Funcionamiento cognitivo y rendimiento deportivo en jóvenes futbolistas: Una revisión sistemática / Funcionamento cognitivo e desempenho esportivo em jovens jogadores de futebol: uma revisão sistemática / Cognitive functioning and sports performance in young soccer players: A systematic review

El funcionamiento cognitivo está adquiriendo especial relevancia a la hora de estudiar los factores que influyen en el rendimiento en fútbol. Si bien la relación entre funciones cognitivas y rendimiento deportivo cuenta con una literatura extensa en futbolistas adultos, no ocurre lo mismo en jugadores de edades tempranas, donde dicha asociación no se ha explorado en profundidad. Este trabajo surge con el propósito de conocer el estado de la cuestión y profundizar en esta línea de investigación en categorías infantiles y juveniles, de edades comprendidas entre los 8 y 19 años. Para ello, se ha llevado a cabo una revisión sistemática sobre las relaciones existentes entre el funcionamiento cognitivo y el rendimiento deportivo en jóvenes futbolistas. Para la realización de dicha revisión sistemática se analizaron los artículos publicados sobre esta cuestión en los últimos 10 años siguiendo el método PRISMA. Para una búsqueda exhaustiva de la literatura existente se han utilizado las bases de datos Web of Science (WoS), SCOPUS, Dialnet, PubMed y Google Scholar, entre otras, incluyendo artículos publicados tanto en lengua castellana como inglesa. Finalmente, 12 artículos fueron analizados e incluidos en la revisión. Los resultados mostraron que existen relaciones significativas entre las funciones cognitivas y el rendimiento en jóvenes futbolistas, de entre las cuales destacan variables como la atención, el control inhibitorio, la flexibilidad cognitiva o la toma de decisiones, encontrándose diferencias entre las puntuaciones obtenidas por futbolistas de élite y las obtenidas por deportistas amateurs o población general, siendo significativamente mayores en el primer grupo. (AU)

Cognitive functioning is acquiring special relevance when studying the factors that influence soccer performance. Although the relationship between cognitive functions and sport performance has an extensive literature in adult soccer players, the same does not happen in young players, where this association has not been explored in depth. This work arises with the objective of knowing the state of the issue and going in depth in this line of research in youth categories, between 8 and 19 years old. For this purpose, a systematic review has been carried out on the existing relationship between cognitive functioning and sports performance in youth soccer players. In order to carry out this systematic review, the articles published on this issue in the last 10 years were analyzed following the PRISMA method. For an exhaustive search of the literature, the database Web of Science (WoS), SCOPUS, Dialnet, PubMed and Google Scholar, among others, were used, including articles published both Spanish and English. Finally, 12 articles were analyzed and included in the review. The results showed significant relationship between cognitive functions and performance in youth soccer players, highlighting variables such as attention, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility or decision making, finding differences between scores obtained by elite soccer players and those obtained by amateur athletes or general population, being significantly higher in the first group (AU)

O funcionamento cognitivo está adquirindo especial relevância no estudo dos fatores que influenciam o desempenho no futebol. Embora a relação entre funções cognitivas e desempenho esportivo seja extensa na literatura em jogadores de futebol adulto, o mesmo não ocorre em jogadores de tenra idade, onde essa associação ainda não foi explorada em profundidade. Este trabalho surge com o objetivo de conhecer o estado da questão e aprofundar esta linha de pesquisa nas categorias infanto-juvenil, na faixa etária entre 8 e 19 anos. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática sobre as relações entre funcionamento cognitivo e desempenho esportivo em jovens jogadores de futebol. Para a realização desta revisão sistemática, os artigos publicados sobre o assunto nos últimos 10 anos foram analisados segundo o método PRISMA. Para uma busca exaustiva da literatura existente, foram utilizadas as bases de dados Web of Science (WoS), SCOPUS, Dialnet, PubMed e Google Scholar, entre outras, incluindo artigos publicados em espanhol e inglês. Por fim, 12 artigos foram analisados e incluídos na revisão. Os resultados mostraram que existemrelações significativas entre funções cognitivas e desempenho em jovens jogadores de futebol, entre as quais se destacam variáveis como atenção, controle inibitório, flexibilidade cognitiva ou tomada de decisão, encontrando diferenças entre os escores obtidos por jogadores de futebol de elite e aqueles. obtidos por atletas amadores ou pela população em geral, sendo significativamente maior no primeiro grupo. (AU)

