Irisin and Cardiometabolic Disorders in Obesity: A Systematic Review.

Background: Overweight and obesity are global health issues, impacting a significant portion of young adults. Obesity is a complex condition influenced by genetics and environmental factors, leading to increased susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. Irisin, a protein derived from the cleavage of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5, may have relationship with these cardiometabolic diseases. Objective: This systematic review aims to examine the relationship between serum irisin levels and obesity, particularly in individuals predisposed to cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: A thorough literature search was conducted in multiple databases, including "Science Direct," "Scopus," "PubMed," and "Lilacs," from July 2020. Inclusion criteria encompassed subjects with metabolic disorders (with or without obesity, BMI ≥30 kg/m2), clinical trials, and observational studies published between 2010 and June 2020. Exclusion criteria were animal studies, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, studies evaluating only healthy subjects, and those investigating disorders beyond cardiometabolic diseases. Results: Out of 151 identified articles, 30 met the inclusion criteria. These studies, published between 2013 and 2020, assessed adults (≥21 years) and included 26 observational studies and 4 clinical trials (n = 7585 subjects). All studies examined irisin's role in obesity and CVDs, often including associated diseases such as type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Despite varying sample sizes, the samples within the articles were homogeneous. Observational studies exhibited a low risk of bias in at least 60% of the evaluated domains. Clinical trials demonstrated a low risk of bias in at least 50% of the domains. Limitations. Although the systematic review provides valuable insights, it is limited by the available literature and the varying methodologies used across studies. Conclusion: The review suggests that irisin plays a significant role as both a preventive measure and a biomarker for comorbidities linked to obesity and cardiometabolic disorders. Future research should focus on standardized irisin measurement methods and diverse populations to further elucidate its mechanisms of action.

Beverages Rich in Resveratrol and Physical Activity Attenuate Metabolic Changes Induced by High-Fat Diet.

Consumption of saturated fat causes deleterious effects on health, which could be minimized through physical activity and foods with functional characteristics consumption. The aim of the study was to evaluate the beverage rich in resveratrol consumption and physical exercise in gut microbiota, body composition, lipid peroxidation, interleukin-6 (IL6) concentration and systolic blood pressure (SBP) of rats to the high-fat diet. Wistar rats were fed with control diet, high-fat diet (HFD), HFD and 15 mL solution of resveratrol, HFD and 15 mL of grape juice, HFD and 10 mL of red wine. All animals performed the physical training protocol five days a week. Grape juice and red wine composition were analyzed, SBP, body mass, consumption, adiposity and body composition, gut microbiota, lipid peroxidation and inflammation were evaluated. The grape juice (114.8 ± 22.5 mmHG) and red wine (129 ± 15.8 mmHg) groups showed lower SBP when compared to HFD (216.8 ± 20.6 mmHg) (p < 0.0001). The grape juice group (GJG) (39.1 ± 7) had a higher number of microbiota bands DNA when compared to the other groups (p = 0.002). The GJG (33.7 ± 6.7 pg/mL) presented lower concentration IL6 when compared to high-fat group (47.3 ± 16 pg/mL) (p = 0.003). GJG (4.7 ± 1.2 nmol/L) presented a lower concentration of TBARS when compared to control group (6.1 ± 1.4 nmol/L) and resveratrol group (6.6 ± 0.9 nmol/L), and the red wine group (7.4 ± 1.2 nmol/L) had a higher concentration of TBARS when compared to control group and GJG (p = 0.0001). The consumption of these beverages, especially grape juice, together with physical exercise, was able to promote beneficial changes even in the presence of a HFD.

