Поведенческие аспекты употребления алкоголя подростками: тенденции и социальные неравенства в Европейском регионе ВОЗ, 2002–2014 гг. Наблюдения по итогам совместного межнационального исследования ВОЗ «Поведение детей школьного возраста в отношении здоровья» (HBSC)

«Поведение детей школьного возраста в отношении здоровья» (HBSC) — это совместное межнациональное опросное исследование ВОЗ, в рамках которого с периодичностью в четыре года проводится наблюдение за поведенческими аспектами здоровья, показателями состояния здоровья и социальной средой мальчиков и девочек в возрасте 11, 13 и 15 лет. На протяжении более 30 лет в ходе исследований HBSC осуществляется сбор международных данных о состоянии здоровья подростков, в том числе об употреблении алкоголя и поведенческих аспектах этого явления, что позволяет сравнивать показатели распространенности в разных странах и во временной перспективе. В настоящем отчете представлены последние тенденции, выявленные по результатам исследования HBSC в отношении употребления алкоголя 15-летними подростками и поведенческих аспектов в Европейском регионе ВОЗ, а также отмечены гендерные и социально-экономические неравенства. Ранее тенденции представлялись по отдельности, тогда как здесь впервые сведен воедино более широкий диапазон данных HBSC о поведенческих аспектах употребления алкоголя подростками в целях проведения анализа новейших фактических данных и рассмотрения различий в употреблении алкоголя в зависимости от гендерной принадлежности, социально-экономического положения и географического субрегиона.

Adolescent alcohol-related behaviours: trends and inequalities in the WHO European Region, 2002–2014: observations from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) WHO collaborative cross-national study

The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey is a WHO collaborative cross-national study that monitors the health behaviours, health outcomes and social environments of boys and girls aged 11, 13 and 15 years every four years. HBSC has collected international data on adolescent health, including alcohol consumption and drinking behaviours, for over 30 years, allowing prevalence to be compared across countries and over time. This report presents the latest trends in alcohol consumption and drinking behaviours among 15-year-olds across the WHO European Region, taken from the HBSC study. It highlights gender and socioeconomic inequalities across the Region. Trends have previously been reported separately, but this report brings together for the first time a broader range of HBSC data on adolescent alcohol consumption and drinking behaviours to review the latest evidence and highlight differences in alcohol use by gender, socioeconomic position and geographic subregion.

Подростковое ожирение и связанное с ним поведение: тенденции и социальные неравенства в Европейском регионе ВОЗ, 2002–2014 годы: наблюдения по итогам совместного межнационального исследования ВОЗ «Поведение детей школьноговозраста в отношении здоровья» (HBSC)

«Поведение детей школьного возраста в отношении здоровья» (HBSC) – это совместное межнациональное исследованиеВОЗ, в рамках которого с периодичностью в четыре года проводится наблюдение за поведенческими аспектами здоровья,показателями состояния здоровья и социальной средой мальчиков и девочек в возрасте 11, 13 и 15 лет. На протяженииболее 25 лет в ходе исследований HBSC осуществляется сбор международных данных о состоянии здоровья подростков, втом числе об их пищевом поведении, физической активности, малоподвижном образе жизни, а в последнее время такжеоб избыточной массе тела и ожирении, что позволяет сравнивать показатели в разных странах и во временной перспективе. В настоящем отчете представлены последние тенденции, выявленные по результатам исследования HBSC в отношенииожирения, пищевого поведения, физической активности и малоподвижного образа жизни, а также отмечены гендерныеи социально-экономические неравенства в Европейском регионе ВОЗ. Ранее тенденции представлялись по отдельности,тогда как здесь впервые собрана информация HBSC об ожирении и связанном с ожирением поведении в целях проведенияанализа новейших фактических данных и рассмотрения диапазона и сложности факторов, оказывающих воздействие надетское ожирение.

