Nociception associated with pain/distress in young children sedated for dental treatment: a clinical study with objective and subjective measures.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the association between children's pain/distress levels and patient characteristics (age, sex, history of dental pain), sedation type (level of sedation, sedative regimen), nociception and pain intensity reported by the parents in sedated children undergoing minimally invasive dental treatment. METHODS: This clinical study evaluated secondary outcomes of an RCT that evaluated the efficacy of dexmedetomidine sedation with or without ketamine. Only children who had nociception levels recorded using the Analgesia Nociception Index (ANI) were included (0-100; 0 = highest nociception). FLACC scale (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability) was used to assess children's pain/distress (0-10; 0 = no pain/distress). Parental proxy report of the child's pain intensity during the treatment was performed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS; 0-100; 0 = no pain). The association between ANI, children's age and sex, dental pain history, sedation level, sedative regimen, and VAS with the FLACC was verified using the generalised estimation equation analysis (alpha 0.05). RESULTS: Participants were 31 children (51.6% boys) and their parents (90.3% mothers). Median FLACC was 3.3 (25th-75th percentiles 1.7-8.2), ANI 80.9 (74.7-85.8), and VAS 10 (1-23). FLACC associated with ANI (OR 0.96; 95% CI 0.93-0.99; p = 0.02), moderate sedation (0.13; 0.03-0.50; p = 0.003), and VAS (1.05; 1.01-1.10; p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Pain/distress was generally low and more prominent with minimal (versus moderate) sedation and higher nociception.

Differential gene expression profiles of two excitable rat cell lines after over-expression of WT- and C121W-ß1 sodium channel subunits.

Voltage-dependent sodium channels are membrane proteins essential for cell excitability. They are composed by a pore-forming α-subunit, encoded in mammals by up to nine different genes, and four different ancillary ß-subunits. The expression pattern of the α subunit isoforms confers the distinctive functional and pharmacological properties to different excitable tissues. ß-Subunits are important modulators of channel function and expression. Mutation C121W of the ß1-subunit causes an autosomal dominant epileptic syndrome without cardiac symptoms. In neuroectoderm GH3 and cardiac H9C2 cells, the over-expression of ß1 subunit augments α subunit mRNA and protein levels as well as sodium current density. Interestingly, the introduction of the epileptogenic C121W-ß1 subunit produces additional changes in the α-subunit expression pattern of H9C2 cells, leaving unaltered the sodium channel isoform composition of GH3 cells. The challenge of the present work was to identify those genes that were differentially expressed in response to WT- or C121W-ß1 subunit over-expression in the two rat cell lines under analysis. Hence, we analyzed the total mRNA extracted from control-untransfected and from WT- and C121W-ß1-transfected GH3 and H9C2 cells by DNA-microarray. We found that, in agreement with their different embryonal origin, the over-expression of WT- and C121W-ß1 subunits modifies the expression of different gene sets in GH3 and H9C2 cells. Focusing on the effects of the C121W mutation, we found that it causes the modification of 214 genes, most of them were down-regulated (202) in GH3 cells; on the contrary, it determined the up-regulation of only five genes in H9C2 cells. Interestingly, most genes modified by the C121W ß1 subunit are involved in pivotal processes of the cell such as cellular communication and protein expression. Our results confirm the important role of the sodium channel ß1 subunit in the control of NaCh gene expression, and highlight once more the tissue-specific effect of the C121W mutation.

Relationship between heavy metals pollution and genetic diversity in Mediterranean populations of the sandhopper Talitrus saltator (Montagu) (Crustacea, Amphipoda).

Trace metals are one of the groups of pollutants that reduce genetic variability in natural populations, causing the phenomenon known as "genetic erosion". In this study we evaluate the relationship between trace metals contamination (Hg, Cd and Cu) and genetic variability, assessed using fluorescent Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (fISSRs). We used eight populations of a well-established biomonitor of trace metals on sandy beaches: the amphipod Talitrus saltator. The trace metals analysis confirmed the ability of sandhoppers to accumulate Hg, Cd and Cu. Moreover, populations from sites with high Hg availability had the lowest values of genetic diversity. Our results validate the use of fISSR markers in genetic studies in sandhoppers and support the "genetic erosion" hypothesis by showing the negative influence of Hg contamination on sandhopper genetic diversity. Therefore, genetic variability assessed with fISSR markers could be successfully employed as a biomarker of Hg exposure.

Assessment of environmental pollutants in ten southern Italy harbor sediments.

In 2003-2006, the distribution of macronutrients and pollutants of environmental interest was investigated in surficial sediments collected from 10 southern Italy harbors selected in four different regions. About 167 stations were sampled to determine levels of total organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, trace elements (Al, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn, Hg, As), short- and long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons (Hy C > 12 and Hy C < 12), and concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs], p-p-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (4,4'-DDE), and Hexachlorobenzene (HCB). General relationships between studied variables and harbors systems were explored by multivariate statistical approaches. Results show that wide fluctuations are reported for all variables both among harbors and inside each studied system. Principal components analysis suggests that major significance in explaining total average variability is due to lead, copper, zinc, silts, sands, and PAHs. No significance has been observed when testing nonmetric multidimensional scaling distributions relating with the factor "region," while performing analyses on factor "main human activity," a higher significance is observed. These results suggest a strong relationship between the main human use of marine systems and observed pollution levels in sediments.

The glucose-induced polyphosphoinositides turnover in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is not dependent on the CDC25-RAS mediated signal transduction pathway.

Recently the polyphosphoinositides (PI) turnover has been related to the control of growth and cell cycle also in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the RAS2 and RAS1 gene products have been shown to be involved in the stimulation of PI turnover in G0/G1 arrested yeast cells. Here we show that addition of glucose to previously glucose-starved cells, stimulates, the PI turnover with fast kinetics also in yeast cells that were not arrested in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. In addition PI turnover is equally stimulated in temperature sensitive cdc25-1 and cdc25-5 strains at restrictive temperature, as well as in ras1, ras2-ts strain, suggesting that PI turnover stimulation is not dependent on the CDC25-RAS mediated signal transduction pathway.