Antimicrobial activity of Tetradenia riparialeaf essential oil / Actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de hoja de Tetradenia riparia

Food spoilage is a widely neglected problem and the constant use of synthetic fungicides could develop resistant fungi. The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Tetradenia riparialeaf essential oil against foodborne disease microorganisms. Leaf essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The antimicrobial activity was studied by broth microdilution. The major compounds identified were oxygenated sesquiterpenes (43.6%): 14-hydroxy-9-epi-(E)-cariophylene (20.8%) and τ-cadinol (18.4%); followed by oxygenated diterpenes (24.6%): 6,7-dehydroroyleanone (12.6%) and 9ß, 13ß-epoxy-7-abiethene (10.6%); sesquiterpenic hydrocarbons (17.1%) and oxygenated monoterpenes (7.4%): fenchone (5.6%). The essential oil had broad antibacterial and antifungal activity, mainly against A. versicolor and P. ochrochloron with fungistatic and fungicidal activities and B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, and S. aureuswith bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities. T. riparialeaf essential oil is a potential alternative to control microorganisms-

El deterioro de los alimentos es un problema ampliamente desatendido y el uso constante de fungicidas sintéticos podría desarrollar hongos resistentes. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la composición química y la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de hoja de Tetradenia riparia contra microorganismos patógenos transmitidos por los alimentos. El aceite esencial de hoja se obtuvo por hidrodestilación y se identificó mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. La actividad antimicrobiana estudiada fue por microdilución en caldo. Los compuestos principales del aceite esencial se identificaron como sesquiterpenos oxigenados (43,6%): 14-hidroxi-9-epi-(E)-cariofileno (20,8%) y τ-cadinol (18,4%); seguido de diterpenos oxigenados (24,6%): 6-7-deshidroroileanona (12,6%) y 9ß, 13ß-epoxi-7-abieteno (10,6%); hidrocarburos sesquiterpénicos (17,1%) y monoterpenos oxigenados (7,4%): fenchona (5,6%). Tenía amplia actividad antibacteriana y antifúngica, principalmente contra A. versicolor y P. ochrochloron con actividades fungistáticas y fungicidas, y principalmente contra B. cereus, L. monocytogenes y S. aureus con actividades bacteriostáticas y bactericidas. El aceite esencial de hoja de T. riparia es una alternativa potencial para controlar microorganismos.

Pachira aquatica (Malvaceae): An unconventional food plant with food, technological, and nutritional potential to be explored.

Pachira aquatica (Malvaceae) is an unconventional food plant (UFP) native to Mexico and found all over Brazil, where it is commonly known as monguba. It has an arboreal shape, exotic flowers, and a fruit similar to cocoa with several seeds. Although its main application is in urban ornamentation and folk medicine, monguba's fruit has a great potential for use in the food, pharmacology, cosmetic, and bioenergy industry, mainly due to its oil's characteristics. This review aims to compile the nutritional composition, bioactive and antioxidant activities, and technological and nutritional potential of monguba's seed, leaf, and fruit pericarp. It reviews studies of different databases between January 2018 and October 2021. Monguba seeds are rich in lipids, proteins, and minerals; the bark is rich in fiber; and all parts of the fruit have bioactive compounds. Discussing the use of UFP is a way of finding new alternative food sources, usually discarded, offering products with high nutritional value allied to technological and consumption potential, such as the monguba fruit.

Crude extract of the tropical tree Gallesia integrifolia (Phytolaccaceae) for the control of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae / Extracto crudo del árbol tropical Gallesia integrifolia (Phytolaccaceae) para el control de larvas de Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Introduction: Phytoinsecticides are alternatives to control insects in different stages, Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms, Phytolacaceae family, popularly known as pau d'alho, garlic tree, and guararema in Brazil, is known due to its strong alliaceous odor because of the presence of sulfur molecules in the plant. This species presents biological activity and potential insecticide effect that is still unexploited. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the biological activity of the ethanolic crude extract from G. integrifolia leaves, flowers, and fruits on the control of Aedes aegypti third-stage larvae and pupae. Methods: The botanical material was collected in city Umuarama, Paraná, Brazil at the coordinates (23º46'16" S & 53º19'38" WO), and altitude of 442 m, the fruits of G. integrifolia were collected in May and the leaves and flowers in December 2017. The crude extracts of G. integrifolia leaves, flowers, and fruits were prepared by dynamic maceration technique. The chemical composition of the extracts was determined by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometry. The insecticidal activity of the crude extracts of G. integrifolia were carried out on larvae and pupae of A. aegypti in concentrations between 0.001 to 25 000 mg/mL, and afterwards the lethal concentrations that kill 50 % (LC50) and 99.9 % (LC99.9) were determined by probit analysis. Anticholinesterase activity was determined by bioautographic method at concentrations from 0.000095 to 50 mg/mL. Results: The yield of G. integrifolia crude extracts were 8.2, 9.1, and 17.3 % for flowers, fruits, and leaves, respectively. The chemical composition of G. integrifolia extracts was characterized by presence of fatty acid esters, phytosterols, vitamins, oxygenated diterpenes and organosulfur compounds. The flower extract presented the high amount of sulfur compounds (20.2 %) such as disulfide, bis (2-sulfhydryl ethyl) (11.9 %), 2,3,5-trithiahexane (6.2 %), 1,2,4-trithiolane (1.1 %), and 2,4-dithiapentane (1.1 %). Regarding the insecticidal activity, flower extract showed highly active with LC99.9 of 0.032 mg/mL and LC99.9 of 0.969 mg/mL on A. aegypti larvae and pupae, respectively, and the highest inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme (0.00019 mg/mL) ex situ. The flower extract presented anticholinesterase and larvicide activity, respectively, 12.8 % and 35.6 % greater than the control temephos. Conclusions: This study opens new perspectives on the use of extracts from G. integrifolia as a bioinsecticide alternative for the control of A. aegypti larvae and pupae.

