A comprehensive evaluation of heat stress and heat strain in a sample of sugarcane cutters in Brazil.

Sugarcane cutters are vulnerable to extreme heat and are at risk for heat-related illness and chronic kidney disease, potentially due to high heat strain. We performed a comprehensive assessment of the physiological demands of sugarcane cutters via measurements of metabolic, thermal, and cardiovascular responses. In addition, we assessed cross-shift changes in markers of kidney function. Nine male sugarcane cutters were monitored while working during the spring harvest season in Brazil. Core temperature (Tcore) and heart rate (HR) were continuously recorded, and oxygen consumption was measured during the work shift. Urine and blood samples were collected pre- and postwork shifts. Total sweat loss was calculated using body weight changes and adjusting for water ingestion and urine output. A wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) station was used to monitor environmental heat stress. WBGT was ≥30°C on 7 of the 8 study days. Mean and peak Tcore during the work shift were 37.96 ± 0.47°C and 38.60 ± 0.41°C, respectively, with all participants surpassing a Tcore of 38°C. Mean and peak HR during the work shift were 137 ± 14 and 164 ± 11 beats/min, respectively. Percent of maximal oxygen consumption was, on average, 53 ± 11%. Workers had a total sweat loss of 7.63 ± 2.31 L and ingested 6.04 ± 1.95 L of fluid. Kidney function (estimated glomerular filtration rate) was reduced from pre- to postwork shift (Δ -20 ± 18 mL·min·1.73 m2). We demonstrated that sugarcane cutters performing prolonged work during a period of high environmental heat stress display high levels of heat strain, high water turnover, and reduced kidney function.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that a shift of sugarcane cutting performed outdoors during the spring harvest season results in a high level of heat strain. In fact, all the studied workers sustained core temperatures above 38°C and heart rates above 75% of the measured maximum heart rate. Additionally, workers displayed a high water turnover with sweat loss close to 10% of their body weight. Finally, we report elevated muscle damage and reductions in kidney function following the work shift.

Mucilage cells in the flower of Rosales species: reflections on morphological diversity, classification, and functions.

The presence of mucilage cells in plants, studied mainly in vegetative organs, is a condition shared by several taxonomic groups and aspects related to their diversity have been discussed with systematic purposes. This study explores the flower distribution and classification of mucilage cells in Rosales species, with inferences about flower functions. Floral buds from fifty-seven species representing seven of nine families recognized in the Rosales were sampled and processed for light and transmission electron microscopy. Mucilage cells were found in about 40% of the studied species of Cannabaceae, Rhamnaceae, Ulmaceae, and Urticaceae families, whereas no floral mucilage cells were found in species of Elaeagnaceae, Moraceae, and Rosaceae. Mucilage cells were found in the epidermis and internal tissues of many organs of different floral morph types. There is a great diversity of forms of presentation of mucilage in cells, from smaller individualized single cells to very bulky cells and to completely filled mucilage reservoirs. In some cases, cells with mucilage apparently in the cell wall and others with mucilage in the vacuole seem to occur side by side. This diversity challenges the existing classifications of mucilage cells and reinforces the importance of ontogenetic and ultrastructural studies following the path of mucilage in cells in order to propose a more natural classification and to elucidate the evolution of mucilage cells in plants.

