Variants in interferon gamma inducible protein 16 (IFI16) and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) genes that modulate inflammatory response are associated with periodontitis.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the association of genetic variants of the interferon gamma inducible protein 16 (IFI16) and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) genes with periodontitis. METHODS: The study involved 117 individuals with periodontitis and 389 without periodontitis, all Brazilians, miscegenated. Individuals with periodontitis presented at least 4 teeth with ≥ 1 site with probing depth ≥ 4 mm; clinical attachment level ≥ 3 mm on the same site and bleeding upon stimulus. Genotyping was performed using the Infinium Multi-Ethnic AMR/AFR-8 Bead Chip focused on Hispanic and African American populations with approximately 2 million markers of the human genome. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify associations in additive, dominant and recessive models adjusted for covariates age, obesity, mouth breathing, flossing, asthma, and ancestry. RESULTS: In IFI16, the rs75985579-A is positively associated with periodontitis in the additive (Odds Ratio adjusted (ORadjusted) 2.65, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.25-5.60, p value: 0.007) and dominant models (ORadjusted 2.56, 95%CI:1.13-5.81, p value: 0.017). In AIM2, the rs76457189-G, is associated negatively with periodontitis in two genetic models evaluated, additive (ORadjusted 0.21, 95%CI:0.05-0.94, p value: 0.022) and dominant (ORadjusted 0.21, 95%CI:0.05-0.94, p value: 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: These results have shown that variants in the IFI16 and AIM2 genes are associated with periodontitis. Individuals with at least one A (adenine) allele of the rs75985579 (IFI16) are more than twice as likely to have periodontitis, while individuals with the G (guanine) allele of rs76457189 (AIM2) are less likely to be diagnosed with periodontitis, providing a negative association with periodontitis.

Presença de lactose em medicamentos isentos de prescrição / Presence of lactose in nonprescription drugs

Introdução: a polifarmácia e a automedicação estão presentes na população brasileira, sendo frequente sua ocorrência com medicamentos isentos de prescrição. Ademais, a lactose é utilizada como excipiente em formas farmacêuticas sólidas. Objetivo: o presente estudo constitui uma pesquisa sobre lactose, na condição de excipiente, em medicamentos isentos de prescrição (MIPs). Metodologia: em 391 MIPs presentes em cinco formas farmacêuticas sólidas e analisadas por classes, categorias e marcas, foram coletadas, nos meses de abril e maio de 2018, informações quanto à presença de lactose em bulas disponíveis nos sites da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária e da indústria farmacêutica no Brasil. Resultados: constatou-se que a lactose está presente em 43,48% dos MIPs, sendo mais frequente nos comprimidos e comprimidos revestidos, nas proporções de 42,94% e 36,47%, respectivamente. Ela foi encontrada, predominantemente, em medicamentos similares, principalmente antialérgicos, analgésicos não opioides e anti-inflamatórios não esteroides, bem como na totalidade dos antidiarreicos e laxantes. Das 88 marcas analisadas, 30 apresentaram mais de 50% dos produtos com lactose. Identificou-se um percentual expressivo de medicamentos utilizados no controle dos sintomas de intolerância à lactose que continham esse carboidrato como excipiente. Conclusão: nas formas farmacêuticas analisadas, a presença de lactose nos MIPs é superior a 40%. A lactose presente pode ser agravante de sintomas gastrintestinais. Portanto, é essencial incluir, na embalagem dos medicamentos, a frase de alerta sobre a presença desse açúcar, visando à sua ampla divulgação, particularmente dirigida aos indivíduos com restrição de uso dessa substância.

Introduction: polypharmacy and self-medication are present in Brazilian population, frequently occurring for prescription-free medicines. In addition, lactose is used as an excipient in solid dosage forms of prescription-free medicines. Objective: the present study constitutes a research on lactose, as an excipient, in prescription-free medicines (MIPs). Methodology: in 391 MIPs present in five solid dosage pharmaceutical forms and analyzed by classes, categories and brands, in April and May 2018, information was collected on the presence of lactose in the package inserts available on the websites of the National Sanitary Surveillance Agency and on the pharmaceutical industry websites in Brazil. Results: it was found that lactose is present in 43.48% of the MIPs, being more frequent in tablets and coated tablets, in the proportions of 42.94% and 36.47%, respectively. It has been found predominantly in similar drugs, mainly antiallergics, non-opioid analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as in all antidiarrheals and laxatives. Of the 88 brands analyzed, 30 presented over 50% of lactose products. An expressive percentage of drugs used to control the symptoms of lactose intolerance that contained this carbohydrate as an excipient were identified. Conclusion: in the pharmaceutical forms analyzed, the presence of lactose in the MIPs is higher than 40%. The lactose present may be aggravating gastrointestinal symptoms. It is therefore essential to include a warning on the presence of this sugar on the packaging of medicinal products, with a view to their wide dissemination, particularly for those who have a restricted use of that substance.