Introducción: Los fitoinsecticidas son alternativas para el control de insectos en diferentes etapas, Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms, familia Phytolacaceae, conocida popularmente como pau d'alho, árbol de ajo y guararema en Brasil, es conocida por su fuerte olor aliáceo debido a la presencia de moléculas de azufre en la planta. Esta especie presenta actividad biológica y potencial efecto insecticida que aún no está explotado. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la actividad biológica del extracto crudo etanólico de las hojas, flores y frutos de G. integrifolia en el control de las larvas y pupas de la tercera etapa de Aedes aegypti. Métodos: El material botánico fue recolectado en la ciudad de Umuarama, Paraná, Brasil (23º46'16" S & 53º19'38" W), a una altitud de 442 m y los frutos de G. integrifolia fueron recolectados en mayo de 2017 y las hojas y flores en diciembre del mismo año. Los extractos crudos de hojas, flores y frutos de G. integrifolia se prepararon por técnica de maceración dinámica. La composición química de los extractos se determinó por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. La actividad insecticida de los extractos crudos de G. integrifolia fue evaluada en larvas y pupas de A. aegypti en concentraciones entre 0.001 a 25 000 mg/mL, y las concentraciones letales que matan 50 % (CL50) y 99.9 % (CL99.9) de larvas fueron determinados por análisis de probit. La actividad anticolinesterasa fue evaluada por método bioautográfico en concentraciones de 0.000095 a 50 mg/mL. Resultados: El rendimiento de los extractos crudos de G. integrifolia fue de 8.2, 9.1 y 17.3 % para flores, frutos y hojas, respectivamente. La composición química de los extractos de G. integrifolia se caracterizó por la presencia de ésteres de ácidos grasos, fitosteroles, vitaminas, diterpenos oxigenados y compuestos organosulfurados. El extracto de las flores presentó alta cantidad de compuestos de azufre (20.2 %) como disulfuro, bis(2-sulfhidril etilo) (11.9 %), 2,3,5-tritiahexano (6.2 %), 1,2,4-tritiolano (1.1 %) y 2,4-ditiapentano (1.1 %). En relación con la actividad insecticida, el extracto de las flores mostró una gran actividad con CL99.9 de 0.032 mg/mL y CL99.9 de 0.969 mg/mL en larvas y pupas de A. aegypti, respectivamente, y la inhibición más alta de la enzima acetilcolinesterasa (0.00019 mg/mL) ex situ. El extracto de las flores presentó actividad anticolinesterasa y larvicida, 12.8 y 35.6 %, respectivamente, mayor que el control temephos. Conclusiones: Este estudio abre nuevas perspectivas sobre el uso de extractos de G. integrifolia como alternativa bioinsecticida para el control de larvas y pupas de A. aegypti.

Substratum formulation for laccase and mycelial biomass production of Pleurotus ostreatus / Formulação de substratos na produção de biomassa micelial e de lacase de Pleurotus ostreatus

Pleurotus ostreatus is a producer of biomass and laccase, an enzyme used in fermentation processes for the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrate, with potential use in biofuel production and animal feed. Thus, there is a need to seek more appropriate regional substrate for the production of mycelial biomass and laccase. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of physical and chemical characteristics of agro-industrial byproducts in a substratum formulation for the mycelial growth and laccase production by P. ostreatus. The experiment was conducted with the milled raw materials: soy fiber, wheat bran, rice bran, corn grain and corn cob that were separated according to size and analyzed for carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio. Mycelial growth was evaluated on substratum in cylindrical tubes of borosilicate. Then laccase production was assessed using a 26-2 fractional factorial design with the variables: raw material granulometry and addition of minerals (copper, zinc, iron, cadmium and magnesium) in the substrate. The production of laccase was determined by oxidation of ABTS (2,2-bisazin-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid). The results indicate that the most important factor for mycelial growth is the holding capacity of oxygen in the substratum. For mycelial growth of P. ostreatus the corn cob and wheat bran are the best components for the substrate. The other ra