Influence of smoking on the effectiveness of tooth whitening: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: Perform a systematic review to evaluate the influence of smoking on the effectiveness of tooth whitening (TW) and to analyze whether tooth sensitivity is different between smokers and non-smokers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review modeled according to the PRISMA guidelines was conducted. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, Scopus, and OpenGrey databases were searched for related clinical trials. The population, exposure, comparison, outcomes (PECO) was individuals who had TW performed, smoking individuals, non-smoking individuals, and effectiveness of TW, respectively. Risk of bias was assessed with the ROBINS-I tool, and data from included studies were extracted by two researchers independently. The certainty of the evidence was evaluated using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations) approach. RESULTS: Five studies were selected for qualitative analysis. The ROBINS-I tool classified 3 studies as having a moderate risk of bias, one study as having a serious risk of bias, and one with a critical risk. GRADE performed only for color change results and showed a low certainty of evidence. Limited evidence suggests that effectiveness of TW between smokers and non-smokers is similar. The tooth sensitivity also does not seem to be influenced by smoking. Due to the heterogeneity of the data, a meta-analysis could not be performed. CONCLUSIONS: Effectiveness of TW between smokers and non-smokers is comparable. The tooth sensitivity also does not seem to be influenced by smoking. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The effectiveness of bleaching among smokers and non-smokers appears to be similar. Tooth sensitivity during TW also appears not to be influenced by smoking.

Construção e validação preliminar do instrumento de observação para metodologias ativas (io-ma) no ensino dos jogos esportivos coletivos / Construction and preliminary validation of the observation instrument for active methodologies (io-ma) in the teaching team sports

O objetivo do estudo foi construir e validar o Instrumento de Observação para Metodologias Ativas (IO-MA) no ensino dos Jogos Esportivos Coletivos (JEC). Para tanto, foram avaliadas as dimensões Aprendizagem Significativa (AS), Envolvimento Ativo (EA) e Cooperação Social (CS). O desenvolvimento dos indicadores de cada dimensão ocorreu por meio de consulta na literatura especializada. O processo de validação de conteúdo do instrumento foi realizado por onze especialistas doutores com experiência na área da Educação Física. A coleta dos dados ocorreu a partir da análise em vídeo de uma aula de um professor expert. A análise da fidedignidade inter-avaliadores foi realizada por sete avaliadores doutores e ampla experiência na área da Educação Física. Os dados foram analisados aplicando-se o coeficiente V de Aiken para a validação de conteúdo e o índice de concordância Kappa para fidedignidade intra e inter-avaliadores. Os resultados revelaram que o IO-MA obteve altos índices de validade de conteúdo tanto para a avaliação do instrumento global (V=0,88), quanto para as dimensões clareza de linguagem (V=0,84), pertinência prática (V=0,90) e relevância teórica (V=0,91). O IO-MA também apresentou índices considerados quase-perfeitos de fidedignidade intra (Kappa=1,00) e inter-avaliadores (Kappa=1,00). A versão final do IO-MA foi composta por 15 itens/comportamentos distribuídos em três dimensões (AS=6, EA=5, CS=4). Conclui-se que o IO-MA é um instrumento acessível e aplicável para a observação do comportamento de professores e futuros professores no que diz respeito ao uso de metodologias ativas para o ensino dos JEC no contexto brasileiro. (AU)

The aim of the study was to build and validate the Instrument of Observation for Active Methodologies (IO-MA) in the teaching of Collective Sports Games (JEC). Therefore, the dimensions of Meaningful Learning (ML), Active Involvement (AI) and Social Cooperation (SC) were evaluated. The development of indicators for each dimension took place through consultation in the specialized literature. The instrument content validation process was carried out by eleven doctorate-degree specialists with extensive experience in the field of Physical Education. Data collection occurred from video analysis of a class by an expert teacher. Subsequently, the inter-evaluator reliability analysis was carried out by seven doctorate-degree evaluators with extensive experience in the field of Physical Education. Data were analyzed by applying the Aiken V coefficient for content validation and the Kappa agreement index for intra and inter-rater interval reliability. The results showed that the IO-MA obtained high content validity rates both for the instrument in general (V=0,88), and for the dimensions clarity of language (V=0,84), practical relevance (V=0,90), theoretical relevance (V=0,91). The IO-MA also showed near-perfect indices of intra- (Kappa=1,00) and inter-rater (Kappa=1,00) reliability. The final version of the IO-MA was composed of 15 items/behaviors distributed in three dimensions (AS=6, EA=5, CS=4). It is concluded that the IO-MA is an accessible and applicable instrument for the observation of the behavior of teachers and future teachers regarding the use of active methodologies for teaching team sports games in the Brazilian context. (AU)

Brazilian Food Banks: Overview and Perspectives.

