When and how to use lithium.

BACKGROUND: Lithium is an old proven medication, but it is infrequently used in current practice. This review examines evidence for its benefits and risks and provides clinical guidance to its use. METHOD: Narrative review. RESULTS: Besides its benefit in bipolar illness, lithium has important underappreciated proven benefits in prevention of unipolar depression and suicide. Emerging data support neurobiological benefits for cognition and possible dementia prevention. Likely benefits also exist in low doses for mood temperaments (cyclothymia and hyperthymia). High doses (over 1.0 mmol/L) should be avoided since they increase side effects, complications associated with long-term use, and risk of toxicity. Conversely, low dosing can be legitimate, especially for suicide and dementia prevention. Nuisance side effects of lithium may affect adherence, and medically serious side-effects can occur. Managing strategies are available for side effects. CONCLUSION: Lithium is the most effective medication in psychiatry, because it has disease-modifying, not just symptomatic, effects. It is effective not only for bipolar illness but also for prevention of suicide, episodes of unipolar depression, mood temperaments, and possibly dementia. Its many benefits need better appreciation, while lowered dosing can reduce risks.

The International Mood Network (IMN) Nosology Project: differentiating borderline personality from bipolar illness.

OBJECTIVE: The differential diagnosis of bipolar illness vs. borderline personality is controversial. Both conditions manifest impulsive behavior, unstable interpersonal relationships, and mood symptoms. This study examines whether and which mood clinical features can differentiate between both conditions. METHOD: A total of 260 patients (mean ± standard deviation age 41 ± 13 years, 68% female) attending to a mood clinic were examined for diagnosis of bipolar illness and borderline personality disorder using SCID-I, SCID-II, and clinical mood criteria extracted from Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ). They were analyzed using diagnoses as dependent variables. Predictors of bipolar and borderline diagnoses were identified by multivariable logistic regressions, and predictive validity of models was assessed using ROC curve analysis. RESULTS: Bipolar illness was strongly predicted by elevated mood (OR = 4.02, 95% CI: 1.80-9.15), increased goal-directed activities (OR = 3.90, 95% CI: 1.73-8.96), and episodicity of mood symptoms (OR = 3.48, 95% CI 1.49-8.39). This triad model predicted bipolar illness with 88.7% sensitivity, 81.4% specificity, and obtained an auROC of 0.91 (95% CI: 0.76-0.96) and a positive predictive value of 85.1%. For borderline personality disorder, only female gender was a statistically significant predictor (OR = 3.41, 95% CI: 1.29-13.7), and the predictive model obtained an auROC of 0.67 (95% CI: 0.53-0.74). CONCLUSION: In a mood disorder clinic setting, manic criteria and episodic mood course distinguished bipolar illness from borderline personality disorder.

Bipolar or borderline: a clinical overview.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the empirical literature on diagnostic validators in borderline personality and bipolar illness. METHOD: Using principles of evidence-based medicine, the highest levels of evidence were emphasized in interpretation of similarities or differences between bipolar illness and borderline personality on the five standard diagnostic validators in psychiatric nosology: symptoms, course, genetics, treatment response, and neurobiology. RESULTS: Bipolar illness and borderline personality were found to be similar in the nosological validator of symptoms of mood lability and impulsivity, but differed notably on all other diagnostic validators, especially the course validator of past sexual abuse and the genetic validator of a bipolar family history. They also differ notably in the symptom validator of parasuicidal self-harm. Treatment response and neurobiological differences were also present and consistent. CONCLUSION: This review of the literature indicates that these two conditions, bipolar illness and borderline personality, are different and can be distinguished. The much stronger biological and genetic evidence for bipolar illness in particular suggests that the two conditions can be reasonably seen as different kinds of clinical entities, namely a biological disease versus a psychosocially caused clinical picture. If this interpretation is correct, similarities between the two conditions, such as mood lability and impulsivity, are superficial, while differences are profound. Further, true comorbidity may be much less common than often presumed.

A clinical predictive score for mood disorder risk in low-income primary care settings.

BACKGROUND: Despite availability of validated screening tests for mood disorders, busy general practitioners (GPs) often lack the time to use them routinely. This study aimed to develop a simplified clinical predictive score to help screen for presence of current mood disorder in low-income primary care settings. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 197 patients seen at 10 primary care centers in Santiago, Chile completed self-administered screening tools for mood disorders: the Patient Health questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ). To determine participants' current-point mood disorder status, trained clinicians applied a gold-standard diagnostic interview (SCID-I). A simplified clinical predictive model (CM) was developed based on clinical features and selected questions from the screening tools. Using CM, a clinical predictive score (PS) was developed. Full PHQ-9 and GP assessment were compared with PS. RESULTS: Using multivariate logistic regression, clinical and demographic variables predictive of current mood disorder were identified for a simplified 8-point predictive score (PS). PS had better discrimination than GP assessment (auROC-statistic=0.80 [95% CI 0.72, 0.85] vs. 0.58 [95% CI 0.52, 0.62] p-value <0.0001), but not as good as the full PHQ-9 (0.89 [95% CI 0.85, 0.93], p-value=0.03). Compared with GP assessment, PS increased sensitivity by 50% at a fixed specificity of 90%. Administered in a typical primary care clinical population, it correctly predicted almost 80% of cases. LIMITATIONS: Further research must verify external validity of the PS. CONCLUSION: An easily administered clinical predictive score determined, with reasonable accuracy, the current risk of mood disorders in low-income primary care settings.