Pleurotus ostreatus é um produtor de biomassa e lacase, enzima utilizada em processos fermentativos para a hidrólise de substratos lignocelulósicos, com potencial de utilização na produção de biocombustíveis e na alimentação animal. Desta forma, há a necessidade de buscar substratos regionais mais apropriados para a produção de biomassa micelial e de lacase. Assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito das características físico-químicas de subprodutos da agroindústria na formulação de substratos para o crescimento micelial e a produção de lacase por P. ostreatus. O experimento foi realizado com as matérias-primas: fibra de soja, farelo de trigo, farelo de arroz, grãos de milho e sabugo de milho que foram separadas em função da granulometria e analisadas quanto à relação carbono/nitrogênio (C/N). O crescimento micelial foi avaliado em meio de cultivo sólido particulado em tubos cilíndricos de borosilicato. Em seguida a produção de lacase foi avaliada utilizando um planejamento fatorial fracionário 26-2 com as variáveis: granulometria do meio de cultivo e adição de minerais (cobre, zinco, ferro, cádmio e magnésio) no meio de cultivo. A produção de lacase foi determinada pela oxidação do ABTS (ácido 2,2-azino-bis-(3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfônico). Os resultados indicam que o fator mais importante para o crescimento micelial é a capacidade de retenção de oxigênio do meio

Substratum formulation for laccase and mycelial biomass production of Pleurotus ostreatus / Formulação de substratos na produção de biomassa micelial e de lacase de Pleurotus ostreatus

Pleurotus ostreatus is a producer of biomass and laccase, an enzyme used in fermentation processes for the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrate, with potential use in biofuel production and animal feed. Thus, there is a need to seek more appropriate regional substrate for the production of mycelial biomass and laccase. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of physical and chemical characteristics of agro-industrial byproducts in a substratum formulation for the mycelial growth and laccase production by P. ostreatus. The experiment was conducted with the milled raw materials: soy fiber, wheat bran, rice bran, corn grain and corn cob that were separated according to size and analyzed for carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio. Mycelial growth was evaluated on substratum in cylindrical tubes of borosilicate. Then laccase production was assessed using a 26-2 fractional factorial design with the variables: raw material granulometry and addition of minerals (copper, zinc, iron, cadmium and magnesium) in the substrate. The production of laccase was determined by oxidation of ABTS (2,2-bisazin-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid). The results indicate that the most important factor for mycelial growth is the holding capacity of oxygen in the substratum. For mycelial growth of P. ostreatus the corn cob and wheat bran are the best components for the substrate. The other ra

Pleurotus ostreatus é um produtor de biomassa e lacase, enzima utilizada em processos fermentativos para a hidrólise de substratos lignocelulósicos, com potencial de utilização na produção de biocombustíveis e na alimentação animal. Desta forma, há a necessidade de buscar substratos regionais mais apropriados para a produção de biomassa micelial e de lacase. Assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito das características físico-químicas de subprodutos da agroindústria na formulação de substratos para o crescimento micelial e a produção de lacase por P. ostreatus. O experimento foi realizado com as matérias-primas: fibra de soja, farelo de trigo, farelo de arroz, grãos de milho e sabugo de milho que foram separadas em função da granulometria e analisadas quanto à relação carbono/nitrogênio (C/N). O crescimento micelial foi avaliado em meio de cultivo sólido particulado em tubos cilíndricos de borosilicato. Em seguida a produção de lacase foi avaliada utilizando um planejamento fatorial fracionário 26-2 com as variáveis: granulometria do meio de cultivo e adição de minerais (cobre, zinco, ferro, cádmio e magnésio) no meio de cultivo. A produção de lacase foi determinada pela oxidação do ABTS (ácido 2,2-azino-bis-(3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfônico). Os resultados indicam que o fator mais importante para o crescimento micelial é a capacidade de retenção de oxigênio do meio

Antioxidant Activity of Agaricus brasiliensis Basidiocarps on Different Maturation Phases.

Different maturation phases of basidiocarp could affect the bioactivity and concentration of some active substances. A. brasiliensis Wasser et al. (A. blazei Murrill) has shown antitumor activity that could be related to the antioxidant activity. However there is no information of the best basidiocarp maturation phase for extracting antioxidant substances in order to determine the moment of harvesting in mushroom cultivation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of A. brasiliensis strains on different basidiocarp maturation phases. The best condition for extraction of A. brasiliensis antioxidants is with methanol as solvent at 60 °C for 60 min. Strains with closed basidiocarp have higher antioxidant activity than with opened basidiocarp. Antioxidant activity varies in each strain. It was concluded that A. brasiliensis is a natural source of antioxidant compounds. Also there is higher antioxidant activity in closed than opened caps and consequently higher functional activity. It reinforces the synergic action among different A. brasiliensis compounds as a functional food and the importance of further investigation for isolation and characterization of antioxidant substances of A. brasiliensis. It also determines the best harvest period in order to obtain the highest antioxidant activity from basidiocarp.

Low carbon/nitrogen ratio increases laccase production from basidiomycetes in solid substrate cultivation

Basidiomycetes are laccase producers used for hydrolysis of lignocellulosic byproducts in fermentative processes and could be used on biofuel production or ruminant feeding. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of concentrations of non-protein nitrogen sources on laccase production and mycelial growth of Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinula edodes and Agaricus blazei. The fungi were grown on soybean hulls to which urea (U), ammonium sulfate (AS) or mixture of AS:U (1:1) were added to achieve carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios of 5, 15, 20 or 30. The average longitudinal mycelial growth was measured and laccase activity was determined by the oxidation of 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid. Higher C/N ratios increased mycelial growth and decreased laccase production. The highest activities were obtained with a C/N ratio of 5. P. ostreatus, L. edodes and A. blazei produced more laccase when AS, AS:U and U, respectively, were added. In addition, C/N ratios lower than 30 induced laccase syntheses, inhibited mycelial growth and were a better condition for pre-hydrolysis of plant residues.

