with AKI have longer hospital length of stay and increased need for intensive care unit admission. The main objectives of this study were to determine the incidence, clinical characteristics, risk factors and short-term outcome of AKI in children hospitalized with NS. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 355 children ≤18 years of age with a clinical diagnosis of NS admitted in the Department of Nephrology, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital from January 2012 to December 2015 were reviewed. RESULTS: The incidence of AKI in children with NS was found to be 23.66%, 11.24%, 7.95% and 4.48% of children entered Pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage Renal Disease (pRIFLE) Stages R, I and F, respectively. Infection {odds ratio [OR] 2.53 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.52-4.22]} and nephrotoxic medication exposure [OR 7.8 (95% CI 4.06-15.01)] were common factors associated with AKI. Children with steroid-dependent NS (SDNS) and steroid-resistant NS (SRNS) were more likely to develop AKI compared with children with steroid-sensitive NS (SSNS). The mean time to recovery for groups pRIFLE Stages R, I and F were 15 ± 2 , 22 ± 3 and 28 ± 5 days, respectively. Children with NS who were hypertensive, had higher urinary protein excretion and low serum albumin were more prone to develop AKI. CONCLUSIONS: AKI is not uncommon in children with NS. Infection and exposure to nephrotoxic drugs are common factors associated with AKI. AKI is more frequent in SDNS and SRNS compared with SSNS. The mean time to recovery is prolonged with more severe AKI.