Combined universal and selective prevention for adolescent alcohol use: a cluster randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: No existing models of alcohol prevention concurrently adopt universal and selective approaches. This study aims to evaluate the first combined universal and selective approach to alcohol prevention. METHOD: A total of 26 Australian schools with 2190 students (mean age: 13.3 years) were randomized to receive: universal prevention (Climate Schools); selective prevention (Preventure); combined prevention (Climate Schools and Preventure; CAP); or health education as usual (control). Primary outcomes were alcohol use, binge drinking and alcohol-related harms at 6, 12 and 24 months. RESULTS: Climate, Preventure and CAP students demonstrated significantly lower growth in their likelihood to drink and binge drink, relative to controls over 24 months. Preventure students displayed significantly lower growth in their likelihood to experience alcohol harms, relative to controls. While adolescents in both the CAP and Climate groups demonstrated slower growth in drinking compared with adolescents in the control group over the 2-year study period, CAP adolescents demonstrated faster growth in drinking compared with Climate adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Findings support universal, selective and combined approaches to alcohol prevention. Particularly novel are the findings of no advantage of the combined approach over universal or selective prevention alone.

The structure of adolescent psychopathology: a symptom-level analysis.

BACKGROUND: Most empirical studies into the covariance structure of psychopathology have been confined to adults. This work is not developmentally informed as the meaning, age-of-onset, persistence and expression of disorders differ across the lifespan. This study investigates the underlying structure of adolescent psychopathology and associations between the psychopathological dimensions and sex and personality risk profiles for substance misuse and mental health problems. METHOD: This study analyzed data from 2175 adolescents aged 13.3 years. Five dimensional models were tested using confirmatory factor analysis and the external validity was examined using a multiple-indicators multiple-causes model. RESULTS: A modified bifactor model, with three correlated specific factors (internalizing, externalizing, thought disorder) and one general psychopathology factor, provided the best fit to the data. Females reported higher mean levels of internalizing, and males reported higher mean levels of externalizing. No significant sex differences emerged in liability to thought disorder or general psychopathology. Liability to internalizing, externalizing, thought disorder and general psychopathology was characterized by a number of differences in personality profiles. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to identify a bifactor model including a specific thought disorder factor. The findings highlight the utility of transdiagnostic treatment approaches and the importance of restructuring psychopathology in an empirically based manner.

Fewer invited talks by women in evolutionary biology symposia.

Lower visibility of female scientists, compared to male scientists, is a potential reason for the under-representation of women among senior academic ranks. Visibility in the scientific community stems partly from presenting research as an invited speaker at organized meetings. We analysed the sex ratio of presenters at the European Society for Evolutionary Biology (ESEB) Congress 2011, where all abstract submissions were accepted for presentation. Women were under-represented among invited speakers at symposia (15% women) compared to all presenters (46%), regular oral presenters (41%) and plenary speakers (25%). At the ESEB congresses in 2001-2011, 9-23% of invited speakers were women. This under-representation of women is partly attributable to a larger proportion of women, than men, declining invitations: in 2011, 50% of women declined an invitation to speak compared to 26% of men. We expect invited speakers to be scientists from top ranked institutions or authors of recent papers in high-impact journals. Considering all invited speakers (including declined invitations), 23% were women. This was lower than the baseline sex ratios of early-mid career stage scientists, but was similar to senior scientists and authors that have published in high-impact journals. High-quality science by women therefore has low exposure at international meetings, which will constrain Evolutionary Biology from reaching its full potential. We wish to highlight the wider implications of turning down invitations to speak, and encourage conference organizers to implement steps to increase acceptance rates of invited talks.

Liver lobe torsion in three adult rabbits.

This paper describes three cases of liver lobe torsion in rabbits presenting with anorexia, lethargy, jaundice and abdominal pain. This condition was associated with anaemia and elevation of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase. Abnormal radiological findings included hepatomegaly, gas-filled intestinal loops consistent with gastrointestinal ileus and ascites. Ultrasonographic findings included heterogeneous liver parenchyma, free abdominal fluid and reduced bowel motility. Diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological examination of the liver in all three cases.

Diet and social conditions during sexual maturation have unpredictable influences on female life history trade-offs.