In recent decades food banks have become a worldwide response to the contradicting the coexistence of food losses and waste, on the one hand, and hunger and food insecurity on the other. In Brazil, food banks had a rapid expansion, becoming the object of public policy on Food and Nutrition Security and of non-profit private institutions. Our study presents an unprecedented overview of all the food banks currently active in the Brazilian territory, discussing their performances and perspectives. We conducted descriptive research, aiming to characterize the number, spatial distribution, performance, and modalities of operation of the Brazilian food banks. We mapped 217 active food banks and they all participated in the study. The results revealed the important capillarity of the food banks, which exist in all 27 Brazilian federative units, but also demonstrate the potential and need for expansion. Most of the Brazilian food banks has commercial establishments as their largest donor partners and have fruits and vegetables as their most donated items. They mostly complement the feeding of families at social risk and children served by social institutions. Food and nutrition education actions are offered by all the studied units to donor partners and beneficiary institutions and families.

A Preliminary Evaluation of the Kidney Function of Sugarcane Cutters From Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical parameters, markers of kidney function, and skeletal muscle damage in a group of sugarcane cutters during harvesting season. METHODS: Seventeen volunteers were assessed for anthropometrics and cardiorespiratory fitness. Blood and urine samples were collected 48-hours after the last work session. Blood was analyzed for glucose, creatine kinase, cholesterol, and a complete hemogram. Urine and blood samples were also analyzed for markers related to kidney function. RESULTS: Volunteers were young (26 ±â€Š6 y), had low body fat (13 ±â€Š5%), and good cardiorespiratory fitness (41 ±â€Š6 mL/kg/min). Classical markers of kidney function (eGFR, creatinine, cystatin C) were within the normal range. However, ten volunteers presented elevated resting serum creatine kinase (221 ±â€Š68 U/L). CONCLUSION: Manual sugarcane harvesting is associated with sustained skeletal muscle damage which may increase the risk for kidney injury in Brazilian sugarcane cutters.

Development of Processes for Recombinant L-Asparaginase II Production by Escherichia coli Bl21 (De3): From Shaker to Bioreactors.

Since 1961, L-asparaginase has been used to treat patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia. It rapidly depletes the plasma asparagine and deprives the blood cells of this circulating amino acid, essential for the metabolic cycles of cells. In the search for viable alternatives to produce L-asparaginase, this work aimed to produce this enzyme from Escherichia coli in a shaker and in a 3 L bioreactor. Three culture media were tested: defined, semi-defined and complex medium. L-asparaginase activity was quantified using the ß-hydroxamate aspartic acid method. The defined medium provided the highest L-asparaginase activity. In induction studies, two inducers, lactose and its analog IPTG, were compared. Lactose was chosen as an inducer for the experiments conducted in the bioreactor due to its natural source, lower cost and lower toxicity. Batch and fed-batch cultures were carried out to reach high cell density and then start the induction. Batch cultivation provided a final cell concentration of 11 g L-1 and fed-batch cultivation produced 69.90 g L-1 of cells, which produced a volumetric activity of 43,954.79 U L-1 after lactose induction. L-asparaginase was produced in a shaker and scaled up to a bioreactor, increasing 23-fold the cell concentration and thus, the enzyme productivity.

Interferences that impact measuring optimal L-asparaginase activity and consequent errors interpreting these data.