La Final 4 de balonmano: análisis del juego combinativo masculino y femenino mediante coordenadas polares / Handebol Final 4: análise do jogo combinatório masculino e feminino por meio de coordenadas polares / Handball Final 4: analysis of the male and female combinatorial game using polar coordinates

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar mediante el análisis de Coordenadas Polares la eficacia de las conductas que se muestran durante el juego combinativo ofensivo en el balonmano de élite masculino y femenino a nivel internacional. Se realizaron 16 sesiones de observación a los 8 equipos, 4 masculinos y 4 femeninos, participantes en la Final Four de la Liga de Campeones de balonmano del año 2019, para ello se utilizó una herramienta de observación que fue diseñada ad hoc y que estaba formada por 12 criterios y 62 categorías. Con un diseño observacional Nomotético/Puntual/Multidimensional, se seleccionaron tres conductas focales para el análisis de Coordenadas Polares: los medios tácticos colectivos simples, la combinación de los medios tácticos y las transformaciones. Los resultados evidenciaron diferencias en el flujo de comportamientos entre el juego femenino y masculino. Destaca que en la categoría femenina las jugadoras logran el desequilibrio mediante los medios tácticos colectivos simples y sus combinaciones. Sin embargo, en categoría masculina se logra el desequilibrio e incluso la obtención de situaciones de lanzamiento ventajoso mediante las transformaciones. El juego masculino se asocia con la combinación de medios tácticos en desventaja en el marcador, mientras que en la categoría femenina se asocia con los medios tácticos simples. Ambas categorías muestran mayor utilización de los medios tácticos colectivos simples en los primeros minutos de juego, y las combinaciones de medios tácticos en los últimos. Las diferencias sugieren intervenir en la preparación de ambas categorías con una orientación específica hacia las mejoras en el desempeño del juego táctico colectivo ofensivo mediante la aportación activa de cada puesto específico y la adaptación eficiente a cambios en los sistemas de ataque en función de las necesidades del juego. (AU)

The objective of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of the behaviors shown during the offensive combinatorial game in elite male and female handball at an international level through the analysis of Polar Coordinates. 16 observation sessions were carried out on the 8 teams, 4 male and 4 female, participants in the Final Four of the Handball Champions League in 2019, for this an observation tool was used that was designed ad hoc and that was formed by 12 criteria and 62 categories. Three focal behaviors were selected forthe analysis of Polar Coordinates: simple collective tactical means, the combination of tactical means and transformations with a Nomothetic/Punctual/Multidimensional observational design. The results showed differences in the flow of behaviors between the female and male game. It stands out that in the female category the players achieve imbalance through simple collective tactical means and their combinations. However, in the male category, the imbalance is achieved and even the obtaining of advantageouslaunch situations through the transformations. The men's game is associated with the combination of tactical means at a disadvantage on the scoreboard, while in the female category it is associated with simple tactical means. Both categories show greater use of simple collective tactical means in the first minutes of play, and combinations of tactical means in the last minutes. The differences suggest intervening in the preparation of both categories with a specific orientation towards improvements in the performance of the offensive collective tactical game through the active contribution of each specific position and the efficient adaptation to changes in the attack systems depending on the needs of the team play. (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar, por meio da análise de Coordenadas Polares, a eficácia dos comportamentos demonstrados durante o jogo combinativo ofensivo no handebol de elite masculino efeminino em nível internacional. Foram realizadas 16 sessões de observação nas 8 equipas, 4 masculinas e 4 femininas, participantes nas Quartas Finais da Liga dos Campeões de Andebol em 2019, para isso foi utilizado um instrumento de observação que foi desenhado ad hoc e que foi formado por 12 critérios e 62 categorias. Com um desenho observacional Nomotético/Pontual/Multidimensional, três comportamentos focais foram selecionados para a análise das Coordenadas Polares: os meios táticos coletivos simples, acombinação dos meios táticos e as transformações. Os resultados mostraram diferenças no fluxo de comportamentos entre o jogo feminino e o masculino. Destaca-se que na categoria feminina as jogadoras alcançam o desequilíbrio por meio de simples meios táticos coletivos e suas combinações. Porém, na categoria masculina, o desequilíbrio é alcançado e até mesmo a obtenção de situações vantajosas de lançamento através das transformações. O jogo masculino está associado à combinação de meios táticos em desvantagem no placar, enquanto no feminino está associado a meios táticos simples. Ambasas categorias apresentam maior utilização de meios táticos coletivos simples nos primeiros minutos de jogo e combinações de meios táticos nos últimos minutos. As diferenças sugerem intervir na preparação de ambas as categorias com uma orientação específica para melhorias no desempenho do jogo tático coletivo ofensivo através da contribuição ativa de cada posição específica e da adaptação eficiente às mudanças nos sistemas de ataque em função das necessidades da equipe jogar. (AU)