Avaliação de risco cardiovascular e síndrome metabólica em mulheres com câncer de mama em uso de tamoxifeno / Evaluation of cardiovascular risk and metabolic syndrome in women with breast cancer using tamoxifen

Introdução: O câncer de mama é o segundo tipo de câncer mais comum no mundo e o mais comum entre as mulheres. Além disso, a doença cardiovascular é a causa mais comum de morte em mulheres. Objetivo: Avaliar os fatores de risco cardiovascular e de síndrome metabólica em mulheres com câncer de mama em uso de tamoxifeno. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com mulheres com diagnóstico prévio de câncer de mama. Para o diagnóstico da síndrome metabólica, foram utilizados os critérios da American Heart Association (2009). O risco cardiovascular foi avaliado pelo escore de risco de Framingham. Resultados: A frequência da síndrome metabólica é de 75% (n=24) dos participantes do estudo. A avaliação do risco cardiovascular mostrou que 18,7% (n=6) e 21,9% (n=7) das participantes apresentavam risco intermediário a alto, respectivamente. Conclusão: Conclui-se que mulheres em tratamento para câncer de mama apresentam alta prevalência de síndrome metabólica e fatores de risco cardiovascular, aumentando a mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares neste grupo.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in the world and the most common type among women. In addition, the cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in women. Objective: The objective was to assess cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome in women with breast cancer using tamoxifen. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted with women with a previous breast cancer diagnosis. For metabolic syndrome diagnosis, the criteria established by the American Heart Association (2009) were used. Cardiovascular risk was assessed using the Framingham Risk Score Results: The frequency of metabolic syndrome is 75% (n=24) of the study participants. The cardiovascular risk assessment showed that 18.7% (n=6) and 21.9% (n=7) of the participants were at intermediate to high risk, respectively Conclusion: It is concluded that women undergoing breast cancer treatment have a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors, increasing mortality from cardiovascular diseases in this group

Análisis del perfil bioquímico y antropométrico, y de la ingesta de micronutrientes antioxidantes en pacientes con hipertensión arterial resistente / Analysis of the biochemical, anthropometric profile, and of antioxidant micronutrient ingestion in patients with resistant arterial hypertension

INTRODUCCIÓN: la hipertensión arterial resistente (HAR) se asocia a un alto riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares debido al estrés oxidativo. Los estudios han demostrado los efectos beneficiosos de los antioxidantes dietéticos sobre la salud cardiovascular. OBJETIVO: analizar y correlacionar el perfil bioquímico y antropométrico, y la ingesta de micronutrientes antioxidantes en pacientes con HAR. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: los pacientes se sometieron a una evaluación bioquímica y antropométrica para calcular el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el perímetro de la cintura (PCI), el perímetro de la cadera (PCA), el índice cintura-cadera (ICC) y la ingesta de micronutrientes -vitaminas A, C y E, selenio y zinc- utilizando una encuesta de frecuencia de consumo alimentario y el recordatorio de 24 horas. El análisis estadístico se realizó utilizando el software SPSS Statistics 20, con un valor de p < 0,05 como significativo. RESULTADOS: estudiamos a 60 individuos con HAR de 62,83 ± 10,73 años. El IMC medio fue de 31,01 ± 5,60 kg/m²; el PCI de 98,12 ± 15,04 cm, el PCA de 110,55 ± 13,16 cm y el ICC de 0,879 ± 0,084. Respecto al perfil bioquímico, el colesterol total medio fue de 187,65 ± 48,29 mg/dL, los triglicéridos de 136,38 ± 99,91 mg/dL, el HDL-col de 49,00 ± 10,99 mg/dL, el LDL-col de 112,01 ± 41,89 mg/dL, la glucemia de 105,37 ± 14,81 mg/dL y la hemoglobina glucosilada del 6,29 ± 1,76 %. La ingesta de antioxidantes fue: vitamina A: 241,47 ± 191,87 μg/d; vitamina C: 147,02 ± 192,94 mg/d; vitamina E: 1,99 ± 1,82 mg/d; selenio: 36,80 ± 34,56 μg/d, y zinc: 9,91 ± 6,64 mg/d, y el 91,38 %, 46,55 %, 93,10 %, 67,24 % y 46,55 % de la muestra se encontraron por debajo de lo recomendado, respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: se observó una ingesta insuficiente de antioxidantes en los pacientes con HAR, que presentan una alta prevalencia de obesidad, especialmente de adiposidad visceral y alteraciones del perfil lipídico, afecciones que requieren un mayor uso de estos micronutrientes. Se sugiere la necesidad de una planificación dietética dirigida a estos pacientes para mejorar la calidad de vida y la respuesta al tratamiento antihipertensivo