Basidiomicetos são produtores de lacases utilizadas na hidrólise de subprodutos lignocelulósicos em processos fermentativos e pode ser utilizado na produção de biocombustíveis ou na alimentação de ruminantes. Avaliou-se o efeito da adição de fontes e concentrações de nitrogênio não-protéico na produção de lacase e no crescimento micelial de Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinula edodes e Agaricus blazei. Os fungos foram cultivados em cascas de soja com adição de uréia (U), sulfato de amônio (AS) ou AS:U (1:1) de forma a manter a relação carbono/ nitrogênio (C/N) de 5, 15, 20 ou 30. O crescimento micelial longitudinal médio foi medido, e a atividade da lacase foi determinada pela oxidação do ácido 2,2'-azino-bis-3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfônico. O crescimento micelial foi diretamente proporcional à relação C/N, enquanto a atividade de lacase foi inversamente proporcional. Os maiores valores de atividade foram obtidos para a relação C/N de 5. As melhores fontes de N para a produção de lacase por P. ostreatus, L. edodes e A. blazei foram, respectivamente, AS, AS:U e U. Relações C/N menores que 30 induziram a síntese de lacase e inibiram o crescimento micelial, proporcionando condições ideais para a pré-hidrólise de resíduos vegetais.

Chemical characterization of Lippia alba essential oil: an alternative to control green molds

The essential oil of Lippia alba is reported as an antifungal against human pathogenic microorganisms but few articles report its use as an alternative to synthetic fungicides on green mould control. The objective of this study was to determine chemical characteristics of L. alba essential oil and its antifungal activity against green molds as an alternative to synthetic fungicides. Essential oil was extracted by Clevenger hydrodistillation, characterized by GC-MS analysis, and the structure of the main compounds confirmed by ¹H and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Microdilution assays evaluated the essential oil minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). Commercial fungicides Ketoconazole and Bifonazole were used as control. Essential oil yield is of 0.15% and the major components are neral (33.32%) and geranial (50.94%). The L. alba essential oil has MIC of 0.300-1.250 mg/mL and MFC of 0.600-1.250 mg/mL. Ketoconazole and Bifonazole show MIC ranging from 0.025-0.500 to 0.100-0.200 mg/mL, and MFC ranging from 0.250-0.100 to 0.200-0.250 mg/mL, respectively. L. alba essential oil is classified as citral type and the results indicate that it is a potential alternative to synthetic fungicides.

Production flush of Agaricus blazei on Brazilian casing layers

This study aimed to verify the biological efficiency and production flushes of Agaricus blazei strains on different casing layers during 90 cultivation days. Four casing layers were used: mixture of subsoil and charcoal (VCS), lime schist (LSC), São Paulo peat (SPP) and Santa Catarina peat (SCP); and two genetically distant A. blazei strains. The fungus was grown in composted substratum and, after total colonization, a pasteurized casing layer was added over the substratum, and fructification was induced. Mushrooms were picked up daily when the basidiocarp veil was stretched, but before the lamella were exposed. The biological efficiency (BE) was determined by the fresh basidiocarp mass divided by the substratum dry mass, expressed in percentage. The production flushes were also determined over time production. The BE and production flushes during 90 days were affected by the strains as well as by the casing layers. The ABL26 and LSC produced the best BE of 60.4%. Although VCS is the most used casing layer in Brazil, it is inferior to other casing layers, for all strains, throughout cultivation time. The strain, not the casing layer, is responsible for eventual variations of the average mushroom mass. In average, circa 50% of the mushroom production occurs around the first month, 30% in the second month, and 20% in third month. The casing layer water management depends on the casing layer type and the strain. Production flush responds better to water reposition, mainly with ABL26, and better porosity to LSC and SCP casing layers.

Antioxidant activity of Agaricus brasiliensis basidiocarps on different maturation phases

Different maturation phases of basidiocarp could affect the bioactivity and concentration of some active substances. A. brasiliensis Wasser et al.(A. blazei Murrill) has shown antitumor activity that could be related to the antioxidant activity. However there is no information of the best basidiocarp maturation phase for extracting antioxidant substances in order to determine the moment of harvesting in mushroom cultivation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of A. brasiliensis strains on different basidiocarp maturation phases. The best condition for extraction of A. brasiliensis antioxidants is with methanol as solvent at 60 ºC for 60 min. Strains with closed basidiocarp have higher antioxidant activity than with opened basidiocarp. Antioxidant activity varies in each strain. It was concluded that A. brasiliensis is a natural source of antioxidant compounds. Also there is higher antioxidant activity in closed than opened caps and consequently higher functional activity. It reinforces the synergic action among different A. brasiliensis compounds as a functional food and the importance of further investigation for isolation and characterization of antioxidant substances of A. brasiliensis. It also determines the best harvest period in order to obtain the highest antioxidant activity from basidiocarp.

