Opportunity to view the starry night sky is linked to human emotion and behavioral interest in astronomy.

Prior to the modern era, the stars in the night sky were readily visible across the globe, but light pollution has created disparities in the opportunity to see these astronomical objects with the naked eye. This alteration may measurably impact human behavior. We hypothesize that light pollution is related to the development of people's interest in astronomy, which often serves as a "gateway" to science more broadly. In a state-by-state analysis, we used location information to examine astronomy interest data for millions of US residents. Results show that, among populations with low light pollution, a feeling of "wonder about the universe" is prevalent (r = 0.50). We found that this human emotion mediates the association between low light pollution and behavioral interest in astronomy. Although the effects of light pollution on astronomy, biology, ecology, and health are well-known, the present work demonstrates that light pollution is also relevant to human scientific behavior, with broad implications for science education and society.

Prosociality and health: Identification with all humanity is a replicable predictor of prosocial motivation for health behaviors.

The acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic may have passed, but the pandemic remains a major worldwide health concern that demands continued vigilance. Are there individual differences that predict the motivation to continue to wear masks and to create physical distance in public? Previous research conducted early in the pandemic had suggested that a particular social identity-identification with all humanity-is one underlying factor that contributes to people's cooperation with health behavior guidelines. This highlights that the pandemic is not only an issue to be tackled with the tools of immunology and epidemiology. It also requires the tools from psychology-to measure the representations people have about themselves and others and how these representations drive values and decisions related to health. Here we report work on U.S. respondents that examined whether individuals' level of identification with all humanity predicts their prosocial health behaviors aimed at mitigating the spread of COVID-19. In 3 convergent studies (total N = 1,580), we find that identification with all humanity predicted the prosocial motivation to wear masks and to engage in physical distancing when in public without a mask. The results were obtained while controlling for a host of covariates, including demographics, educational attainment, and Big Five personality dimensions. We find that some people have a marked drive to care for the health of strangers, which is significantly linked to their concern for all humanity rather than being restricted to their care for their community or country. Discussion focuses on this social identification with humanity and its enduring, replicable role in predicting the motivation to engage in prosocial health behaviors. We note key implications for theories in social and developmental psychology as well as for research that may lead to practical applications for lessening the human toll of the current and future pandemics.

Human infants can override possessive tendencies to share valued items with others.

Possessiveness toward objects and sharing are competing tendencies that influence dyadic and group interactions within the primate lineage. A distinctive form of sharing in adult Homo sapiens involves active giving of high-valued possessions to others, without an immediate reciprocal benefit. In two Experiments with 19-month-old human infants (N = 96), we found that despite measurable possessive behavior toward their own personal objects (favorite toy, bottle), infants spontaneously gave these items to a begging stranger. Moreover, human infants exhibited this behavior across different types of objects that are relevant to theory (personal objects, sweet food, and common objects)-showing flexible generalizability not evidenced in non-human primates. We combined these data with a previous dataset, yielding a large sample of infants (N = 192), and identified sociocultural factors that may calibrate young infants' sharing of objects with others. The current findings show a proclivity that is rare or absent in our closest living relatives-the capacity to override possessive behavior toward personally valued objects by sharing those same desired objects with others.

Identifying with all humanity predicts cooperative health behaviors and helpful responding during COVID-19.

In the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, public health experts have produced guidelines to limit the spread of the coronavirus, but individuals do not always comply with experts' recommendations. Here, we tested whether a specific psychological belief-identification with all humanity-predicts cooperation with public health guidelines as well as helpful behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. We hypothesized that peoples' endorsement of this belief-their relative perception of a connection and moral commitment to other humans-would predict their tendencies to adopt World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines and to help others. To assess this, we conducted a global online study (N = 2537 participants) of four WHO-recommended health behaviors and four pandemic-related moral dilemmas that we constructed to be relevant to helping others at a potential cost to oneself. We used generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) that included 10 predictor variables (demographic, contextual, and psychological) for each of five outcome measures (a WHO cooperative health behavior score, plus responses to each of our four moral, helping dilemmas). Identification with all humanity was the most consistent and consequential predictor of individuals' cooperative health behavior and helpful responding. Analyses showed that the identification with all humanity significantly predicted each of the five outcomes while controlling for the other variables (Prange < 10-22 to < 0.009). The mean effect size of the identification with all humanity predictor on these outcomes was more than twice as large as the effect sizes of other predictors. Identification with all humanity is a psychological construct that, through targeted interventions, may help scientists and policymakers to better understand and promote cooperative health behavior and help-oriented concern for others during the current pandemic as well as in future humanitarian crises.

