Vasoplegia after cardiopulmonary bypass: A narrative review of pathophysiology and emerging targeted therapies.

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in the United States, and cardiopulmonary bypass is a cornerstone in the surgical management of many related disease states. Pathophysiologic changes associated both with extracorporeal circulation and shock can beget a syndrome of low systemic vascular resistance paired with relatively preserved cardiac output, termed vasoplegia. While increased vasopressor requirements accompany vasoplegia, related pathophysiologic mechanisms may also lead to true catecholamine resistance, which is associated with further heightened mortality. The introduction of a second non-catecholamine vasopressor, angiotensin II, and non-specific nitric oxide scavengers offers potential means by which to manage this challenging phenomenon. This narrative review addresses both the definition, risk factors, and pathophysiology of vasoplegia and potential therapeutic interventions.

Sepsis information-seeking behaviors via Wikipedia between 2015 and 2018: A mixed methods retrospective observational study.

Raising public awareness of sepsis, a potentially life-threatening dysregulated host response to infection, to hasten its recognition has become a major focus of physicians, investigators, and both non-governmental and governmental agencies. While the internet is a common means by which to seek out healthcare information, little is understood about patterns and drivers of these behaviors. We sought to examine traffic to Wikipedia, a popular and publicly available online encyclopedia, to better understand how, when, and why users access information about sepsis. Utilizing pageview traffic data for all available language localizations of the sepsis and septic shock pages between July 1, 2015 and June 30, 2018, significantly outlying daily pageview totals were identified using a seasonal hybrid extreme studentized deviate approach. Consecutive outlying days were aggregated, and a qualitative analysis was undertaken of print and online news media coverage to identify potential correlates. Traffic patterns were further characterized using paired referrer to resource (i.e. clickstream) data, which were available for a temporal subset of the pageviews. Of the 20,557,055 pageviews across 65 linguistic localizations, 47 of the 1,096 total daily pageview counts were identified as upward outliers. After aggregating sequential outlying days, 25 epochs were examined. Qualitative analysis identified at least one major news media correlate for each, which were typically related to high-profile deaths from sepsis and, less commonly, awareness promotion efforts. Clickstream analysis suggests that most sepsis and septic shock Wikipedia pageviews originate from external referrals, namely search engines. Owing to its granular and publicly available traffic data, Wikipedia holds promise as a means by which to better understand global drivers of online sepsis information seeking. Further characterization of user engagement with this information may help to elucidate means by which to optimize the visibility, content, and delivery of awareness promotion efforts.

The supra-iliac anterior quadratus lumborum block: a cadaveric study and case series.

PURPOSE: The local anesthetic injectate spread with fascial plane blocks and corresponding clinical outcomes may vary depending on the site of injection. We developed and evaluated a supra-iliac approach to the anterior quadratus lumborum (QL) block and hypothesized that this single injection might successfully block the lumbar and sacral plexus in cadavers and provide analgesia for patients undergoing hip surgery. METHODS: Ultrasound-guided bilateral supra-iliac anterior QL blocks were performed with 30 mL of India ink dye in six fresh adult cadavers. Cadavers were subsequently dissected to determine distribution of the dye. In five patients undergoing hip surgery, a unilateral supra-iliac anterior QL block with 25 mL ropivacaine 0.5% followed by a continuous catheter infusion was performed. Patients were clinically assessed daily for block efficacy. RESULTS: The cadaveric injections showed consistent dye involvement of the majority of the branches of the lumbar plexus, including the femoral nerve, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, ilioinguinal nerve, and iliohypogastric nerve. The majority of cadaveric specimens (83%) also exhibited thoracic paravertebral spread of dye to the T10 level. No specimens showed L5 or sacral nerve root staining or caudal spread below L5. All patients had effective analgesia for total hip surgery and a T11-L3 sensory level following the initial bolus of local anesthetic as well as during the period of continuous catheter infusion. CONCLUSION: This cadaveric study and case series show that a supra-iliac approach to the anterior QL block involved T10--L3 nerve territories and dermatomal coverage with no sacral plexus spread. This technique may have clinical utility for analgesia in hip surgery.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: La diffusion de l'anesthésique local injecté lors de la réalisation d'un bloc du fascia et les résultats cliniques qui en découlent peuvent varier selon le site d'injection. Nous avons mis au point et évalué une approche supra-iliaque pour la réalisation d'un bloc du muscle carré des lombes antérieur (quadratus lomburum) et émis l'hypothèse que cette injection unique pourrait suffire à bloquer les plexus lombaire et sacral de cadavres, offrant ainsi une analgésie aux patients subissant une chirurgie de la hanche. MéTHODE: Des blocs bilatéraux du muscle carré des lombes antérieur ont été réalisés par approche supra-iliaque sous échoguidage à l'aide de 30 mL de teinture d'encre de Chine sur six cadavres adultes frais. Les cadavres ont par la suite été disséqués afin de déterminer la diffusion de la teinture. Nous avons réalisé un bloc unilatéral du muscle carré des lombes antérieur par approche supra-iliaque avec une solution de 25 mL de ropivacaïne 0,5 %, suivie d'une perfusion continue via cathéter, chez cinq patients subissant une chirurgie de la hanche. Une évaluation clinique quotidienne des patients a été réalisée afin de déterminer l'efficacité du bloc. RéSULTATS: Les injections sur les cadavres ont permis d'observer une diffusion constante de la teinture dans la majorité des branches du plexus lombaire, y compris dans le nerf fémoral, le nerf fémoral cutané latéral, le nerf ilio-inguinal et le nerf ilio-hypogastrique. Une diffusion paravertébrale thoracique de la teinture jusqu'au niveau T10 a également été retrouvée dans la majorité des spécimens cadavériques (83 %). Aucune coloration au niveau de la racine L5 ou des nerfs sacrés n'a été observée chez les spécimens, ni aucune diffusion caudale au-dessous de L5. Tous les patients ont reçu une analgésie efficace pour une arthroplastie totale de la hanche et obtenu un bloc sensitif au niveau T11­L3 après l'injection du bolus initial d'anesthésique local ainsi qu'au cours de la période de perfusion continue. CONCLUSION: Cette étude cadavérique et cette série de cas montrent qu'une approche supra-iliaque pour réaliser un bloc du muscle du carré des lombes antérieur est parvenue à atteindre les territoires nerveux T10-­L3 et avec couverture de ces dermatomes et ce, sans diffusion au niveau du plexus sacré. Cette technique pourrait avoir une utilité clinique pour l'analgésie en cas de chirurgie de la hanche.