Evaluation of the potential use of a meta-population for genomic selection in autochthonous beef cattle populations.

This study investigated the potential application of genomic selection under a multi-breed scheme in the Spanish autochthonous beef cattle populations using a simulation study that replicates the structure of linkage disequilibrium obtained from a sample of 25 triplets of sire/dam/offspring per population and using the BovineHD Beadchip. Purebred and combined reference sets were used for the genomic evaluation and several scenarios of different genetic architecture of the trait were investigated. The single-breed evaluations yielded the highest within-breed accuracies. Across breed accuracies were found low but positive on average confirming the genetic connectedness between the populations. If the same genotyping effort is split in several populations, the accuracies were lower when compared with single-breed evaluation, but showed a small advantage over small-sized purebred reference sets over the accuracies of subsequent generations. Besides, the genetic architecture of the trait did not show any relevant effect on the accuracy with the exception of rare variants, which yielded slightly lower results and higher loss of predictive ability over the generations.

Genomic differentiation between Asturiana de los Valles, Avileña-Negra Ibérica, Bruna dels Pirineus, Morucha, Pirenaica, Retinta and Rubia Gallega cattle breeds.

The Spanish local beef cattle breeds have most likely common origin followed by a process of differentiation. This particular historical evolution has most probably left detectable signatures in the genome. The objective of this study was to identify genomic regions associated with differentiation processes in seven Spanish autochthonous populations (Asturiana de los Valles (AV), Avileña-Negra Ibérica (ANI), Bruna dels Pirineus (BP), Morucha (Mo), Pirenaica (Pi), Retinta (Re) and Rubia Gallega (RG)). The BovineHD 777K BeadChip was used on 342 individuals (AV, n=50; ANI, n=48; BP, n=50; Mo, n=50; Pi, n=48; Re, n=48; RG, n=48) chosen to be as unrelated as possible. We calculated the fixation index (F ST ) and performed a Bayesian analysis named SelEstim. The output of both procedures was very similar, although the Bayesian analysis provided a richer inference and allowed us to calculate significance thresholds by generating a pseudo-observed data set from the estimated posterior distributions. We identified a very large number of genomic regions, but when a very restrictive significance threshold was applied these regions were reduced to only 10. Among them, four regions can be highlighted because they comprised a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms and showed extremely high signals (Kullback-Leiber divergence (KLD)>6). They are located in BTA 2 (5 575 950 to 10 152 228 base pairs (bp)), BTA 5 (17 596 734 to 18 850 702 bp), BTA 6 (37 853 912 to 39 441 548 bp) and BTA 18 (13 345 515 to 15 243 838 bp) and harbor, among others, the MSTN (Myostatin), KIT-LG (KIT Ligand), LAP3 (leucine aminopeptidase 3), NAPCG (non-SMC condensing I complex, subunit G), LCORL (ligand dependent nuclear receptor corepressor-like) and MC1R (Melanocortin 1 receptor) genes. Knowledge on these genomic regions allows to identify potential targets of recent selection and helps to define potential candidate genes associated with traits of interest, such as coat color, muscle development, fertility, growth, carcass and immunological response.

Bayesian analysis of parent-specific transmission ratio distortion in seven Spanish beef cattle breeds.