Altruistic food sharing behavior by human infants after a hunger manipulation.

Altruistic behavior entails giving valuable benefits to others while incurring a personal cost. A distinctively human form of altruistic behavior involves handing nutritious food to needy strangers, even when one desires the food. Engaging in altruistic food transfer, instead of keeping the food, is costly, because it reduces the caloric intake of the benefactor vis-à-vis the beneficiary. Human adults engage in this form of altruistic behavior during times of war and famine, when giving food to others threatens one's own survival. Our closest living primate relatives, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus), exhibit notable constraints on the proclivity to engage in such food transfer (particularly chimpanzees), although they share many social-cognitive commonalities with humans. Here we show that in a nonverbal test, 19-month-old human infants repeatedly and spontaneously transferred high-value, nutritious natural food to a stranger (Experiment 1) and more critically, did so after an experimental manipulation that imposed a feeding delay (Experiment 2), which increased their own motivation to eat the food. Social experience variables moderated the expression of this infant altruistic behavior, suggesting malleability.

Experiencia de un equipo médico de emergencia del IMSS durante el sismo en México en setiembre de 2017

[RESUMEN]. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir las acciones desarrolladas por el equipo médico de emergencia (EMT por sus siglas en inglés) del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) durante la emergencia derivada del sismo del 7 de setiembre de 2017, el cual tuvo una magnitud de 8,2 grados con epicentro a 133 km al suroeste de Pijijiapan, Chiapas, México. Una vez realizada la evaluación inicial intersectorial de la emergencia, se activó el sector salud. Dentro de esta respuesta, y una vez determinado un número elevado de lesionados y un riesgo alto para la salud pública de la población afectada, el IMSS desplegó en la región un EMT capacitado y entrenado para apoyar en la respuesta de atención médica y quirúrgica de lesionados. Las acciones del EMT, conformado por especialistas en urgencias médico-quirúrgicas y desastres, incluyeron la atención médica de 252 pacientes, la gestión del traslado de 57 pacientes y la colaboración en la habilitación de un hospital provisorio. Para mejorar la respuesta en situaciones de desastres, se requiere seguir el proceso de integración, registro y capacitación de los EMT a nivel nacional e internacional.

[ABSTRACT]. The objective of this article is to describe the actions undertaken by the emergency medical team (EMT) of the Mexican Social Security Institute (MSSI) during the emergency caused by the earthquake of September 7, 2017 (magnitude 8.2; epicenter 133 km southwest of Pijijiapan, Chiapas, Mexico). After the initial intersectoral assessment of the emergency had been conducted, the health sector stepped in. As part of this response effort, and once it was determined that a large number of people had been injured and that the health risks facing the affected population were substantial, the MSSI deployed an EMT equipped and trained to provide support in the medical and surgical treatment of injured people. The actions of the EMT, composed of specialists in medical and surgical emergencies and disaster situations, included providing medical care to 252 patients, managing the transfer of 57 patients, and helping to set up an emergency hospital. To improve response efforts during disaster situations, it is necessary to follow the process of forming, registering, and training EMTs at the national and international levels.

[RESUMO]. O propósito deste artigo é descrever as ações empreendidas pela equipe médica de emergência (EMT) do Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social (IMSS, instituição pública que presta serviços de saúde) na crise de emergência causada pelo terremoto de 7 de setembro de 2017, com magnitude de 8,2 graus e epicentro a 133 km a sudoeste de Pijijiapan, Chiapas, México. Após a avaliação intersetorial inicial de emergência, o setor da saúde foi ativado. Como parte da resposta, diante do elevado número de feridos e alto risco para a saúde pública da população afetada, o IMSS mobilizou uma EMT na região, capacitada e treinada para dar apoio à resposta de atendimento médica e cirúrgica das vítimas. A EMT, formada por especialistas em emergências médico-cirúrgicas e desastres, prestou atendimento médico a 252 pacientes, coordenou a transferência de 57 pacientes e também colaborou na preparação de um hospital provisório. A fim de melhorar a resposta a desastres, é necessário prosseguir com o processo de integração, cadastramento e capacitação das EMT ao nível nacional e internacional.