Low carbon/nitrogen ratio increases laccase production from basidiomycetes in solid substrate cultivation

Basidiomycetes are laccase producers used for hydrolysis of lignocellulosic byproducts in fermentative processes and could be used on biofuel production or ruminant feeding. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of concentrations of non-protein nitrogen sources on laccase production and mycelial growth of Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinula edodes and Agaricus blazei. The fungi were grown on soybean hulls to which urea (U), ammonium sulfate (AS) or mixture of AS:U (1:1) were added to achieve carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios of 5, 15, 20 or 30. The average longitudinal mycelial growth was measured and laccase activity was determined by the oxidation of 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid. Higher C/N ratios increased mycelial growth and decreased laccase production. The highest activities were obtained with a C/N ratio of 5. P. ostreatus, L. edodes and A. blazei produced more laccase when AS, AS:U and U, respectively, were added. In addition, C/N ratios lower than 30 induced laccase syntheses, inhibited mycelial growth and were a better condition for pre-hydrolysis of plant residues.

Basidiomicetos são produtores de lacases utilizadas na hidrólise de subprodutos lignocelulósicos em processos fermentativos e pode ser utilizado na produção de biocombustíveis ou na alimentação de ruminantes. Avaliou-se o efeito da adição de fontes e concentrações de nitrogênio não-protéico na produção de lacase e no crescimento micelial de Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinula edodes e Agaricus blazei. Os fungos foram cultivados em cascas de soja com adição de uréia (U), sulfato de amônio (AS) ou AS:U (1:1) de forma a manter a relação carbono/ nitrogênio (C/N) de 5, 15, 20 ou 30. O crescimento micelial longitudinal médio foi medido, e a atividade da lacase foi determinada pela oxidação do ácido 2,2'-azino-bis-3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfônico. O crescimento micelial foi diretamente proporcional à relação C/N, enquanto a atividade de lacase foi inversamente proporcional. Os maiores valores de atividade foram obtidos para a relação C/N de 5. As melhores fontes de N para a produção de lacase por P. ostreatus, L. edodes e A. blazei foram, respectivamente, AS, AS:U e U. Relações C/N menores que 30 induziram a síntese de lacase e inibiram o crescimento micelial, proporcionando condições ideais para a pré-hidrólise de resíduos vegetais.

Tratamentos térmicos do calxisto para uso como camada de cobertura no cultivo de Agaricus brasiliensis

Casing layer choice is one of the most important phases on Agaricus brasiliensis cultivation. Besides the importance of it few studies report the use of different heat treatments to control the microbiota in alternative casing layers. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of pasteurized or autoclaved lime schist as an alternative casing layer on A. brasiliensis cultivation. The fungus was previously grown on wheat grains and transferred to a substratum previously composted. After substratum mycelium colonization a pasteurized or autoclaved lime schist casing layer was added on. It was evaluated the biological efficiency, the number and mass of produced mushroom and the production flush along cultivation. It was concluded that autoclaved lime schist casing layer decreases period of production, biological efficiency, number and mass of cultivated mushrooms. However pasteurized lime schist casing layer is the most efficient on A. brasiliensis cultivation.

A escolha da camada de cobertura é uma das mais importantes etapas do cultivo de Agaricus brasiliensis. Apesar dessa importância, poucos estudos relatam o uso de diferentes tratamentos térmicos para o controle da microbiota em camadas de cobertura alternativas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da pasteurização e da autoclavagem do material alternativo calxisto para utilização como camada de cobertura no cultivo de A. brasiliensis. O fungo foi inicialmente crescido em grãos de trigo e transferido para meio de cultivo previamente compostado. Após a completa colonização, a camada de cobertura (calxisto) pasteurizada ou autoclavada foi adicionada. Avaliaram-se a eficiência biológica, o número e a biomassa de cogumelos produzidos e o fluxo de produção. Concluiu-se que a camada de cobertura com calxisto autoclavado reduzem o tempo de produção, a eficiência biológica e o número e a biomassa de cogumelos cultivados. Entretanto, a camada de cobertura com o calxisto pasteurizado é a mais eficiente para o cultivo de A. brasiliensis.

Tratamentos térmicos do calxisto para uso como camada de cobertura no cultivo de Agaricus brasiliensis

Casing layer choice is one of the most important phases on Agaricus brasiliensis cultivation. Besides the importance of it few studies report the use of different heat treatments to control the microbiota in alternative casing layers. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of pasteurized or autoclaved lime schist as an alternative casing layer on A. brasiliensis cultivation. The fungus was previously grown on wheat grains and transferred to a substratum previously composted. After substratum mycelium colonization a pasteurized or autoclaved lime schist casing layer was added on. It was evaluated the biological efficiency, the number and mass of produced mushroom and the production flush along cultivation. It was concluded that autoclaved lime schist casing layer decreases period of production, biological efficiency, number and mass of cultivated mushrooms. However pasteurized lime schist casing layer is the most efficient on A. brasiliensis cultivation.