L-asparaginase is an enzyme produced by microorganisms, plants, and animals, which is used clinically for the treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and, in the food industry, to control acrylamide formation in baked foods. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the available literature regarding microbial sources of L-asparaginase, culture media used to achieve maximum enzyme expression in microbial fermentations, and assay methods employed to assess L-asparaginase activity. Studies were gathered by searching PubMed, and Web of Science databases before January 22, 2018, with no time restrictions. The articles were evaluated according to the source of L-asparaginase being studied, the nitrogen source in the culture medium, the type of sample, and the method employed to evaluate L-asparaginase activity. Bacterial L-asparaginase appeared to be the most commonly studied source of the enzyme and, most often, the enzyme activity was assayed from crude protein extracts using the Nessler method, which is an indirect measurement of asparaginase activity that determines the concentration of ammonia generated after the action of the enzyme on the substrate, L-asparagine. However, ammonia is also generated throughout microbial fermentations and this endogenous ammonia will also reduce the Nessler reagent if crude microbial extracts are used to determine total L-asparaginase activity. We suggest that current estimates of L-asparaginase activity reported in the literature may be overestimated when Nessler reagent is used, since we were unable to find a single study that made reference to the possible inference of fermentation derived ammonia.

Percepção de autoeficácia docente: um estudo sobre as experiências de universitários de Educação Física / Perception of teaching self-efficacy: A study about the experiences of Physical Education college

A autoeficácia docente pode ser definida como as crenças em suas próprias capacidades para mediar o processo de ensino e aprendizagem, mesmo nas situações de aula mais difíceis, de modo a facilitar o aprendizado dos alunos. Através do estudo quantitativo de caráter descritivo, analisou-se a percepção de autoeficácia docente de universitários do curso de Licenciatura em Educação Física. Para tanto, utilizou-se uma escala de autoeficácia docente, aplicada a um grupo de 279 licenciandos no curso, pertencentes a duas universidades públicas do Estado de Santa Catarina. Para verificar o nível de autoeficácia docente em relação às experiências dos universitários, pondo em comparação as duas universidades investigadas, fez-se uso do teste não paramétrico Kruskal-Wallis para mais de dois grupos, pois não se encontrou normalidade na distribuição dos resíduos das variáveis em questão. Todas as análises foram realizadas com o auxílio do programa estatístico SPSS Statistics, versão 23.0, considerando-se o nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados indicaram que os universitários iniciam a formação com um nível de autoeficácia docente elevado e que as experiências obtidas no ambiente de estágio obrigatório contribuem para uma maior percepção na dimensão intencionalidade docente, do mesmo modo que as experiências prévias no esporte colaboram para elevar essa mesma percepção nos espaços investigados. Conclui-se que as experiências adquiridas no contexto dos esportes, antes da entrada formativa, e as experiências diretas de prática nos estágios, contribuem para uma percepção de autoeficácia docente, com destaque para os universitários em formação inicial....(AU)

Teaching self-effi cacy can be defi ned as beliefs in their own capacities to mediate the teaching and learning process, even in the most diffi cult classroom situations, in order to facilitate student learning.Through the quantitative study of descriptive character, the perception of self-effi cacy of university students of the undergraduate degree in Physical Education was analyzed. A self-effi cacy scale of teacherswas applied to a group of 279 students of the course, belonging to two public universities in the State of Santa Catarina. To verify the level of teacher's self-effi cacy in relation to the university students' experiences,comparing the two universities investigated, the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test was used for more than two groups, as it was not found normal in the distribution of residues of the variables in question. All analyzes were performed with the aid of the statistical program SPSS Statistics, version 23.0, considering the level of signifi cance of 5%. The results indicated that university students begin training with a high level of self-effi cacy and that the experiences obtained in the compulsory internship environment contribute to a greater perception in the dimension of teacher intentions, just as previous experiences in the sport collaborate to raise the same perception in the spaces investigated. It is concluded that the experiences acquired in the context of sports, before the formative entrance, and the direct experiences of practice in the stages, contribute to a perception of teacher self-effi cacy, with emphasis on the university students in initial formation....(AU)

Ceramic Laminate Veneers for Reestablishment of Esthetics in Case of Lateral Incisor Agenesis.