[The experience of a medical emergency team belonging to the Mexican Social Security Institute during the earthquake in Mexico in September 2017Experiência de uma equipe médica de emergência do IMSS no terremoto do México em setembro de 2017]. / Experiencia de un equipo médico de emergencia del IMSS durante el sismo en México en setiembre de 2017.

The objective of this article is to describe the actions undertaken by the emergency medical team (EMT) of the Mexican Social Security Institute (MSSI) during the emergency caused by the earthquake of September 7, 2017 (magnitude 8.2; epicenter 133 km southwest of Pijijiapan, Chiapas, Mexico). After the initial intersectoral assessment of the emergency had been conducted, the health sector stepped in. As part of this response effort, and once it was determined that a large number of people had been injured and that the health risks facing the affected population were substantial, the MSSI deployed an EMT equipped and trained to provide support in the medical and surgical treatment of injured people. The actions of the EMT, composed of specialists in medical and surgical emergencies and disaster situations, included providing medical care to 252 patients, managing the transfer of 57 patients, and helping to set up an emergency hospital. To improve response efforts during disaster situations, it is necessary to follow the process of forming, registering, and training EMTs at the national and international levels.

O propósito deste artigo é descrever as ações empreendidas pela equipe médica de emergência (EMT) do Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social (IMSS, instituição pública que presta serviços de saúde) na crise de emergência causada pelo terremoto de 7 de setembro de 2017, com magnitude de 8,2 graus e epicentro a 133 km a sudoeste de Pijijiapan, Chiapas, México. Após a avaliação intersetorial inicial de emergência, o setor da saúde foi ativado. Como parte da resposta, diante do elevado número de feridos e alto risco para a saúde pública da população afetada, o IMSS mobilizou uma EMT na região, capacitada e treinada para dar apoio à resposta de atendimento médica e cirúrgica das vítimas. A EMT, formada por especialistas em emergências médico-cirúrgicas e desastres, prestou atendimento médico a 252 pacientes, coordenou a transferência de 57 pacientes e também colaborou na preparação de um hospital provisório. A fim de melhorar a resposta a desastres, é necessário prosseguir com o processo de integração, cadastramento e capacitação das EMT ao nível nacional e internacional.

Experiencia de un equipo médico de emergencia del IMSS durante el sismo en México en setiembre de 2017 / The experience of a medical emergency team belonging to the Mexican Social Security Institute during the earthquake in Mexico in September 2017 / Experiência de uma equipe médica de emergência do IMSS no terremoto do México em setembro de 2017

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo es describir las acciones desarrolladas por el equipo médico de emergencia (EMT por sus siglas en inglés) del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) durante la emergencia derivada del sismo del 7 de setiembre de 2017, el cual tuvo una magnitud de 8,2 grados con epicentro a 133 km al suroeste de Pijijiapan, Chiapas, México. Una vez realizada la evaluación inicial intersectorial de la emergencia, se activó el sector salud. Dentro de esta respuesta, y una vez determinado un número elevado de lesionados y un riesgo alto para la salud pública de la población afectada, el IMSS desplegó en la región un EMT capacitado y entrenado para apoyar en la respuesta de atención médica y quirúrgica de lesionados. Las acciones del EMT, conformado por especialistas en urgencias médico-quirúrgicas y desastres, incluyeron la atención médica de 252 pacientes, la gestión del traslado de 57 pacientes y la colaboración en la habilitación de un hospital provisorio. Para mejorar la respuesta en situaciones de desastres, se requiere seguir el proceso de integración, registro y capacitación de los EMT a nivel nacional e internacional.(AU)

ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to describe the actions undertaken by the emergency medical team (EMT) of the Mexican Social Security Institute (MSSI) during the emergency caused by the earthquake of September 7, 2017 (magnitude 8.2; epicenter 133 km southwest of Pijijiapan, Chiapas, Mexico). After the initial intersectoral assessment of the emergency had been conducted, the health sector stepped in. As part of this response effort, and once it was determined that a large number of people had been injured and that the health risks facing the affected population were substantial, the MSSI deployed an EMT equipped and trained to provide support in the medical and surgical treatment of injured people. The actions of the EMT, composed of specialists in medical and surgical emergencies and disaster situations, included providing medical care to 252 patients, managing the transfer of 57 patients, and helping to set up an emergency hospital. To improve response efforts during disaster situations, it is necessary to follow the process of forming, registering, and training EMTs at the national and international levels.(AU)