A escolha da camada de cobertura é uma das mais importantes etapas do cultivo de Agaricus brasiliensis. Apesar dessa importância, poucos estudos relatam o uso de diferentes tratamentos térmicos para o controle da microbiota em camadas de cobertura alternativas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da pasteurização e da autoclavagem do material alternativo calxisto para utilização como camada de cobertura no cultivo de A. brasiliensis. O fungo foi inicialmente crescido em grãos de trigo e transferido para meio de cultivo previamente compostado. Após a completa colonização, a camada de cobertura (calxisto) pasteurizada ou autoclavada foi adicionada. Avaliaram-se a eficiência biológica, o número e a biomassa de cogumelos produzidos e o fluxo de produção. Concluiu-se que a camada de cobertura com calxisto autoclavado reduzem o tempo de produção, a eficiência biológica e o número e a biomassa de cogumelos cultivados. Entretanto, a camada de cobertura com o calxisto pasteurizado é a mais eficiente para o cultivo de A. brasiliensis.

Tratamentos térmicos do calxisto para uso como camada de cobertura no cultivo de Agaricus brasiliensis

Casing layer choice is one of the most important phases on Agaricus brasiliensis cultivation. Besides the importance of it few studies report the use of different heat treatments to control the microbiota in alternative casing layers. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of pasteurized or autoclaved lime schist as an alternative casing layer on A. brasiliensis cultivation. The fungus was previously grown on wheat grains and transferred to a substratum previously composted. After substratum mycelium colonization a pasteurized or autoclaved lime schist casing layer was added on. It was evaluated the biological efficiency, the number and mass of produced mushroom and the production flush along cultivation. It was concluded that autoclaved lime schist casing layer decreases period of production, biological efficiency, number and mass of cultivated mushrooms. However pasteurized lime schist casing layer is the most efficient on A. brasiliensis cultivation.

A escolha da camada de cobertura é uma das mais importantes etapas do cultivo de Agaricus brasiliensis. Apesar dessa importância, poucos estudos relatam o uso de diferentes tratamentos térmicos para o controle da microbiota em camadas de cobertura alternativas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da pasteurização e da autoclavagem do material alternativo calxisto para utilização como camada de cobertura no cultivo de A. brasiliensis. O fungo foi inicialmente crescido em grãos de trigo e transferido para meio de cultivo previamente compostado. Após a completa colonização, a camada de cobertura (calxisto) pasteurizada ou autoclavada foi adicionada. Avaliaram-se a eficiência biológica, o número e a biomassa de cogumelos produzidos e o fluxo de produção. Concluiu-se que a camada de cobertura com calxisto autoclavado reduzem o tempo de produção, a eficiência biológica e o número e a biomassa de cogumelos cultivados. Entretanto, a camada de cobertura com o calxisto pasteurizado é a mais eficiente para o cultivo de A. brasiliensis.

Pasteurization of Brazilian peat for Agaricus brasiliensis cultivation / Pasteurização de turfa brasileira para o cultivo de Agaricus brasiliensis

Agaricus brasiliensis is a Brazilian basidiomycete which has been cultivated and consumed around the world as a therapeutic food. Casing layer is one of the most important steps on A. brasiliensis cultivation and European peat is the most used casing layer. Besides the importance of it on mushroom cultivation the peat import could be a risk of exotic organism introduction. Alternative as Brazilian peat is barely used for mushroom growers in Brazil. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate Brazilian peat with and without pasteurization as casing layer on A. brasiliensis cultivation. The fungus was previously grown on wheat grains and transferred to a substratum prepared by composted traditional method. After mycelium colonization of the substratum a pasteurized or non pasteurized Brazilian peat (casing layer) was added. It was concluded that pasteurization of the casing layer increases in 30% yield after 65 days of cultivation. There is no difference of yield for pasteurized and non pasteurized casing layer until 30 days of cultivation. An increase of flies is observed in non pasteurized casing layer. The production flush is easily perceived with pasteurized casing layer but not with non pasteurized casing layer.

Agaricus brasiliensis é um basidiomiceto originário do Brasil, produzido e consumido mundialmente como alimento terapêutico. A camada de cobertura é uma das mais importantes etapas do cultivo de A. brasiliensis, sendo a turfa européia a mais utilizada para este fim. Apesar da importância deste material no cultivo de cogumelos, a sua importação implica em riscos de introdução de organismos exóticos. Alternativas como a turfa brasileira são pouco exploradas pelos produtores brasileiros. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a turfa brasileira, com e sem pasteurização, como camada de cobertura no cultivo de A. brasiliensis. O fungo foi inicialmente cultivado em grãos de trigo e transferido para o substrato preparado pelo método de compostagem tradicional. Após a completa colonização do substrato, foi adicionada a camada de cobertura (turfa brasileira) pasteurizada ou não pasteurizada. Conclui-se que a pasteurização da camada de cobertura aumenta em 30% a produção de basidiocarpos em 65 dias de cultivo. Para a produção até 30 dias de cultivo não há diferença entre a turfa pasteurizada e não pasteurizada, porém o uso da turfa não pasteurizada aumenta a quantidade de moscas no cultivo e induz a produção de cogumelos de fluxos irregulares ou indefinidos, diferentemente da turfa pasteurizada, que mantém um fluxo de produção regular.