Adolescent obesity and related behaviours: trends and inequalities in the WHO European Region, 2002–2014: observations from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) WHO collaborative cross-national study

The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey is a WHO collaborative cross-national study that monitors the health behaviours, health outcomes and social environments of boys and girls aged 11, 13 and 15 years every four years.HBSC has collected international data on adolescent health, including eating behaviours, physical activity, sedentary behaviour and, more recently, overweight and obesity, for over 25 years, allowing prevalence to be compared across countries and over time. This report presents the latest trends in obesity, eating behaviours, physical activity and sedentary behaviour from the HBSC study and highlights gender and socioeconomic inequalities across the WHO European Region. Trends have previously been reported separately, but this report brings together for the first time HBSC data on obesity and obesity-related behaviours to review the latest evidence and consider the range and complexity of factors influencing childhood obesity.

The human rights framework, the school and healthier eating among young people: a European perspective.

OBJECTIVE: To give an account of provisions in the framework of international human rights and intergovernmental policy agreements in relation to eating at school and discuss how these provisions could be invoked to ensure healthy eating at school. DESIGN: A review of provisions in the international and European human rights frameworks and policy documents was performed in order to identify evidence and examples of provisions implying responsibilities of the school as a public service provider to ensure healthy eating. RESULTS: The review of the human rights and policy texts showed that there are a large number of provisions that can be invoked in support of measures at school which can contribute to ensuring healthier eating as well as better education supporting such measures. CONCLUSIONS: The international frameworks of human rights and intergovernmental policy agreements should be invoked and translated into concrete strategies, policies, regulations and accountability mechanisms at national, regional, local and school levels. Ensuring healthy eating should be a top priority among all stakeholders in and around the school environment since it is a good investment in children's short- and long-term health and educational achievements.

Improving the lives of children and young people: case studies from Europe, volume 3: school

As part of the European review of social determinants of health and the health divide, experts were commissioned to write case studies addressing childhood and inequality. They identified promising developments with international resonance, described the issues they addressed and how they were led and put into operation, and set out the emerging evidence of their effectiveness.This diverse collection of case studies is presented in three volumes reflecting a “life-course” approach: Volume 3 addresses school, with examples from Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden. Volumes 1 and 2 address the early years and childhood. Some of the case studies review major national policy developments and frameworks, others deal with specific national initiatives or with local projects driven by community organizations, and a few focus on transnational initiatives. They are not necessarily a comprehensive overview of childhood and health in the WHO European Region, but provide examples of innovative practice that will inform and inspire policy-makers, practitioners, managers, educators and researchers, committed to improving the lives of children and young people at country and European levels.

Improving the lives of children and young people: case studies from Europe, volume 2: childhood

As part of the European review of social determinants of health and the health divide, experts were commissioned to write case studies addressing childhood and inequality. They identified promising developments with international resonance, described the issues they addressed and how they were led and put into operation, and set out the emerging evidence of their effectiveness.This diverse collection of case studies is presented in three volumes reflecting a “life-course” approach: Volume 2 addresses childhood, with examples from Armenia, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Norway and Poland and two European projects. Volumes 1 and 3 address the early years and school. Some of the case studies review major national policy developments and frameworks, others deal with specific national initiatives or with local projects driven by community organizations, and a few focus on transnational initiatives. They are not necessarily a comprehensive overview of childhood and health in the WHO European Region, but provide examples of innovative practice that will inform and inspire policy-makers, practitioners, managers, educators and researchers, committed to improving the lives of children and young people at country and European levels.

Improving the lives of children and young people: case studies from Europe, volume 1: early years

As part of the European review of social determinants of health and the health divide, experts were commissioned to write case studies addressing childhood and inequality. They identified promising developments with international resonance, described the issues they addressed and how they were led and put into operation, and set out the emerging evidence of their effectiveness.This diverse collection of case studies is presented in three volumes reflecting a “life-course” approach: Volume 1 addresses the early years, with examples from Greece, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Volumes 2 and 3 address childhood and school. Some of the case studies review major national policy developments and frameworks, others deal with specific national initiatives or with local projects driven by community organizations, and a few focus on transnational initiatives. They are not necessarily a comprehensive overview of childhood and health in the WHO European Region, but provide examples of innovative practice that will inform and inspire policy-makers, practitioners, managers, educators and researchers, committed to improving the lives of children and young people at country and European levels.