The increasing demand of patients looking for esthetics has resulted in the development of several techniques to restore anterior teeth. Conservative treatments should always be the first therapeutic option for the solution of aesthetic problems involving morphological changes and usually provide the result that the patient expects. In this context, ceramic laminate veneers, also known as "contact lenses," are capable to provide an extremely faithful reproduction of natural teeth with great color stability and periodontal biocompatibility. Minimal or no preparation veneers are heavily advertised as the answer to patients' cosmetic needs, when properly indicated by the dentist. This paper reports a clinical case where lateral incisor agenesis was aesthetically corrected using ceramic laminates.

O brincar como construção racional nas aulas de Educação Física / Construction how to play rational in Physical Education classes / Construcción como jugar racional en clases de Educación Física

O foco principal deste ensaio é a criança, que sente um enorme prazer em "Se-Movimentar". A base desse movimento reside na necessidade natural que ela tem para brincar. Ocorre que a sua tendência natural de "Se-Movimentar" e brincar rapidamente se transforma em atividade social e cultural pela própria apropriação de elementos da cultura e pela indução do meio onde nasce, ocasionada, em parte, pela imposição dos adultos a atividades aceitas e reconhecidas por eles. Finalizamos com a Educação Física, que geralmente não permite às crianças experiências próprias de movimento, brincadeiras e jogos, em favor de um movimento "correto", pré-constituído, ou seja, criado por terceiros, para atender a compromissos futuros de desenvolvimento, permitindo, muitas vezes, uma das experiências mais alienantes e castradoras da liberdade e criatividade humana.

In this essay we bring main focus is the child who always has great pleasure in "Selfmovement". The basis for his "Self- movement" is the natural need of the child to play. It turns out that the natural tendency of " If jogging " and play the child quickly turns into social and cultural activity by the appropriation of elements of the culture and environment that arise by induction, for the most part , by the imposition of adults accepted activities and recognized by them, finalized pointing Physical Education which often do not allow their own experiences children movement , play and for games of a movement "right " pregiven and created by third parties, to meet future development undertakings by often one of the most alienating and castrating experiences of freedom and human creativity.

El objetivo principal de este ensayo es el niño que siente un placer enorme en "Movimentarse". La base de este movimiento radica en la necesidad natural que tiene para jugar. Sucede que su tendencia natural de "Movimentarse" y jugar se convierte rápidamente en actividad social y cultural por la apropiación de elementos culturales y por la inducción del medio donde nació, causada en parte por la imposición de los adultos a actividades aceptadas y reconocidas por ellos. Se concluye con la Educación Física, que por lo general no permite a los niños experiencias propias de movimiento y juegos a favor de un movimiento "derecho", pre-constituido, creado por otros para responder a los compromisos de desarrollo futuro, permitiendo, a menudo, una de las experiencias más alienantes y castradoras de la libertad y la creatividad humana.

Outcomes of infective endocarditis in the current era: Early predictors of a poor prognosis.

BACKGROUND: The early identification of patients at risk of complications of infective endocarditis (IE) using parameters obtained as part of routine practice is essential for guiding clinical decision-making. This study aimed to identify a parameter at hospital admission that predicts the outcome, adding value to other well-known factors of a poor prognosis in IE. METHODS: Two hundred and three patients with IE were included in this study. Clinical evaluation, echocardiography, blood cultures, and routine laboratory tests were performed at hospital admission. The endpoint was in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 48.2±16.6 years; 62% were male and 38% had rheumatic heart disease. During treatment, cardiac surgery was performed in 111 patients (55%), and the overall in-hospital mortality rate was 32%. In the multivariable analysis, the independent predictors of death were age (odds ratio (OR) 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-1.13), C-reactive protein (CRP) at hospital admission (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.04-1.21), length of the vegetation at diagnosis (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.03-1.28), development of heart failure (OR 6.43, 95% CI 2.14-19.33), and embolic events during antimicrobial therapy (OR 12.14, 95% CI 2.11-71.89). CONCLUSIONS: An elevated CRP level at hospital admission and vegetation length at diagnosis were strong predictors of in-hospital mortality in IE, independent of other prognostic parameters, specifically taking into account patient characteristics and complications during therapy.