Transmission ratio distortion (TRD) is the departure from the expected Mendelian ratio in offspring, a poorly investigated biological phenomenon in livestock species. Given the current availability of specific parametric methods for the analysis of segregation data, this study focused on the screening of TRD in 602 402 single nucleotide polymorphisms covering all autosomal chromosomes in seven Spanish beef cattle breeds. On average, 0.13% (n = 786) and 0.01% (n = 29) of genetic markers evidenced sire- or dam-specific TRD respectively. There were no single nucleotide polymorphisms accounting for both sire- and dam-specific TRD at the same time, and only one marker (rs43147474) accounted for (sire-specific) TRD in all seven breeds. It must be noted that rs43147474 is located in the fourth intronic region of the GTP-binding protein 10 gene, and this locus has been previously linked to the maintenance of mitochondria and nucleolar architectures. Alternatively, other candidate genes surround this hot-spot for sire-specific TRD in the cattle genome, and they are related to embryonic and postnatal lethality as well as prostate cancer, among others. This research characterized the distribution of TRD in the bovine genome, highlighting heterogeneous results when comparing across breeds.

Linkage disequilibrium, persistence of phase, and effective population size in Spanish local beef cattle breeds assessed through a high-density single nucleotide polymorphism chip.

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) and persistence of phase are fundamental approaches for exploring the genetic basis of economically important traits in cattle, including the identification of QTL for genomic selection and the estimation of effective population size () to determine the size of the training populations. In this study, we have used the Illumina BovineHD chip in 168 trios of 7 Spanish beef cattle breeds to obtain an overview of the magnitude of LD and the persistence of LD phase through the physical distance between markers. Also, we estimated the time of divergence based on the persistence of the LD phase and calculated past from LD estimates using different alternatives to define the recombination rate. Estimates of average (as a measure of LD) for adjacent markers were close to 0.52 in the 7 breeds and decreased with the distance between markers, although in long distances, some LD still remained (0.07 and 0.05 for markers 200 kb and 1 Mb apart, respectively). A panel with a lower boundary of 38,000 SNP would be necessary to launch a successful within-breed genomic selection program. Persistence of phase, measured as the pairwise correlations between estimates of in 2 breeds at short distances (10 kb), was in the 0.89 to 0.94 range and decreased from 0.33 to 0.52 to a range of 0.01 to 0.08 when marker distance increased from 200 kb to 1 Mb, respectively. The magnitude of the persistence of phase between the Spanish beef breeds was similar to those found in dairy breeds. For across-breed genomic selection, the size of the SNP panels must be in the range of 50,000 to 83,000 SNP. Estimates of past showed values ranging from 26 to 31 for 1 generation ago in all breeds. The divergence among breeds occurred between 129 and 207 generations ago. The results of this study are relevant for the future implementation of within- and across-breed genomic selection programs in the Spanish beef cattle populations. Our results suggest that a reduced subset of the SNP panel would be enough to achieve an adequate precision of the genomic predictions.

Genetic diversity and divergence among Spanish beef cattle breeds assessed by a bovine high-density SNP chip.

The availability of SNP chips for massive genotyping has proven to be useful to genetically characterize populations of domestic cattle and to assess their degree of divergence. In this study, the Illumina BovineHD BeadChip genotyping array was used to describe the genetic variability and divergence among 7 important autochthonous Spanish beef cattle breeds. The within-breed genetic diversity, measured as the marker expected heterozygosity, was around 0.30, similar to other European cattle breeds. The analysis of molecular variance revealed that 94.22% of the total variance was explained by differences within individuals whereas only 4.46% was the result of differences among populations. The degree of genetic differentiation was small to moderate as the pairwise fixation index of genetic differentiation among breeds (F) estimates ranged from 0.026 to 0.068 and the Nei's D genetic distances ranged from 0.009 to 0.016. A neighbor joining (N-J) phylogenetic tree showed 2 main groups of breeds: Pirenaica, Bruna dels Pirineus, and Rubia Gallega on the one hand and Avileña-Negra Ibérica, Morucha, and Retinta on the other. In turn, Asturiana de los Valles occupied an independent and intermediate position. A principal component analysis (PCA) applied to a distance matrix based on marker identity by state, in which the first 2 axes explained up to 17.3% of the variance, showed a grouping of animals that was similar to the one observed in the N-J tree. Finally, a cluster analysis for ancestries allowed assigning all the individuals to the breed they belong to, although it revealed some degree of admixture among breeds. Our results indicate large within-breed diversity and a low degree of divergence among the autochthonous Spanish beef cattle breeds studied. Both N-J and PCA groupings fit quite well to the ancestral trunks from which the Spanish beef cattle breeds were supposed to derive.

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) enteric disease: an independent condition or part of the systemic disease?