INTRODUCTION: resistant arterial hypertension (HAR) is associated with a high risk for cardiovascular events due to oxidative stress. Research has shown the beneficial effects of dietary antioxidants on cardiovascular health. OBJECTIVE: to analyze and correlate the biochemical, anthropometric profile and intake of antioxidant micronutrients of patients with HAR. MATERIAL AND METHODS: the patients underwent a biochemical assessment, and an anthropometric assessment to calculate body mass index (IMC), waist circumference (PCI), hip circumference (PCA), waist-to-hip ratio (ICC), and micronutrient intake assessment: vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium and zinc, estimated by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and 24-hour recall. The statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS Statistics 20 software. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: sixty individuals with HAR were studied, with a mean age of 62.83 ± 10.73 years. Mean IMC was 31.01 ± 5.60 kg/m², PCI, 98.12 ± 15.04 cm, PCA, 110.55 ± 13.16 cm, and ICC, 0.879 ± 0.084. Regarding the biochemical profile, mean total colesterol was 187.65 ± 48.29 mg/dL, triglycerides, 136.38 ± 99.91 mg/dL; HDL-col, 49.00 ± 10.99 mg/dL; LDL-col, 112.01 ± 41.89 mg/dL; glucose, 105.37 ± 14.81 mg/dL, and glycated hemoglobin, 6.29 ± 1.76 %. The average daily intake of antioxidants was: vitamin A, 241.47 ± 191.87 μg/d; vitamin C, 147.02 ± 192.94 mg/d; vitamin E, 1.99 ± 1.82 mg/d; selenium, 36.80 ± 34.56 μg/d, and zinc, 99.91 ± 6.64 mg/d, where 91.38 %, 4 6.55 %, 93.10 %, 67.24 %, and 46.55 % of the sample were below the recommended intakes, respectively. CONCLUSION: inadequate antioxidant intake was observed in these patients with HAR, with a high prevalence of obesity, especially visceral adiposity and alterations in lipid profile, conditions that require a greater usage of these micronutrients. We suggest there is a need for dietary planning for these patients to improve their quality of life and their response to antihypertensive treatment