Assistência à mulher para a humanização do parto e nascimento / Assistance to women for the humanization of chidlbirth and birth

Objetivo: analisar a assistência à mulher para a humanização do parto e nascimento. Método: estudo qualitativo, tipo análise reflexiva, originado na iniciação científica do curso de graduação em enfermagem, mediante as seguintes etapas: busca nas bases de dados; leitura do material selecionado; movimento da práxis analítica da temática; e formulação do material escrito. Resultados: a humanização constitui uma parte integrante para a qualidade da assistência dos indicadores obstétricos, que busca a autonomia da mulher, o seu direito a um parto respeitoso e abolição das intervenções desnecessárias no processo de nascimento. Conclusão: apesar de inúmeros esforços para a implantação da Humanização, ainda constitui uma grande causa a ser mobilizada no país, pois há inúmeras práticas promovidas na atenção ao parto e nascimento, principalmente a episiotomia e a manobra de Kristeller. Desse modo, o estudo contribui para como está sendo realizada a assistência com as mulheres, focalizando os princípios da humanização. Assim, faz-se necessários estudos com o propósito de compreender o processo de implantação da humanização.(AU)

The life trajectory of artistic gymnastics coaches / A trajetória de vida de treinadores de ginástica artística

ABSTRACT The purpouse of this study was to investigate the life trajectory of Gymnastics coaches (GA). A multiple case studiy took place with eight coaches with recognized competence in the youth gymnastics coaching in Santa Catarina state. Data were obtained by combining two techniques of data collection: the Rappaport Time Line (RTL) and semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using the Content Analysis technique. The first gymnastics practice experiences occurred in childhood extending to the life, and sustained by social relations in the family, school and the sport club. Become a gymnastic coach in this study corresponded to a mutual socialization process across a lifetime trough a continuous and compulsive participation these coaches in gymnastics contexts. This process was funded by the social relationships involving an interrelation between practices, meanings and belonging sense, to different communities of pratice linked to gymnastics.

RESUMO Investigou-se a trajetória de vida de treinadores de Ginástica Artística (GA), mediante pesquisa qualitativa, com estudos de caso múltiplos, com oito treinadores na formação de jovens ginastas brasileiros. A coleta foi realizada através do Rappaport Time Line (RTL) e de entrevistas semiestruturadas, e a análise dos dados, por meio da técnica de Análise de Conteúdo. Os resultados evidenciaram que os primeiros contatos com a GA ocorreram na infância, estendendo-se ao longo da vida desses sujeitos, impulsionados pelas relações familiares, pela escola e clube esportivo. Conclui-se que tornar-se treinador de GA decorre da participação direta, contínua e, por vezes, induzida, dos sujeitos na GA ao longo de suas trajetórias. Esse processo fundamenta-se nas relações sociais, envolvendo uma inter-relação entre as práticas, os significados e o senso de pertencimento a diferentes comunidades de prática ligadas à GA.

A informação de mulheres para escolha do processo de nascimento / The information of women for choosing the birth process

Objetivo: discutir, a partir da análise reflexiva, acerca do processo de informação da mulher para a livreescolha do tipo de parto. Método: estudo qualitativo, do tipo análise reflexiva originada na iniciaçãocientífica do curso de graduação em enfermagem, mediante as seguintes etapas: busca nas bases de dados;leitura do material selecionado; movimento da práxis analítica da temática; e formulação do material escrito.Resultados: a informação das mulheres para a escolha do parto se dá pelos profissionais de saúde, da suarede de apoio, seja ela de ordem social ou familiar, além de ser utilizada da internet, com blogs e sitesespecializados em saúde, para a busca de tais informações. Conclusão: a escolha do parto deve pertencer àmulher e a garantia da informação deve ser oferecida para que a mesma avalie as vantagens e desvantagens,com as experiências compartilhadas em cada parto.