Intestinal disorders in growing and finishing pigs have been associated with several infectious agents, including Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). This virus has been mainly related with PCV2-systemic disease (PCV2-SD); nevertheless, some authors have suggested a possible restricted intestinal infection of this virus associated with enteric clinical signs. This condition has been referred as PCV2-enteric disease (PCV2-ED). The present study analysed retrospectively, from a pathological point of view, the relation between intestinal disorders and PCV2 infection in nursery and growing-finishing pigs. Among the 96 selected pigs suffering from enteric disease and submitted for necropsy between 1998 and 2011, the most prevalent enteric lesions were catarrhal enteritis/colitis (77.1%), followed by fibrinous lesions (11.5%), granulomatous inflammation (4.2%) and other lesions such as haemorrhages or ulceration (4.2%). Seventy-two pigs (75%) were positive for PCV2 by in situ hybridization (ISH). Among positive pigs for PCV2 ISH, 39 animals suffered from PCV2-SD and 33 had no lymphoid lesions but low amount of viral nucleic acid in several lymphoid tissues, therefore, these animals did not qualify for PCVD-ED. In conclusion, all animals with enteric disorders that were positive to PCV2 by ISH had evidence of viral systemic infection. These results suggest that PCV2-ED is probably a negligible condition and PCV2 mainly contributes to enteric clinical disorders in relation to PCV2-SD occurrence.

Monitoring changes in the demographic and genealogical structure of the main Spanish local beef breeds.

Demographic and pedigree analyses describe the structure and dynamics of livestock populations. We studied information recorded in the herdbooks of Asturiana de los Valles (AV; N = 458,806), Avileña-Negra Ibérica (ANI; N = 204,623), Bruna dels Pirineus (BP; N = 62,138), Morucha (Mo; N = 65,350), Pirenaica (Pi; N = 217,428), Retinta (Re; N = 135,300), and Rubia Gallega (RG; N = 235,511) beef breeds from their creation until 2009. All breeds have increased in the number of registered cows in recent years. In all breeds, herds do not behave as isolated entities and a high rate of exchange of breeding males between herds exists. A percentage of herds (12-52%) make some type of selection and sell bulls to other herds. There were large differences in average number of progeny per bull, ranging from 15.6 (AV) to 373.7 animals (RG, with a high incidence of AI). Generation interval estimates ranged from 4.7 (AV) to 7.6 (RG) yr in the sire pathway and from 5.95 (AV) to 7.8 (Mo) yr in the dam pathway. Density of pedigrees varied among breeds, with Pi, ANI, and Re having the more dense pedigrees, with average completeness indexes of more than 96% in the first generation and 80% when 6 generations were considered. A general increase in average inbreeding was observed in all breeds in the years analyzed. For animals born in 2009, average inbreeding coefficients ranged from 0.6 (BP) to 7.2% (Re) when all animals were considered and from 3.6 (Pi) to 17.6% (BP) when only inbred animals were considered. Due to the lack of completeness of pedigrees in most populations, inbreeding coefficients may be considered as a lower bound of the true parameters. The proportion of inbred animals tended to increase in the periods analyzed in all breeds. Differences between inbreeding and coancestry rates (except in RG) suggest the presence of population structure. Effective population size (Ne) based on the inbreeding rate estimated by regression ranged from 43 to 378 for Re and BP, whereas Ne estimates based on coancestry were greater, with a range of 100 for RG to 9,985 for BP. These facts suggest that an adequate mating policy can help to monitor inbreeding so as not to lose genetic variability. Effective number of ancestors in 2009 for 6 of the breeds ranged from 42 (RG) to 220 (AV), with BP having much a greater value, and was lower than was the effective number of founders in all breeds, suggesting the existence of bottlenecks.

Multi-trait and random regression approaches for addressing the wide range of weaning ages in Asturiana de los Valles beef cattle for genetic parameter estimation.