The trade-off between gametes and soma is central to life history evolution. Oosorption has been proposed as a mechanism by which females can redirect nutrients invested in oocytes into survival when conditions for reproduction are poor. Although positive correlations between oocyte degradation and lifespan have been documented in oviparous insects, the adaptive significance of this process in species with more complex reproductive biology has not been explored. Further, environmental condition is a multivariate state, and combinations of environmental stresses may interact in unpredictable ways. Previous work on the ovoviviparous cockroach, Nauphoeta cinerea, revealed that females manipulated to mate late relative to sexual maturation experience age-related loss in fecundity because of loss of viable oocytes via apoptosis. This loss in fecundity is correlated with a reduction in female mate choice. Food deprivation while mating is delayed further increases levels of oocyte apoptosis, but the relationship between starvation-induced apoptosis and life history are unknown. To investigate this, virgin females were either fed or starved from eclosion until provided with a mate at a time known to be suboptimal for fertility. Following mating, females were fed for the duration of their lifespan. We measured lifetime reproductive performance. Contrary to predictions, under conditions of delayed mating opportunity, starved females had greater fecundity, gave birth to more high-quality offspring and had increased longevity compared with that of fed females. We suggest that understanding proximal mechanisms underlying life history trade-offs, including the function of oocyte apoptosis, and how these mechanisms respond to varied environmental conditions is critical.

A technique for pelvic radiography in the standing horse.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: An alternative technique of radiographing the pelvis in the standing horse is required, to avoid the risks associated with general anaesthesia. HYPOTHESIS: That lateral oblique radiography in the standing horse would be a useful technique in the investigation of pelvic injury. OBJECTIVES: To describe the technique of lateral oblique pelvic radiography in the standing horse and demonstrate the feasibility and usefulness of this technique. METHODS: A technique for lateral oblique radiography in the standing horse was devised and retrospective review made of radiographic findings in 18 clinical cases. RESULTS: The caudal iliac shaft, greater trochanter of the femur, femoral head, acetabulum and coxofemoral articulation on the side under investigation were visualised consistently using this technique. Of the 18 cases, 3 iliac shaft fractures, 1 acetabular fracture, 2 coxofemoral luxations and 4 horses with new bone formation around the coxofemoral joint and/or proximal femur were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Lateral oblique radiography in the standing, conscious horse can be used to investigate conditions affecting the caudal iliac shaft, coxofemoral articulation and proximal femur in the horse. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The technique is straightforward, noninvasive and useful in the investigation of horses with suspected pelvic injury. However, not all pelvic injuries would be identified, and normal radiographic findings do not rule out injury or fractures elsewhere in the pelvis.

Hydrogen sulfide production and fermentative gas production by Salmonella typhimurium require F0F1 ATP synthase activity.

A previously isolated mutant of Salmonella typhimurium lacking hydrogen sulfide production from both thiosulfate and sulfite was shown to have a single mutation which also caused the loss of fermentative gas production and the ability to grow on nonfermentable substrates and which mapped in the vicinity of the atp chromosomal locus. The implication that F0F1 ATP synthase might be essential for H2S and fermentative gas production was explored. The phs plasmid conferring H2S production on wild-type Escherichia coli failed to confer this ability on seven of eight E. coli atp point mutants representing, collectively, the eight genes encoding the subunits of F0F1 ATP synthase. However, it did confer some thiosulfate reductase activity on all except the mutant with a lesion in the ATP synthase catalytic subunit. Localized mutagenesis of the Salmonella atp chromosomal region yielded 500 point mutants unable to reduce thiosulfate to H2S or to produce gas from glucose, but differing in the extents of their ability to grow on succinate, to perform proton translocation as measured in a fluorescence quenching assay, and to reduce sulfite to H2S. Biochemical assays showed that all mutants were completely devoid of both methyl viologen and formate-linked thiosulfate reductase and that N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide blocked thiosulfate reductase activity by the wild type, suggesting that thiosulfate reductase activity has an absolute requirement for F0F1 ATP synthase. Hydrogenase-linked formate dehydrogenase was also affected, but not as severely as thiosulfate reductase. These results imply that in addition to linking oxidation with phosphorylation, F0F1 ATP synthase plays a key role in the proton movement accompanying certain anaerobic reductions and oxidations.