Oxidative enzymes activities from Lentinula edodes on agribusiness substrate / Atividade de enzimas oxidativas do Lentinula edodes em substratos agroindustriais

Basidyomycete Lentinula edodes has its related enzymatic activity mainly on the agribusiness waste kind used as a substrate. The objective of this work was to verify the activity of oxidative enzymes lacase (Lac), lignina peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) of three L. edodes strains, in stationary system, cultivated the 25 ºC, in the absence of light, in substrates wtih 20% of bran of rice, 1% of CaCO3 and 79% of rice husk (CA), eucalyptus sawdust (SE), cassava bagasse (BM) and sugarcane bagasse (BC), adjusted to 60% of humidity. The Lac and MnP activities were bigger in eucalyptus sawdust (SE)  and sugarcane bagasse (BC). The LiP activity was not induced for tested substrates. The rice husk (CA) and cassava bagasse (BM) substrates, although are not adequate to produce Lac or MnP, can be used as additives to increase the porosity, air availability and easy metabolism polysaccharides.

O basidiomiceto Lentinula edodes tem sua atividade enzimática relacionada, principalmente, ao tipo de resíduo agroindustrial utilizado como substrato. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a atividade das enzimas oxidativas lacase (Lac), lignina peroxidase (LiP) e manganês peroxidase (MnP) de três linhagens de L. edodes, em sistema estacionário, cultivadas a 25 ºC, na ausência de luz, em substratos compostos de 20% de farelo de arroz, 1% de CaCO3 e 79% de casca de arroz (CA), serragem de eucalipto (SE), bagaço de mandioca (BM) e bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (BC), ajustados à 60% de umidade. As atividades de Lac e MnP foram maiores nos substratos a base de serragem de eucalipto (SE) e bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (BC). A atividade de LiP não foi induzida pelos substratos testados. Os substratos à base de casca de arroz (CA) e bagaço de mandioca (BM), não se mostraram adequados na indução da produção de Lac ou MnP, mas podem ser utilizados como aditivos para aumentar a porosidade, disponibilidade de ar e fornecer polissacarídeos de fácil metabolização.

Oxidative enzymes activities from Lentinula edodes on agribusiness substrate / Atividade de enzimas oxidativas do Lentinula edodes em substratos agroindustriais

Basidyomycete Lentinula edodes has its related enzymatic activity mainly on the agribusiness waste kind used as a substrate. The objective of this work was to verify the activity of oxidative enzymes lacase (Lac), lignina peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) of three L. edodes strains, in stationary system, cultivated the 25 ºC, in the absence of light, in substrates wtih 20% of bran of rice, 1% of CaCO3 and 79% of rice husk (CA), eucalyptus sawdust (SE), cassava bagasse (BM) and sugarcane bagasse (BC), adjusted to 60% of humidity. The Lac and MnP activities were bigger in eucalyptus sawdust (SE)  and sugarcane bagasse (BC). The LiP activity was not induced for tested substrates. The rice husk (CA) and cassava bagasse (BM) substrates, although are not adequate to produce Lac or MnP, can be used as additives to increase the porosity, air availability and easy metabolism polysaccharides.

O basidiomiceto Lentinula edodes tem sua atividade enzimática relacionada, principalmente, ao tipo de resíduo agroindustrial utilizado como substrato. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a atividade das enzimas oxidativas lacase (Lac), lignina peroxidase (LiP) e manganês peroxidase (MnP) de três linhagens de L. edodes, em sistema estacionário, cultivadas a 25 ºC, na ausência de luz, em substratos compostos de 20% de farelo de arroz, 1% de CaCO3 e 79% de casca de arroz (CA), serragem de eucalipto (SE), bagaço de mandioca (BM) e bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (BC), ajustados à 60% de umidade. As atividades de Lac e MnP foram maiores nos substratos a base de serragem de eucalipto (SE) e bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (BC). A atividade de LiP não foi induzida pelos substratos testados. Os substratos à base de casca de arroz (CA) e bagaço de mandioca (BM), não se mostraram adequados na indução da produção de Lac ou MnP, mas podem ser utilizados como aditivos para aumentar a porosidade, disponibilidade de ar e fornecer polissacarídeos de fácil metabolização.

Antineoplasic activity of Agaricus brasiliensis basidiocarps on different maturation phases

The fungus Agaricus brasiliensis is a Basidiomycete studied because of its immunomodulation and/or antitumor substances. The objective of this study was to verify the Agaricus brasiliensis antineoplasic activity in vivo on different basidiocarp maturation phases on Sarcoma 180 cells implanted in mice. Sarcoma cells were implanted in mice and after seven days mice were divided in three groups. The first group was treated with saline solution, the second group was treated with closed basidiocarp extract solution and the third group was treated with opened basidiocarp extract solution. After 30 days of being daily orally treated with these three solutions all animals suffered euthanasia, and the splenic index, tumor mass and volume were determined. No significant differences of the tumor growth inhibition in function of the different basidiocarp maturation phases for the Agaricus brasiliensis strain were observed. The in vivo basidiocarp antineoplasic average activity was 89.22%.