Weaning weight (WW) records of 24,066 Asturiana de los Valles beef cattle, including the progeny of 557 sires and 10,653 dams, were analyzed using a multitrait animal model (MAM) and a random regression model (RRM) in order to estimate the variance components and the breeding value of the animals. Three definitions of WW were used: early weaning (EW) for animals weaned before the age of 180 d; standard weaning (SW) for animals weaned between 180 and 240 d old; and late weaning (LW) for animals weaned between the ages of 240 and 365 d. The heritabilities (h(2)) were high (from 0.49 to 0.63), which fully agrees with previous estimates for this breed. The genetic correlations between EW and SW were 0.86, and lower between EW and LW at 0.543 to 0.622, using MAM and RRM models, respectively. Ranking of sires displayed changes depending on age at weaning of their offspring, which could explain the modest genetic progress reached using MAM evaluation. The first 2 eigenvalues of the random regression coefficient matrix explained 66 and 30% of the genetic variance, which implies important genetic variation underlying the form of the growth curve of the animals during the weaning period. The evaluation of sires according to the official method, as currently carried out by the breeders' association (WW adjusted previously to the age of 180 d), does not exploit the genetic differences in response to their production system where the calf is weaned at variable ages.

[Metastasis in maxilar sinus as only manifestation of disseminate renal adenocarcinoma]. / Metástasis en seno maxilar como única manifestación de adenocarcinoma renal diseminado.

Paranasal sinuses and nose metastasis are very uncommon. About 50 have been reported. Renal cell carcinoma is the primary neoplasm which most frequently metastasizes in the nasosinusal region, followed by breast and lug. Symptoms are unspecific, but the epistaxis constitutes the most common sign due to the significant vascularizations of the tumor. Prognosis is poor. The survival rate fluctuates between 15-30% at 5 years. Surgery is the elective treatment.

Metástasis en seno maxilar como única manifestación de adenocarcinoma renal diseminado / Metastasis in maxilar sinus as only manifestation of disseminate renal adenocarcinoma

Los tumores metastásicos en senos paranasales y fosas son excepcionales. Se han descrito en la literatura unos 50 casos localizados en seno maxilar. El adenocarcinoma ranal es la neoplasia primaria que más frecuentemente metastatiza en la región nasosinusal, seguido de tumores mamarios y pulmonares. Presenta una sintomatología inespecífica siendo la epistaxis el síntoma más frecuente debido a la gran vascularización tumoral. Tienen un pronóstico pobre con una tasa de supervivencia en torno al 15-30% a lso 5 años. El tratamiento de elección es la cirugía

Paranasal sinuses and nose metastasis are very uncommon. About 50 have been reported. Renal cell carcinoma is the primary neoplasm which most frequently metastasizes in the nasosinusal region, followed by breast and lug. Symptoms are unspecific, but the epistaxis constitutes the most common sign due to the significant vascularizations of the tumor. Prognosis is poor. The survival rate fluctuates between 15-30% at 5 years. Surgery is the elective treatment

[Application of a critical incident reporting and analysis system in an anesthesiology department]. / Utilización de un sistema de comunicación y análisis de incidentes críticos en un servicio de anestesia.

OBJECTIVES: To ascertain the changes in anesthesia-related morbidity and mortality after application of a scheme for reporting critical incidents and to assess the effect of implementing preventive measures against the detected errors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We defined a critical incident to be any situation in which the margin of safety for the patient was reduced or might have been reduced. We analyzed data from the period between January 1999 and December 2004. RESULTS: The number of critical incidents was 547 (0.79% of 68627 anesthetic procedures). Human error was identified in 279 incidents (51%). The most frequent factors underlying errors were wrong diagnosis of the situation, communication problems, and failure to check equipment and drugs. The patient suffered no adverse effect in 81.8% of the incidents; 78.9% were considered preventable. Introducing an equipment checklist before anesthesia reduced the number of incidents from 90 events in 21809 cases in 31 months to 34 events out of 22064 cases in 29 months; chi2 test, P < 0.05; odds ratio (OR), 2.68; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.80-3.98). Labeling syringes reduced errors in the administration of medications from 45 errors in 21 809 cases in 31 months to 27 in 22064 cases in 29 months; chi2, P < 0.05; OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.04-2.72. CONCLUSIONS: Corrective measures were adopted as a result of the incident reporting scheme. Some of the measures led to a statistically significant reduction in equipment and drug administration errors.

[Esthesioneuroblastoma. Description of a case and review of the literature]. / Estesioneuroblastoma. Presentación de un caso clínico y revisión de la bibliografía.