RESUMO O propósito deste artigo é descrever as ações empreendidas pela equipe médica de emergência (EMT) do Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social (IMSS, instituição pública que presta serviços de saúde) na crise de emergência causada pelo terremoto de 7 de setembro de 2017, com magnitude de 8,2 graus e epicentro a 133 km a sudoeste de Pijijiapan, Chiapas, México. Após a avaliação intersetorial inicial de emergência, o setor da saúde foi ativado. Como parte da resposta, diante do elevado número de feridos e alto risco para a saúde pública da população afetada, o IMSS mobilizou uma EMT na região, capacitada e treinada para dar apoio à resposta de atendimento médica e cirúrgica das vítimas. A EMT, formada por especialistas em emergências médico-cirúrgicas e desastres, prestou atendimento médico a 252 pacientes, coordenou a transferência de 57 pacientes e também colaborou na preparação de um hospital provisório. A fim de melhorar a resposta a desastres, é necessário prosseguir com o processo de integração, cadastramento e capacitação das EMT ao nível nacional e internacional.(AU)

Threats to social identity can trigger social deviance.

We hypothesized that threats to people's social (i.e., group) identity can trigger deviant attitudes and behaviors. A correlational study and five experiments showed that experiencing or recalling situations associated with the devaluation of a social identity caused participants to endorse or engage in deviant actions, including stealing, cheating, and lying. The effect was driven by the tendency to construe social identity threats not as isolated incidents but as symbolic of the continuing devaluation and disrespectful treatment of one's group. Supplementing sociological approaches to deviance and delinquency, the results suggest the relevance and utility of a social-psychological account.

Rethinking natural altruism: simple reciprocal interactions trigger children's benevolence.

A very simple reciprocal activity elicited high degrees of altruism in 1- and 2-y-old children, whereas friendly but nonreciprocal activity yielded little subsequent altruism. In a second study, reciprocity with one adult led 1- and 2-y-olds to provide help to a new person. These results question the current dominant claim that social experiences cannot account for early occurring altruistic behavior. A third study, with preschool-age children, showed that subtle reciprocal cues remain potent elicitors of altruism, whereas a fourth study with preschoolers showed that even a brief reciprocal experience fostered children's expectation of altruism from others. Collectively, the studies suggest that simple reciprocal interactions are a potent trigger of altruism for young children, and that these interactions lead children to believe that their relationships are characterized by mutual care and commitment.

Aortic valve replacement in patients 70 years and older.

BACKGROUND: Aortic valvular disease is the most common valvular lesion among elderly patients. Because of changing demographics, it has become increasingly frequent. Aortic valve replacement (AVR) is the only effective treatment for aortic valvular disease. HYPOTHESIS: This study was undertaken to evaluate the results of AVR in an elderly population. METHODS: Data were retrospectively analyzed in 117 consecutive patients (mean age 73.8 years) who underwent AVR between 1991 and 2002. RESULTS: Pure or predominant severe aortic stenosis was present in 108 patients. Nine patients had severe aortic regurgitation. Before valve replacement, 62.4% of the patients were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III-IV. A bioprosthesis was implanted in 62.4% of the patients, and 37.6% received a mechanical valve. Concomitant cardiac surgical procedures were performed in 25 patients (coronary artery bypass graft in 22, mitral valve replacement in 3). There were 17 deaths, giving a perioperative mortality rate of 14.5%. Multivariate logistic regression showed that repeat surgery for bleeding, prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass time, postoperative respiratory failure, and postoperative acute renal insufficiency were significant independent predictors of operative mortality. Of the 100 hospital survivors, 78 were followed for a mean of 42.9 months. There were six deaths during follow-up; only two of these were cardiac related. Five-year actuarial survival for all patients and for hospital survivors were 70 and 91.1%, respectively. One year post surgery, all patients were in NYHA functional class I-II. CONCLUSION: In a selected patient population, AVR in the elderly is associated with acceptable mortality and morbidity. The outlook for hospital operative survivors is excellent with improved quality of life and an expected survival normal for this particular age.

Heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass in pregnant women

Objetivo: Se analiza la experiencia del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez con cirugía a corazón abierto con circulación extra-corpórea en pacientes embarazadas. Hay poca información disponible a este respecto. Métodos: Quince pacientes se sometieron a cirugía a corazón abierto con circulación extracor-pórea durante el embarazo entre los años 1972 y 1998. En 13 pacientes el procedimiento consistió en reemplazo valvular con prótesis (12 mitrales, una aórtica), en una se practicó resección del trombo en una prótesis mitral de disco y en la paciente restante se cerró una comunicación interauricular. Resultados: Trece pacientes estaban en clase funcional III a IV y se operaron en situación de extrema urgencia. Ocho de estas mujeres presentaban disfunción aguda de una prótesis mitral mecánica o biológica. Hubo dos muertes operatorias para una incidencia de 13.3 por ciento. En estos dos casos hubo también muerte fetal. Cinco muertes fetales (38.5 por ciento) ocurrieron en las trece mujeres que sobrevivieron al procedimiento quirúrgico. Conclusiones: Debido al gran riesgo fetal, la cirugía con circulación extracorpórea durante el embarazo debe indicarse sólo en casos de extrema urgencia. El embarazo no aumenta el riesgo materno per se pero la mortalidad elevada es resultado de la grave situación que conduce a la intervención quirúrgica. La mortalidad fetal permanece alta.

La Tomografía computarizada helicoidal del tórax en el diagnóstico de la tromboembolia pulmonar crónica no resuelta / Helical CT scan in the diagnosis of unresolved chronic pulmonary thrombosis

En el presente estudio evaluamos de manera prospectiva y ciega, la sensibilidad, la especificidad y la precisión diagnóstica de la tomografía helicoidal del tórax en el diagnóstico de obstrucción vascular pulmonar de tipo central, en la hipertensión arterial pulmonar secundaria a tromboembolia pulmonar no resuelta. Utilizamos, como el estándar de oro para comparación, los resultados de la angiografía pulmonar realizada de manera simultánea, en pacientes con hipertensión arterial pulmonar severa de diversa etiología. Estudiamos 40 pacientes (22 mujeres y 18 hombres) con una edad media de 40.7 + 12 años de edad. La presión arterial pulmonar sistólica del grupo fue de 91 ñ 33 mmHg. Treinta pacientes reunieron los criterios diagnósticos de tromboembolia no resuelta y los 10 restantes fueron utilizados como controles. Los diagnósticos de estos últimos incluyeron: hipertensión arterial pulmonar primaria (4), persistencia de conducto arterioso (2), comunicación interauricular (1), cardiopatía reumática inactiva (1), cardiopatía isquémica (1) y tromboembolia pulmonar aguda (1). En el diagnóstico de obstrucción vascular pulmonar de tipo central, la tomografía tuvo una sensibilidad de 100 por ciento (29/29) y una especificidad de 91 por ciento (10/11) con un valor predictivo positivo de 96.6 por ciento (29/30) y un valor predictivo negativo de 100 por ciento (10/10). La precisión diagnóstica global del método fue del 97.5 por ciento (39/40). Concluimos que la tomografía es una excelente alternativa a la angiografía pulmonar en el diagnóstico de las obstrucciones vasculares centrales en la tromboembolia no resuelta.

Estudio comparativo entre la sección quirúrgica y la ablación con radiofrecuencia de las vías anómalas en el síndrome de W.P.W / Treatment of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: comparative study of the surgical procedure and radiofrequency catheter ablation

La ablación con radiofrecuencia de las vías anómalas es una alternativa efectiva en el tratamiento médico para los enfermos con el síndrome de Wolff parkinson White (WPW). El propósito de este estudio es comparar nuestros resultados en 70 enfermos con WPW sometidos a tratamiento no farmacológico. En 26 de ellos, se realizó sección quirúrgica con éxito del 82 por ciento, complicaciones tempranas en 15 por ciento y mortalidad del 8 por ciento. La estancia hospitalaria fue de 10 +/- 6 días y un costo entre 2 y 10 mil nuevos pesos. En 44 enfermos se realizó ablación de la vía anómala con radiofrecuencia con éxito final de 80 por ciento, sin mortalidad, y recurrencia del 9 por ciento. La estancia hospitalatia fue de 1 por ciento/-1.6 días y un costo entero 500 y 2 mil nuevos pesos en nuestra Institución. La ablación de vías anómalas con radiofrecuencia es una técnica muy eficaz para el tratamiento de las taquiarritmias del síndrome de WPW, segura, con escasa morbilidad y bajo costo para nuestros enfermos