Temperature and pH conditions for mycelial growth of Agaricus brasiliensis on axenic cultivation / Condições de temperatura e pH para o crescimento micelial de Agaricus brasiliensis em cultivo axênico

Few studies have been done to determine Agaricus brasiliensis Wasser et al. (A. blazei; A. subrufescens) basic mycelial growth characteristics on axenic cultivation. This study aimed to determine the optimal temperature and initial pH for mycelial growth of A. brasiliensis on malt extract agar medium to develop axenic cultivation techniques. Studied initial pH values for mycelial growth were adjusted to 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 5.5, with HCl, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, with NaOH, and again 7.0 and 8.0, with CaCO3. Studied temperatures for mycelial growth were 22 ºC, 25 ºC, 28 ºC, 31 ºC and 34 ºC. It was concluded that A. brasiliensis can grow in axenic cultivation at temperature range from 22 oC to 34 ºC, with optimal temperature range from 28 oC to 31 ºC and optimal temperature value of 30.5 ºC ± 0.3 ºC. It also grows in initial pH range from 4.0 to 7.0, adjusted with HCl or NaOH but not CaCO3, with optimal initial pH range from 5.5 to 6.0 and optimal initial pH value of 5.56 ± 0.05. Mycelial growth is inhibited with pH of 3.0 or lower, 8.0 or higher, or when CaCO3 is used to adjust pH in the substratum to 7.0 or higher.

Poucos estudos foram desenvolvidos para determinar as condições básicas de crescimento micelial do fungo Agaricus brasiliensis Wasser et al. (A. blazei, A. subrufescens). O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a faixa ótima de temperatura e pH para o crescimento micelial, em agar-extrato-de-malte, de A. brasiliensis, visando o desenvolvimento de técnicas de cultivo axênica. Os valores de pH estudados foram 3,0, 4,0, 5,0 e 5,5, ajustados com HCl, 6,0, 7,0 e 8,0, ajustados com NaOH, e 7,0 e 8,0, ajustados com CaCO3. As temperaturas de crescimento estudadas foram 22 ºC; 25 ºC; 28 ºC; 31 ºC e 34 oC. Concluiu-se que A. brasiliensis cresce em uma faixa de temperatura ótima de 28 oC a 31 ºC, com valor ótimo de temperatura de 30,5 ºC ± 0,3 ºC. A faixa de pH inicial ótimo no substrato é de 5,5 a 6,0 e o valor de pH inicial ótimo é de 5,56 ± 0,05. O crescimento do micélio é inibido com pH de 3,0 ou inferior, 8,0 ou superior, ou quando CaCO3 é utilizado para ajuste do pH para 7,0 ou superior.

Temperature and pH conditions for mycelial growth of Agaricus brasiliensis on axenic cultivation / Condições de temperatura e pH para o crescimento micelial de Agaricus brasiliensis em cultivo axênico

Few studies have been done to determine Agaricus brasiliensis Wasser et al. (A. blazei; A. subrufescens) basic mycelial growth characteristics on axenic cultivation. This study aimed to determine the optimal temperature and initial pH for mycelial growth of A. brasiliensis on malt extract agar medium to develop axenic cultivation techniques. Studied initial pH values for mycelial growth were adjusted to 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 5.5, with HCl, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, with NaOH, and again 7.0 and 8.0, with CaCO3. Studied temperatures for mycelial growth were 22 ºC, 25 ºC, 28 ºC, 31 ºC and 34 ºC. It was concluded that A. brasiliensis can grow in axenic cultivation at temperature range from 22 oC to 34 ºC, with optimal temperature range from 28 oC to 31 ºC and optimal temperature value of 30.5 ºC ± 0.3 ºC. It also grows in initial pH range from 4.0 to 7.0, adjusted with HCl or NaOH but not CaCO3, with optimal initial pH range from 5.5 to 6.0 and optimal initial pH value of 5.56 ± 0.05. Mycelial growth is inhibited with pH of 3.0 or lower, 8.0 or higher, or when CaCO3 is used to adjust pH in the substratum to 7.0 or higher.

Poucos estudos foram desenvolvidos para determinar as condições básicas de crescimento micelial do fungo Agaricus brasiliensis Wasser et al. (A. blazei, A. subrufescens). O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a faixa ótima de temperatura e pH para o crescimento micelial, em agar-extrato-de-malte, de A. brasiliensis, visando o desenvolvimento de técnicas de cultivo axênica. Os valores de pH estudados foram 3,0, 4,0, 5,0 e 5,5, ajustados com HCl, 6,0, 7,0 e 8,0, ajustados com NaOH, e 7,0 e 8,0, ajustados com CaCO3. As temperaturas de crescimento estudadas foram 22 ºC; 25 ºC; 28 ºC; 31 ºC e 34 oC. Concluiu-se que A. brasiliensis cresce em uma faixa de temperatura ótima de 28 oC a 31 ºC, com valor ótimo de temperatura de 30,5 ºC ± 0,3 ºC. A faixa de pH inicial ótimo no substrato é de 5,5 a 6,0 e o valor de pH inicial ótimo é de 5,56 ± 0,05. O crescimento do micélio é inibido com pH de 3,0 ou inferior, 8,0 ou superior, ou quando CaCO3 é utilizado para ajuste do pH para 7,0 ou superior.