The esthesioneuroblastoma is a malignant and rare type of the nasal cavity. Affected patients usually present with a progressive nasal obstruction, rhinorrea and epistaxis. Metastasis occurs in about 30% of patiens, the most common sites for metastasis are the cervical lymph nodes, less frequent in anothers organs. The optimum management is probably surgery combined with radiotherapy, the chemotherapy is usually reserved for local advanced tumor

Sistemas de comunicación de incidentes y seguridad del paciente en anestesia / Incident reporting systems and patient safety in anesthesia

Los sistemas de comunicación de incidentes recogeninformación sobre sucesos adversos, errores, complicacioneso problemas con el objetivo de analizar sus causasy sugerir cambios para evitar su repetición. Actualmenteson parte de los programas de seguridad clínica en diversospaíses. Aunque existe controversia acerca de cuálesserían las características del sistema de comunicaciónideal, para que éste tenga éxito se necesita una cultura deseguridad asentada en la organización. El planteamientode base asume que aunque los errores son inherentes alproceso humano casi siempre los propicia una cadena defallos en el sistema, por lo que los sistemas de comunicaciónse diseñan para estimular una cultura de aprendizajey no de culpabilización. Sus principales limitacionesson la posibilidad de infracomunicación, las diferentesterminologías y conceptos utilizados, la falta de recursospara su investigación y desarrollo, y la escasa o nulalegislación que permita su buen uso sin implicacioneslegales

Incident reporting schemes collect information onadverse events, errors, complications, or problems withthe aim of analyzing their causes and suggesting changesto prevent recurrence. Such schemes are currently partof clinical safety programs in various countries. Althoughthe ideal form for a reporting system is debated,an essential part of its success will be the establishmentof a culture of safety within an organization. The underlyingassumption is that even though errors are aninherent part of a process that relies on human beings, theyare nearly always favored by a chain of system failures.Therefore, reporting is intended to stimulate a culture oflearning rather than assigning blame. The main limitationsof such schemes are under reporting, the use of differentterms and concepts, the lack of resources for researchand development, and the scarcity or lack oflegislation to guarantee the proper use of informationwithout legal consequences

Utilización de un sistema de comunicación y análisis de incidentes críticos en un servicio de anestesia / Application of a critical incident reporting and analysis system in an anesthesiology department

OBJETIVOS: Conocer los cambios en la morbi-mortalidad anestésica con la utilización de un sistema de comunicación de incidentes críticos y valorar los efectos de la resolución de los factores de error detectados. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Consideramos incidente crítico toda situación en la que se redujo o pudo haberse reducido el margen de seguridad del paciente. Analizamos el periodo entre enero de 1999 y diciembre de 2004. RESULTADOS: Se realizaron 68.627 procedimientos anestésicos y se comunicaron 547 incidentes críticos (0,79%). En 279 incidentes (51%) se identificó un error activo. Los factores latentes asociados con mayor frecuencia fueron el error de diagnóstico de la situación, los problemas de comunicación y la falta de comprobación del equipamiento y de los fármacos. El 81,8% de los incidentes no tuvieron ningún efecto sobre el paciente. En el 78,9% el incidente se consideró evitable. La introducción de una lista de comprobación del equipamiento antes de la anestesia redujo los incidentes de 90 por 21809 casos en 31 meses a 34 por 22.064 casos en 29 meses; χ, p<0,05; odds ratio [OR]= 2,68; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%= 1,80-3,9811. El etiquetado de jeringas redujo los errores en la administración de medicación de 45 por 21.809 casos en 31 meses a 27 por 22.064 casos en 29 meses; χ, p<0,05; OR= 1,68; IC del 95%= 1,04-2,72. CONCLUSIONES: Como consecuencia del análisis sistemático de los incidentes se adoptaron distintas medidas correctoras, algunas de las cuales demostraron una reducción estadísticamente significativa en los incidentes de equipamiento y los incidentes farmacológicos

OBJECTIVES: To ascertain the changes in anesthesiarelated morbidity and mortality after application of a scheme for reporting critical incidents and to assess the effect of implementing preventive measures against the detected errors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We defined a critical incident to be any situation in which the margin of safety for the patient was reduced or might have been reduced. We analyzed data from the period between January 1999 and December 2004. RESULTS: The number of critical incidents was 547 (0.79% of 68627 anesthetic procedures). Human error was identified in 279 incidents (51%). The most frequent factors underlying errors were wrong diagnosis of the situation, communication problems, and failure to check equipment and drugs. The patient suffered no adverse effect in 81.8% of the incidents; 78.9% were considered preventable. Introducing an equipment checklist before anesthesia reduced the number of incidents from 90 events in 21809 cases in 31 months to 34 events out of 22064 cases in 29 months; χ2 test, P<0.05; odds ratio (OR), 2.68; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.80-3.98). Labeling syringes reduced errors in the administration of medications from 45 errors in 21 809 cases in 31 months to 27 in 22064 cases in 29 months; χ2, P<0.05; OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.04-2.72. CONCLUSIONS: Corrective measures were adopted as a result of the incident reporting scheme. Some of the measures led to a statistically significant reduction in equipment and drug administration errors