Sequence analysis of the phs operon in Salmonella typhimurium and the contribution of thiosulfate reduction to anaerobic energy metabolism.

The phs chromosomal locus of Salmonella typhimurium is essential for the dissimilatory anaerobic reduction of thiosulfate to hydrogen sulfide. Sequence analysis of the phs region revealed a functional operon with three open reading frames, designated phsA, phsB, and phsC, which encode peptides of 82.7, 21.3, and 28.5 kDa, respectively. The predicted products of phsA and phsB exhibited significant homology with the catalytic and electron transfer subunits of several other anaerobic molybdoprotein oxidoreductases, including Escherichia coli dimethyl sulfoxide reductase, nitrate reductase, and formate dehydrogenase. Simultaneous comparison of PhsA to seven homologous molybdoproteins revealed numerous similarities among all eight throughout the entire frame, hence, significant amino acid conservation among molybdoprotein oxidoreductases. Comparison of PhsB to six other homologous sequences revealed four highly conserved iron-sulfur clusters. The predicted phsC product was highly hydrophobic and similar in size to the hydrophobic subunits of the molybdoprotein oxidoreductases containing subunits homologous to phsA and phsB. Thus, phsABC appears to encode thiosulfate reductase. Single-copy phs-lac translational fusions required both anaerobiosis and thiosulfate for full expression, whereas multicopy phs-lac translational fusions responded to either thiosulfate or anaerobiosis, suggesting that oxygen and thiosulfate control of phs involves negative regulation. A possible role for thiosulfate reduction in anaerobic respiration was examined. Thiosulfate did not significantly augment the final densities of anaerobic cultures grown on any of the 18 carbon sources tested. on the other hand, washed stationary-phase cells depleted of ATP were shown to synthesize small amounts of ATP on the addition of the formate and thiosulfate, suggesting that the thiosulfate reduction plays a unique role in anaerobic energy conservation by S typhimurium.

Cloning of the phs genetic locus from Salmonella typhimurium and a role for a phs product in its own induction.

The Salmonella typhimurium phs chromosomal locus essential for the reduction of thiosulfate to hydrogen sulfide was cloned, and some features of its regulation were examined. The phs locus conferred H2S production on Escherichia coli, suggesting that it contains the structural gene for thiosulfate reductase. H2S production by the E. coli host was, as in S. typhimurium, suppressed by nitrate or glucose in the growth medium. The presence of plasmid-borne phs genes in a S. typhimurium chl+ host containing a chromosomal phs::lacZ operon fusion was found to significantly increase the relative induction efficiency of beta-galactosidase by thiosulfate. These results are consistent with a model for phs regulation in which the true inducer is not thiosulfate per se and in which the action of a phs-encoded molybdoprotein, possibly the reductase itself, converts thiosulfate into a compound that resembles the true inducer more closely than does thiosulfate.

Sequence analysis and expression of the Salmonella typhimurium asr operon encoding production of hydrogen sulfide from sulfite.

A chromosomal locus of Salmonella typhimurium which complements S. typhimurium asr (anaerobic sulfite reduction) mutants and confers on Escherichia coli the ability to produce hydrogen sulfide from sulfite was recently cloned (C. J. Huang and E. L. Barrett, J. Bacteriol. 172:4100-4102, 1990). The DNA sequence and the transcription start site have been determined. Analysis of the sequence and gene products revealed a functional operon containing three genes which have been designated asrA, asrB, and asrC, encoding peptides of 40, 31, and 37 kDa, respectively. The predicted amino acid sequences of both asrA and asrC contained arrangements of cysteines characteristic of [4Fe-4S] ferredoxins. The sequence of asrB contained a typical nucleotide-binding region. The sequence of asrC contained, in addition to the ferredoxinlike cysteine clusters, two other cysteine clusters closely resembling the proposed siroheme-binding site in biosynthetic sulfite reductase. Expression of lacZ fused to the asr promoter was repressed by oxygen and induced by sulfite. Analysis of promoter deletions revealed a region specific for sulfite regulation and a second region required for anaerobic expression. Computer-assisted DNA sequence analysis revealed a site just upstream of the first open reading frame which had significant homology to the FNR protein-binding site of E. coli NADH-linked nitrite reductase. However, asr expression by the fusion plasmid was not affected by site-specific mutations within the apparent FNR-binding site.