As fontes de conhecimento de treinadores de ginástica artística / The sources of knowledge by gymnastics coaches / Las fuentes de conocimiento de entrenadores de gimnasia artística

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as fontes de conhecimento de treinadores de Ginástica Artística (GA) que atuam no estado de Santa Catarina. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas, com oito (8) treinadores experientes, e avaliados por meio de procedimentos de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados indicaram a valorização de diferentes fontes de conheci-mento, com destaque para as experiências como atleta, o compartilhamento de informações e a observação de outros treinadores. Conclui-se que os treinadores de GA buscam diferentes tipos de conhecimento em situações distintas, o que indica o caráter complexo e dinâmico de seu processo de aprendizagem (AU).

The aim of this study was to identify the sources of knowledge by Gymnastics coaches (AG) from Santa Catarina state (Brazil). The data were obtained through semistructured interview with 8 experienced coaches and analyzed through content analysis procedures. The results indicated the recognition of different sources of knowledge high lighting the athlete experi-ences, sharing information and observation of other coaches. Concluded that the AG coaches

El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar las fuentes de conocimiento de entrenadores de Gimnasia Artística (GA) que actúan en la ciudad de Santa Catarina. Los datos fueron obteni-dos a través de entrevistas con 8 entrenadores especialistas en el área y examinados por medio del análisis de contenido. Los resultados indicaron la valoración dediferentes fuentes de co-nocimiento, sobre todo en las prácticas de atletismo, el intercambio de información y la ob-servación de otros entrenadores. Se concluyó que los entrenadores de GA buscan diferentes tipos de conocimiento en diferentes situaciones deaprendizaje, indicando el carácter complejo y dinámico de su proceso de aprendizaje (AU).

As crenças de graduandos em Educação Física sobre o ensino dos esportes / Physical Education student teachers' beliefs about sports teaching / Las creencias de estudiantes de Educación Física acerca de la enseñanza de los deportes

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as crenças de graduandos em Educação Física sobre o ensino dos esportes. Realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa com quatro graduandos do primeiro ano do curso de Educação Física. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, observação sistemática e procedimentos de estimulação de memória. Os resultados indicaram que os graduandos privilegiaram as tarefas de ensino analíticas com ênfase nos aspectos motores, bem como o predomínio de intervenções verbais do tipo prescritivo, avaliativo simples e descritivo. Conclui-se que os graduandos ingressaram na universidade com um conjunto de crenças sobre o ensino que representam estruturas coerentes de ação, semelhantes a modelos de ensino direto(AU)

This study looked into Physical Education student teachers' beliefs about sports teaching. A qualitative study was conducted with four undergraduate students from the first year of PE. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews, systematic observation and memory stimulation procedures. Results indicated that student teachers focused on analytical tasks, with emphasis on motor aspects, and the prevalence of prescriptive, simple evaluative, and descriptive verbal interventions. It concludes that student teachers entered university with a set of beliefs about teaching that represent coherent structures of action, similar to direct teaching models(AU)

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar las creencias de estudiantes de Educación Física acerca de la enseñanza de los deportes. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa, con cuatro estudiantes del primer año del curso de Educación Física. Los datos se obtuvieron a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, observación sistemática y procedimientos de estimulación de la memoria. Se encontró que los estudiantes privilegiaron las tareas de enseñanza analíticas, con énfasis en los aspectos motores; además, el predominio de las intervenciones verbales de tipo prescriptivo, evaluativo simple y descriptivo, fueron. Se concluye que los estudiantes entraron en la universidad con un conjunto de creencias sobre la enseñanza del deporte, las que representan estructuras coherentes de acción, similares a los modelos de enseñanza directa(AU)

In the interface of caesalpinioids and mimosoids: Comparative floral development elucidates shared characters in Dimorphandra mollis and Pentaclethra macroloba (Leguminosae).