Adenocarcinoma renal metastásico en seno maxilar / Maxillary sinus metastasis of renal cell carcinoma

Los tumores metastásicos en senos paranasales y fosas son excepcionales. Se han descrito en la literatura unos 50 casos localizados en seno maxilar. El adenocarcinoma renal es la neoplasia primaria que más frecuentemente metastatiza en la región nasosinusal, seguido de tumores mamarios y pulmonares. Presenta una sintomatología inespecífica siendo la epistaxis el síntoma más frecuente debido a la gran vascularización tumoral. Tienen un pronóstico pobre con una tasa de supervivencia en torno al 15-30% a los 5 años. El tratamiento de elección es la cirugía

Paranasal sinuses and nose metastasis are very uncommon tumors, about 50 have been reported. Renal cell carcinoma is the primary neoplasm which most frequently metastasizes in the nasosinusal region, followed by breast and lug. Symptoms are unspecific, but the epistaxis constitutes the most common sign due to the significant vascularizations of the tumor. Prognosis is poor. The survival rate fluctuates between 15-30% at 5 years. Surgery is the elective treatment

Long-term outcome of allogeneic or autologous haemopoietic cell transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in second remission in children. GETMON experience 1983-1998.

We present a retrospective study of long-term outcome and predictive factors of survival and relapse in 219 paediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in second remission. They received allogeneic (allo) or autologous (auto) haemopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) depending on the availability of a matched sibling donor. The probability of event-free survival (EFS) for the total patient group was 0.35+0.03 at 14 years. No significant differences were observed for EFS between allo- and auto-HCT: 0.39+0.05 vs 0.32+0.04 (P=0.43). A better EFS was seen in patients with a late relapse (LR) (P=0.06 and 0.02, for allogeneic and autologous respectively). Significantly better EFS was observed in allo-HCT patients under 10 years of age and in auto-HCT patients with leukocytes at diagnosis below 25 x 109/l and late relapse. Predictive factors of failure in both groups were early relapse (ER), medullary relapse and age over 10 years. The probability of relapse (RP) for the total group of patients was 0.57+0.03, and it was significantly higher in auto-HCT patients: 0.65+0.04 vs 0.42+0.06 (P=0.002). Factors predictive for relapse were medullary and early relapse, auto-HCT and WBC >25 x 109/l at diagnosis.

Asymptotic variances of QTL estimators with selective DNA pooling.

Investigation on QTL-marker linkage usually requires a great number of observed recombinations, inferred from combined analysis of phenotypes and genotypes. To avoid costly individual genotyping, inferences on QTL position and effects can instead make use of marker allele frequencies. DNA pooling of selected samples makes allele frequency estimation feasible for studies involving large sample sizes. Linkage studies in outbred populations have traditionally exploited half-sib family designs; within the animal production context, half-sibships provide large families that are highly suitable for DNA pooling. Estimators for QTL position and effect have been proposed that make use of information from flanking markers. We present formulas derived by the delta method for the asymptotic variance of these estimators.

Simulating complex traits influenced by genes with fuzzy-valued effects in pedigreed populations.

MOTIVATION: Methods involving fuzzy theory have been rarely applied to genetics. We present an open platform for experimentation with fuzzy numbers as a tool to represent imprecise phenotypes in genetic modeling. RESULTS: A C++ library for simulation of genetic information transmission is introduced. The study of genetic linkage was its first goal, though a design so general as possible has been meant. Fuzzy-valued phenotypes are handled by means of fuzzy numbers. AVAILABILITY: ftp://carleos.etsiig.uniovi.es/pub/falin ftp://fisher.ciencias.uniovi.es/pub/falin ftp://bellman.ciencias.uniovi.es/pub/falin Licensed under the GNU General Public License version 2 (see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html).