RESUMO
In response to extracellular signals, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) catalyze guanine nucleotide exchange on Galpha subunits, enabling both activated Galpha and Gbetagamma subunits to target downstream effector enzymes. One target of Gbetagamma is G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2), an enzyme that initiates homologous desensitization by phosphorylating activated GPCRs. GRK2 consists of three distinct domains: an RGS homology (RH) domain, a protein kinase domain, and a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, through which it binds Gbetagamma. The crystal structure of the GRK2-Gbetagamma complex revealed that the domains of GRK2 are intimately associated and left open the possibility for allosteric regulation by Gbetagamma. In this paper, we report the 4.5 A structure of GRK2, which shows that the binding of Gbetagamma does not induce large domain rearrangements in GRK2, although small rotations of the RH and PH domains relative to the kinase domain are evident. Mutation of residues within the larger domain interfaces of GRK2 generally leads to diminished expression and activity, suggesting that these interfaces are important for stability and remain intact upon activation of GRK2. Geranylgeranylated Gbetagamma, but not a soluble mutant of Gbetagamma, protects GRK2 from clostripain digestion at a site within its kinase domain that is 80 A away from the Gbetagamma binding site. Equilibrium ultracentrifugation experiments indicate that neither abnormally large detergent micelles nor protein oligomerization can account for the observed protection. The Gbetagamma-mediated binding of GRK2 to CHAPS micelles or lipid bilayers therefore appears to rigidify the kinase domain, perhaps by encouraging stable contacts between the RH and kinase domains.
Assuntos
Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de AMP Cíclico/química , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Subunidades beta da Proteína de Ligação ao GTP/química , Subunidades beta da Proteína de Ligação ao GTP/fisiologia , Subunidades gama da Proteína de Ligação ao GTP/química , Subunidades gama da Proteína de Ligação ao GTP/fisiologia , Animais , Bovinos , Cristalização , Cristalografia por Raios X , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de AMP Cíclico/genética , Cisteína Endopeptidases/química , Ativação Enzimática/genética , Subunidades beta da Proteína de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , Subunidades gama da Proteína de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , Hidrólise , Mutagênese Sítio-Dirigida , Ligação Proteica/genética , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína/genética , Propriedades de Superfície , Quinases de Receptores Adrenérgicos betaRESUMO
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) phosphorylates activated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which ultimately leads to their desensitization and/or downregulation. The enzyme is recruited to the plasma membrane via the interaction of its carboxyl-terminal pleckstrin-homology (PH) domain with the beta and gamma subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins (Gbetagamma). An improved purification scheme for GRK2 has been developed, conditions under which GRK2 forms a complex with Gbeta(1)gamma(2) have been determined and the complex has been crystallized in CHAPS detergent micelles. Crystals of the GRK2-Gbetagamma complex belong to space group C2 and have unit-cell parameters a = 187.0, b = 72.1, c = 122.0 A, beta = 115.2 degrees. A complete data set has been collected to 3.2 A resolution with Cu Kalpha radiation.