Social determinants of health and well-being among young people: Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study: international report from the 2009/2010 survey

Through this international report on the results of its 2009/2010 survey, the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study supplies the up-to-date information needed by policy-makers at various levels of government, nongovernmental organizations, and professionals in sectors such as health, education, social services, justice and recreation. This report presents findings from the 2009/2010 survey on the demographic and social influences on the health of young people (aged 11, 13 and 15 years) in 43 countries and regions in the WHO European Region and North America. Responding to the survey, the young people described their social context (relations with family, peers and school), physical health and satisfaction with life, health behaviours (patterns of eating, tooth brushing and physical activity) and risk behaviours (use of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis, sexual behaviour, fighting and bullying). Statistical analyses were carried out to identify meaningful differences in the prevalence of health and social indicators by gender, age group and levels of family affluence. The aim was to provide a rigorous, systematic statistical base for describing cross-national patterns, in terms of the magnitude and direction of differences between subgroups, thus contributing to a better understanding of the social determinants of health and well-being among young people, and providing the means to help protect and promote their health.

Социальные детерминанты здоровья и благополучия подростков: исследование «Поведение детей школьного возраста в отношении здоровья» (HBSC): международный отчет по результатам обследования 2009/2010 гг.

В данном международном отчете по результатам последнего опроса, проведенного в рамках исследования “Поведение детей школьного возраста в отношении здоровья (HBSC)”, предоставлена последняя информация, необходимая лицам, определяющим политику на различных уровнях государственного управления, и работникам секторов здравоохранения, образования, социального обеспечения, юстиции и отдыха и развлечений. Данная публикация является новейшей из серии отчетов HBSC, в ней представлены результаты опросного исследования 2009/2010 гг., посвященного демографическим и социальным влияниям на здоровье подростков (11, 13 и 15 лет) в 43 странах и районах Европейского региона ВОЗ и Северной Америки. В рамках данного опроса подростки описывали свой социальный контекст (отношения с семьей, сверстниками и в школе), физическое здоровье и удовлетворенность жизнью, поведение в отношении здоровья (характер питания, гигиена полости рта и физическая активность), а также рискованные виды поведения (употребление табака, алкоголя, марихуаны, сексуальное поведение, драки, школьные издевательства). Был проведен статистический анализ полученных ответов, чтобы определить различия в распространенности показателей здоровья и социальных индикаторов в зависимости от пола, возрастной группы и уровня достатка в семье. Цель отчета – предоставить четкую, систематическую статистическую основу для описания межстрановых тенденций в отношении масштаба и направлений различий между подгруппами, способствуя, таким образом, лучшему пониманию социальных детерминант здоровья и благополучия подростков и предоставляя инструментарий для содействия охране и укреплению их здоровья.

Inequalities in young people’s health: Health Behaviour in School-aged Children international report from the 2005/2006 survey

This international report is the fourth from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study, a WHO collaborative cross-national study, and the most comprehensive. It presents the key findings on patterns of health among young people aged 11, 13 and 15 years in 41 countries and regions across the WHO European Region and North America in 2005/2006. Its theme is health inequalities: quantifying the gender, age, geographical and socioeconomic dimensions of health differentials. Its aim is to highlight where these inequalities exist, to inform and influence policy and practice, and to help improve health for all young people. The report clearly shows that, while the health and well-being of many young people give cause for celebration, sizeable minorities are experiencing real and worrying problems related to overweight and obesity, self-esteem, life satisfaction, substance misuse and bullying. The report provides reliable data that health systems in Member States can use to support and encourage sectors such as education, social inclusion and housing, to achieve their primary goals and, in so doing, benefit young people’s health. Policy-makers and professionals in the participating countries should listen closely to the voices of their young people and ensure that these drive their efforts to put in place the circumstances – social, economic, health and educational – within which young people can thrive and prosper.

Child and adolescent health and development in a European perspective--a new WHO strategy--secondary publication.

In general, children and adolescents in the WHO European Region today have better nutrition, health and development than ever before. There are striking inequalities in health status across the 52 countries in the Region, however, with over ten-fold differences in infant and child mortality rates. Inequalities are also growing within countries, and several health threats are emerging. Against this background, the WHO Regional Office for Europe has developed a European strategy for child and adolescent health and development. The purpose of the Strategy, together with a tool kit for implementation, is to assist member states in formulating their own policies and programmes.