Identification and cloning of genes involved in anaerobic sulfite reduction by Salmonella typhimurium.

Transposon Tn5 insertions causing anaerobic cysteine auxotrophy were isolated from a Salmonella typhimurium cysI parent (auxotrophic under aerobic but not anaerobic conditions). Insertions in one mutant group appeared to be in cysG. A second group of insertions, designated asr (anaerobic sulfite reduction), were located near map unit 53 on the S. typhimurium chromosome. They did not cause aerobic or anaerobic auxotrophy in a cys1+ background but did prevent dissimilatory sulfite reduction. Plasmids containing asr DNA cloned from wild-type S. typhimurium conferred anaerobic prototrophy and the ability to produce hydrogen sulfide from sulfite on an Escherichia coli cys1 mutant.

Characterization of anaerobic sulfite reduction by Salmonella typhimurium and purification of the anaerobically induced sulfite reductase.

Mutants of Salmonella typhimurium that lack the biosynthetic sulfite reductase (cysI and cysJ mutants) retain the ability to reduce sulfite for growth under anaerobic conditions (E. L. Barrett and G. W. Chang, J. Gen. Microbiol., 115:513-516, 1979). Here we report studies of sulfite reduction by a cysI mutant of S. typhimurium and purification of the associated anaerobic sulfite reductase. Sulfite reduction for anaerobic growth did not require a reducing atmosphere but was prevented by an argon atmosphere contaminated with air (less than 0.33%). It was also prevented by the presence of 0.1 mM nitrate, which argues against a strictly biosynthetic role for anaerobic sulfite reduction. Anaerobic growth in liquid minimal medium, but not on agar, was found to require additions of trace amounts (10(-7)M) of cysteine. Spontaneous mutants that grew under the argon contaminated with air also lost the requirement for 10(-7)M cysteine for anaerobic growth in liquid. A role for sulfite reduction in anaerobic energy generation was contraindicated by the findings that sulfite reduction did not improve cell yields, and anaerobic sulfite reductase activity was greatest during the stationary phase of growth. Sulfite reductase was purified from the cytoplasmic fraction of the anaerobically grown cysI mutant and was purified 190-fold. The most effective donor in crude extracts was NADH. NADPH and methyl viologen were, respectively, 40 and 30% as effective as NADH. Oxygen reversibly inhibited the enzyme. Two high-molecular-weight proteins separated by gel filtration (Mr 360,000 and 490,000, respectively) were required for maximal activity with NADH. Indirect evidence, including in vitro complementation experiments with a cysG mutant extract, suggested that the 360,000-Mr component contains siroheme and is the terminal reductase. This component was further purified to near homogeneity and was found to consist of a single subunit of molecular weight 67,500. The anaerobic sulfite reductase showed some resemblance to the biosynthetic sulfite reductase, but apparently it has a unique, as yet unidentified function.

Formate-nitrate respiration in Salmonella typhimurium: studies of two rha-linked fdn genes.

Localized mutagenesis was used to obtain rha-linked mutations in Salmonella typhimurium, resulting in defects in the nitrate reductase-linked formate dehydrogenase (FDHN). The fdn mutants obtained fell into two groups which differed in several respects. Group I isolates lacked FDHN activity under all conditions examined and exhibited wild-type levels of the hydrogenase-linked formate dehydrogenase (FDHH). Group II isolates appeared defective in FDHN only when freshly prepared extracts were assayed; restoration of both FDHN and formate-nitrate reduction activity occurred on incubation of extracts for 2 to 3 h. Protease inhibitors prevented restoration. Group II isolates were also characterized by a conditional FDHH activity; this activity was absent unless the growth medium designed to optimize wild-type FDHH was altered either by lowering glucose concentration or by adding thiosulfate. Cotransduction of fdn with rha ranged from 4 to 22% for the group I isolates and from 20 to 40% for the group II isolates. Temperature-sensitive isolates from both groups synthesized FDHN activity with altered thermostability. In vitro complementation occurred in mixed extracts of amber mutants of the two respective classes. The results are consistent with two distinct rha-linked fdn genes, for which we suggest using the designations fdnB (group I) and fdnC (group II).

The phs gene and hydrogen sulfide production by Salmonella typhimurium.