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Pentaclethra and Dimorphandra (Leguminosae) have long been considered a possible enigmatic link between caesalpinioids and mimosoids because they both have an imbricate calyx and heteromorphic androecium, floral features that are rare among mimosoids but common among caesalpinioids. This study compared the developing flowers of Dimorphandra mollis and Pentaclethra macroloba to determine whether the shared floral conditions also have the same ontogenetic origin. METHODS: Buds of different sizes and flowers were processed for surface (scanning electron microscopy) and histological (light microscopy) examination. KEY RESULTS: The floral meristem initiates five sepal primordia in a modified helical order in both species. The median sagittal sepal is adaxial. The overlap of the sepals during elongation culminates with the formation of the imbricate calyx. Heteromorphic androecia arise in the intermediate stages of development. In P. macroloba, the fertile pollen-bearing stamens are antesepalous, robust and short, and the anthers carry a robust apical gland; the staminodes are long and white with a vestigial apical gland. In contrast, in D. mollis the fertile pollen-bearing stamens are antepetalous without glands and as long as the staminodes. The staminodes are thinner with an expanded apical region. CONCLUSIONS: The imbricate calyx and the heteromorphic androecium in the studied species originated via distinct pathways, favoring the hypothesis of homoplasy of these conditions. The pathways observed in P. macroloba are more similar to those observed in caesalpinioids than to those observed in mimosoids, indicating that although the floral development differs between the species studied, it supports the basal placement of Pentaclethra among mimosoids.

Fontes de autoeficácia docente de universitários de educação física / Sources of self-efficacy of pre-service teachers in physical education

RESUMO Este estudo analisa as fontes de autoeficácia docente de universitários em Educação Física. Foram empregados procedimentos de pesquisa qualitativa de caráter descritivo-diagnóstico. Os dados foram obtidos através de entrevista semiestruturada, baseada nos instrumentos: escala de autoeficácia docente e escala de fontes de autoeficácia docente, com 7 universitários da última fase do curso de licenciatura em Educação Física de uma universidade pública no Estado de Santa Catarina. Para a análise dos casos múltiplos, utilizou-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo, que consiste, primeiramente, na transcrição e descrição de cada caso individualmente, seguida do cruzamento e confronto das informações dos casos. Os resultados mostraram que as fontes de autoeficácia, referentes ao manejo de classe, foram: experiência de domínio (6), persuasão social (5) e vicária (4). Sobre a intencionalidade docente, as fontes mais citadas foram: experiências vicárias (7), persuasão social (7) e domínio (6). Especificamente sobre a intencionalidade docente, os universitários mencionaram uma maior diversidade de situações de autoeficácia frente ao manejo de classe. Conclui-se que a observação e a persuasão social foram as fontes de autoeficácia consensualmente valorizadas pelos universitários. Essas situações foram proporcionadas pela universidade nos estágios obrigatórios, observando e recebendo orientações dos professores da universidade e dos professores da escola.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to analyze the sources of self-efficacy of pre-service teachers in physical education. Were employed qualitative research procedures and the data were collected through semistructured interview with 7 pre-service teachers in Physical Education from a public university. For the analysis of multiple cases was used the content analysis technique, which consists, first, in transcription and description of each case individually, then crossing and confrontation of information for all cases. The results showed that the sources of self-efficacy for the class management were the mastery experiences (6), social persuasion (5) and vicarious (4). About the teaching intentionality, the most cited sources were the vicarious experiences (7), social persuasion (7) and the mastery experiences (6). Specifically on teaching intentionality, the pre-service teachers mentioned more variety of situations of self-efficacy when compared to the management class. The observation and social persuasion were the sources of self-efficacy commonly valued by students. These situations were provided in the required stages, watching and getting supervision from teachers at the University and teachers from school.