[New treatment for bipolar disorder in children and adolescents: learning from adult studies]. / Nuevos tratamientos para la enfermedad bipolar en niños y adolescentes: aprendiendo de los estudios en adultos.

BACKGROUND: Up to 45% of bipolar patients fail to respond adequately to or do not tolerate treatment with standard antimanics (lithium, valproate, carbamazepine, or olanzapine). Several new potential normothymic and antimanic treatments are under study. However, there is less literature available on new treatments for bipolar disorder in children and adolescents, but many youths with manic symptoms are treated with mood stabilizers. Our goal was to review the current literature on alternatives to lithium, valproate and carbamazepine in the treatment of bipolar disorder in children, adolescents and adults, focusing on the potential uses of these drugs in youth. METHODS: In a comprehensive computerized and manual literature search in Medline, we identified articles, abstracts and book chapters describing new treatments for bipolar disorder in children, adolescent, and adults. We also manually searched the abstracts in recent APA, AACAP and ECNP Annual Meetings. RESULTS: There are very few studies on the treatment of youths with bipolar disorder. The strongest evidence of antimanic action in this age group is on lithium, valproate, and recently on olanzapine, and adjunctive risperidone. Evidence on new antiepileptics and other novel treatments is very limited or none. CONCLUSION: More controlled studies on the treatment of children and adolescents with bipolarity are needed. Lithium, valproate, olanzapine and risperidone are probably the drugs with more evidence as antimanic efficacy in children and adolescents, but potential risks and benefits of treatment versus no treatment must be discussed with parents.

Nuevos tratamientos para la enfermedad bipolar en niños y adolescentes: aprendiendo de los estudios en adultos / New treatment for bipolar disorder in children and adolescents: learning from adult studies

Introducción. Hasta un 45 por ciento de los pacientes con enfermedad bipolar no responde adecuadamente o no tolera el tratamiento con los estabilizadores del humor habituales. Actualmente se encuentran en estudio varios tratamientos potenciales con propiedades normotímicas y antimaníacas. Sin embargo, aún cuando muchos jóvenes con síntomas maníacos son tratados con estabilizadores del humor, hay poca literatura disponible respecto a nuevos tratamientos para la enfermedad bipolar en niños y adolescentes. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar la literatura disponible sobre alternativas al litio, valproato y carbamazepina en el tratamiento de la enfermedad bipolar en niños, adolescentes y adultos. Métodos. A través de búsquedas Medline y manuales, identificamos artículos y capítulos que describían nuevos tratamientos para la enfermedad bipolar en niños, adolescentes y adultos. También revisamos manualmente los resúmenes de las reuniones anuales más recientes de la APA, la AACAP y la ECNP. Resultados. Hay muy pocos estudios que se refieran al tratamiento de jóvenes con enfermedad bipolar. Litio, valproato y recientemente olanzapina y risperidona muestran la mayor evidencia de acción antimaníaca en este grupo en estudios abiertos no controlados. La evidencia respecto de nuevos antiepilépticos y otros tratamientos noveles es muy limitada o nula. Conclusiones. Se necesitan más estudios controlados en el tratamiento de niños y adolescentes con enfermedad bipolar. Litio, valproato, olanzapina y risperidona son probablemente los fármacos con más evidencia de eficacia antimaníaca en niños y adolescentes (AU)

[Panic disorder and hyperthyroidism. Report of 2 cases]. / Trastorno de pánico e hipertiroidismo: curso clínico en dos pacientes.

In two females aged 27 and 32 years old, an aggravation of their panic disorder coincided with the appearance of clinical signs of hyperthyroidism. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed with the finding of raised thyroid hormone levels and undetectable TSH levels. These two cases highlight the importance of routine thyroid function assessment in patients with panic disorder, mainly in those with partial response to medications or when symptoms aggravate, despite an adequate treatment.

High prevalence of thyroid abnormalities in a Chilean psychiatric outpatient population.

The aim of the present study was to establish the prevalence of thyroid disturbances in patients consulting for panic and mood disorders. These data may be relevant because thyroid functional alterations affect the success of treatment in these pathologies. We studied prospectively 268 psychiatric outpatients (204 females and 64 males) diagnosed by DSM-IV criteria. We excluded patients with addictive disorders and major medical disease. We measured TSH, Free T4 (FT4) and antimicrosomal antibodies (AMA). We diagnosed classical hypothyroidism when the TSH value was >10 microUI/ml (NV=0.25-4.3) and subclinical hypothyroidism when the TSH value was between 5-10 microUI/ml. Hyperthyroidism was diagnosed when FT4 >1.4 (NV=0.8-1.4), the TSH suppressed and the radioiodine uptake >20% (NV=5-15). Positive antimicrosomal antibodies (AMA) titres were >1:100 dilution. Hypothyroidism was diagnosed in 26/268 patients (9.7%); 10 cases corresponded to the classical form (38.5%) and 16 cases to the subclinical form (61.5%). Hyperthyroidism was found in 6/268 patients (2.2%). Normal thyroid function with positive AMA was found in 28/268 patients (10.4%). Hypothyroidism was more common in patients with mood disorders, and hyperthyroidism in patients with panic disorders. Patients with panic disorder had significant higher levels of FT4. The prevalence of positive AMA, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism was higher in women than men. We found a high frequency of thyroid abnormalities in a psychiatric outpatient population. These data suggests that routine evaluation of thyroid function should be considered in patients consulting for mood and panic disorders.