Salmonella typhimurium produces H2S from thiosulfate or sulfite. The respective pathways for the two reductions must be distinct as mutants carrying motations in phs, chlA, and menB reduced sulfite, but not thiosulfate, to H2S, and glucose repressed the production of H2S from thiosulfate while it stimulated its production from sulfite. The phs and chlA mutants also lacked a methyl viologen-linked thiosulfate reductase activity present in anaerobically grown wild-type cultures. A number of hydroxylamine, transposon Tn10 insertion, and Mu d1(Apr lac) operon fusion mutants defective in phs were characterized. One of the hydroxylamine mutants was an amber mutant, as indicated by suppression of its mutation in a supD background. The temperature-sensitive phs mutants produced H2S and methyl viologen-linked thiosulfate reductase at 30 degrees C but not at 42 degrees C. The reductases in all such mutants grown at 30 degrees C were as thermostable as the wild-type enzyme and did not differ in electrophoretic relative mobility, suggesting that phs is not the structural gene for thiosulfate reductase. Expression of beta-galactosidase in phs::Mu d1(Apr lac) mutants was dependent on anaerobiosis and the presence of reduced sulfur. It was also strongly influenced by carbon source and growth stage. The results are consistent with a model in which the phs gene encodes a regulatory protein essential for the reduction of thiosulfate to hydrogen sulfide.

Pseudomonas fluorescens biovar V: its resolution into distinct component groups and the relationship of these groups to other P. fluorescens biovars, to P. putida, and to psychrotrophic pseudomonads associated with food spoilage.

A numerical taxonomic analysis was performed to evaluate the appropriateness of a single biovar designation (biovar V) for all Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates negative for denitrification, levan production and phenazine pigmentation and to determine the relationship of biovar V strains to other taxa within the same Pseudomonas RNA homology group. Seventy-two strains assigned to P. fluorescens biovar V and four strains of P. fragi were characterized and the data subjected to a numerical taxonomic analysis along with comparable data for 17 previously characterized strains of this biovar and 89 P. putida strains. Seven distinct biovar V clusters containing three or more strains were revealed, and the carbon sources useful for their differentiation were identified. Cluster 1 (38 strains) closely resembled two atypical P. fluorescens I strains. It was also related to P. fluorescens biovar IV and to P. fragi. Cluster 2 (5 strains) was related to cluster 1. Cluster 3 (7 strains) was identical to a major group of meat spoilage psychrotrophic pseudomonads (P. lundensis). Cluster 4 (3 strains) was not related to any other group examined. Cluster 5 consisted of six isolates initially designated P. putida A along with four P. fluorescens biovar V strains all of which resembled P. putida more than they resembled the other P. fluorescens groups. Cluster 6 (16 strains) was distinct from the other biovar V clusters, but was closely related to P. fluorescens biovars I and II. Cluster 7 (3 strains) shared many characteristics with cluster 5. Separate P. fluorescens biovar designations are proposed for cluster 6 and for the combined clusters 1 and 2. A new P. putida biovar is proposed for the combined clusters 5 and 7.

Bacterial reduction of trimethylamine oxide.

Trimethylamine oxide, which is found in relatively high concentrations in the tissues of marine animals, serves as an electron acceptor in the anaerobic metabolism of a number of bacteria associated primarily with three environments: the marine environment (e.g. Alteromonas and Vibrio), the brackish pond (nonsulfur photosynthetic bacteria), and animal intestines (Enterobacteriaceae). Its reduction to trimethylamine by such bacteria can constitute a major spoilage reaction during the storage of marine fish. In the Enterobacteriaceae, anaerobic respiration with TMAO has been shown to support oxidative phosphorylation. Electron transport to TMAO in these bacteria involves flavin nucleotides, menaquinones, both b- and c-type cytochromes, and a molybdoenzyme reductase. Formate, hydrogen, lactate, and glycerol all serve as electron donors for TMAO respiration. Electrophoretically distinct constitutive and TMAO-induced reductases are synthesized by both E. coli and S. typhimurium. Electron transport to TMAO is repressed both by air and by nitrate. A number of genes involved in TMAO respiration have been mapped, but the structural gene for the inducible TMAO reductase has not yet been firmly established. Oxidative phosphorylation is also supported by TMAO reduction in Alteromonas. In this organism, which is nonfermentative, TMAO respiration resembles aerobic respiration in that intermediates of the TCA cycle are excellent electron donors. Alteromonas exhibits a requirement for NaCl for growth on TMAO and certain electron donors. As in the Enterobacteriaceae, air and nitrate both interfere with TMAO reduction. The role of TMAO reduction in the anaerobic metabolism of nonsulfur purple bacteria has not yet been resolved; it is not clear if TMAO serves simply as an accessory oxidant for fermentation or if TMAO reduction is associated with energy-yielding membrane-bound electron transport. Some of the confusion regarding this bacterial group stems from the fact that much of the work to date has involved parallel studies of TMAO and dimethyl sulfoxide reduction, and it is not yet known whether the two compounds are reduced by the same enzyme. Although our understanding of bacterial TMAO reduction lags far behind our knowledge of bacterial nitrate reduction, it is unlikely that this will always be the case.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Map locations and functions of Salmonella typhimurium men genes.

Menaquinone (men) mutants of Salmonella typhimurium isolated on the basis of their inability to produce trimethylamine were characterized with respect to mutation site, the ability to cross-feed each other and be cross-fed by known Escherichia coli men mutants, and response to intermediates of the menaquinone biosynthetic pathway. Cross-feeding tests were based on the requirement of menaquinone for hydrogen sulfide production. Genotypes corresponding to the menA, B, C, D, and possibly E genes described in E. coli were all identified. Additional studies of deletions in the menBCD area revealed that this cluster lies between ack/pta and glpT, as in E. coli. The ack and pta mutants were also defective in the production of trimethylamine and failed to produce gas in the absence of added formate.

Anaerobiosis, formate, nitrate, and pyrA are involved in the regulation of formate hydrogenlyase in Salmonella typhimurium.

Three groups of mutants defective in the fermentative production of gas were isolated from Salmonella typhimurium LT2 subjected to transposition mutagenesis with Mu d(Apr lac). One group consisted of strains which lacked hydrogenase. The mutation site for this group was located in the vicinity of the known hyd gene. A second group consisted of mutants which lacked the formate dehyrogenase associated with hydrogenase. The mutation site was located in four of them. It was not in the vicinity of the previously described fhlD gene but was instead located at 93 min on the Salmonella map. The third mutant group, which consisted of strains that produced gas in triple sugar iron agar but not in nutrient agar supplemented with glucose, appeared to be pyrA mutants. The insertion site was located in the vicinity of pyrA , and they required arginine and pyrimidines for growth. Expression of the lac operon in the hyd mutants was induced by anaerobiosis. It was only slightly increased by the addition of formate under anaerobic conditions and slightly decreased by the addition of nitrate. Nitrate had no effect in an hyd ::Mu d strain that also carried a chlC::Tn10 insertion. Full expression of the lac operon in the fhl mutants required both formate and anaerobic conditions. The presence of nitrate in addition to formate resulted in activities about half those obtained in its absence, even in the fhl ::Mu d chlC::Tn10 double mutant. In the absence of formate, nitrate reduced expression only in the fhl ::Mu d single mutants. Expression of the lac operon among the pyrA mutants was repressed by arginine and cytosine and also by anaerobiosis. An explanation for the involvement of pyrA in aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism is proposed.

Production of 2,3-butylene glycol from whey by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter aerogenes.

Production of 2,3-butylene glycol from whey with Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter aerogenes was studied. Sterilization of the whey was unnecessary. Acid whey required neutralization, but sweet whey did not. Butylene glycol production was most efficient at 33 degrees C for Klebsiella pneumoniae and at 37 degrees C for Enterobacter aerogenes. Aeration significantly improved yields. Klebsiella pneumoniae produced more butylene glycol than did Enterobacter aerogenes in unsupplemented whey. The addition of 50 mM sodium acetate to whey increased the production of butylene glycol and acetoin by Enterobacter aerogenes; it also increased the production of glycol by Klebsiella pneumoniae, but the increase in this case was offset by a decrease of production of acetoin. Maximal yields of the glycol plus acetoin in whey were obtained in 48 to 64 h, but Enterobacter aerogenes required about 160 h for complete utilization of the lactose. Highest yields were about .3 M butylene glycol plus acetoin, which corresponds to the production of about 10 kg of glycol from 380 liters of whey.