[Analysis of the biochemical, anthropometric profile, and of antioxidant micronutrient ingestion in patients with resistant arterial hypertension]. / Análisis del perfil bioquímico y antropométrico, y de la ingesta de micronutrientes antioxidantes en pacientes con hipertensión arterial resistente.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: resistant arterial hypertension (HAR) is associated with a high risk for cardiovascular events due to oxidative stress. Research has shown the beneficial effects of dietary antioxidants on cardiovascular health. Objective: to analyze and correlate the biochemical, anthropometric profile and intake of antioxidant micronutrients of patients with HAR. Material and methods: the patients underwent a biochemical assessment, and an anthropometric assessment to calculate body mass index (IMC), waist circumference (PCI), hip circumference (PCA), waist-to-hip ratio (ICC), and micronutrient intake assessment: vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium and zinc, estimated by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and 24-hour recall. The statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS Statistics 20 software. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: sixty individuals with HAR were studied, with a mean age of 62.83 ± 10.73 years. Mean IMC was 31.01 ± 5.60 kg/m², PCI, 98.12 ± 15.04 cm, PCA, 110.55 ± 13.16 cm, and ICC, 0.879 ± 0.084. Regarding the biochemical profile, mean total colesterol was 187.65 ± 48.29 mg/dL, triglycerides, 136.38 ± 99.91 mg/dL; HDL-col, 49.00 ± 10.99 mg/dL; LDL-col, 112.01 ± 41.89 mg/dL; glucose, 105.37 ± 14.81 mg/dL, and glycated hemoglobin, 6.29 ± 1.76 %. The average daily intake of antioxidants was: vitamin A, 241.47 ± 191.87 µg/d; vitamin C, 147.02 ± 192.94 mg/d; vitamin E, 1.99 ± 1.82 mg/d; selenium, 36.80 ± 34.56 µg/d, and zinc, 99.91 ± 6.64 mg/d, where 91.38 %, 46.55 %, 93.10 %, 67.24 %, and 46.55 % of the sample were below the recommended intakes, respectively. Conclusion: inadequate antioxidant intake was observed in these patients with HAR, with a high prevalence of obesity, especially visceral adiposity and alterations in lipid profile, conditions that require a greater usage of these micronutrients. We suggest there is a need for dietary planning for these patients to improve their quality of life and their response to antihypertensive treatment.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la hipertensión arterial resistente (HAR) se asocia a un alto riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares debido al estrés oxidativo. Los estudios han demostrado los efectos beneficiosos de los antioxidantes dietéticos sobre la salud cardiovascular. Objetivo: analizar y correlacionar el perfil bioquímico y antropométrico, y la ingesta de micronutrientes antioxidantes en pacientes con HAR. Material y métodos: los pacientes se sometieron a una evaluación bioquímica y antropométrica para calcular el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el perímetro de la cintura (PCI), el perímetro de la cadera (PCA), el índice cintura-cadera (ICC) y la ingesta de micronutrientes ­vitaminas A, C y E, selenio y zinc­ utilizando una encuesta de frecuencia de consumo alimentario y el recordatorio de 24 horas. El análisis estadístico se realizó utilizando el software SPSS Statistics 20, con un valor de p < 0,05 como significativo. Resultados: estudiamos a 60 individuos con HAR de 62,83 ± 10,73 años. El IMC medio fue de 31,01 ± 5,60 kg/m²; el PCI de 98,12 ± 15,04 cm, el PCA de 110,55 ± 13,16 cm y el ICC de 0,879 ± 0,084. Respecto al perfil bioquímico, el colesterol total medio fue de 187,65 ± 48,29 mg/dL, los triglicéridos de 136,38 ± 99,91 mg/dL, el HDL-col de 49,00 ± 10,99 mg/dL, el LDL-col de 112,01 ± 41,89 mg/dL, la glucemia de 105,37 ± 14,81 mg/dL y la hemoglobina glucosilada del 6,29 ± 1,76 %. La ingesta de antioxidantes fue: vitamina A: 241,47 ± 191,87 µg/d; vitamina C: 147,02 ± 192,94 mg/d; vitamina E: 1,99 ± 1,82 mg/d; selenio: 36,80 ± 34,56 µg/d, y zinc: 9,91 ± 6,64 mg/d, y el 91,38 %, 46,55 %, 93,10 %, 67,24 % y 46,55 % de la muestra se encontraron por debajo de lo recomendado, respectivamente. Conclusión: se observó una ingesta insuficiente de antioxidantes en los pacientes con HAR, que presentan una alta prevalencia de obesidad, especialmente de adiposidad visceral y alteraciones del perfil lipídico, afecciones que requieren un mayor uso de estos micronutrientes. Se sugiere la necesidad de una planificación dietética dirigida a estos pacientes para mejorar la calidad de vida y la respuesta al tratamiento antihipertensivo.

Agreement among methods for study estimation of elderly height at the nutrition ambulatory / Análise de concordância entre métodos para estimativa da estatura de idosos atendidos em ambulatório de nutrição

Objective: to evaluate methods of elderly height estimation attended at the Nutrition ambulatory. Method: a total of 43 elderly individuals of both genders were evaluated during nutrition consultations. Sociodemographic data were collected from charts and height, knee height, arms wingspan and semi-span were measured. Statistical analysis were made through Bland-Altman test to evaluate concordance among statures estimated by predictive formulas and the height measured. Results: the values ​​found were: height measured in meters 1.53 (±0.08), height estimated by the wingspan 1.60 (±0.10), by the semi-span 1.61 (±0.11) and by the knee height 1.56 (±0.10). According to the Bland-Altman graph, the height estimated by knee height showed a better agreement with the measured height. Conclusion: according to this study results, poor predictive formulas concordance in height estimation in elderly, using the measures: arms wingspan and semi-span with real stature measured were observed. Knee height, using Chumlea formula, presented the best concordance with measured stature and seems to be a good way for stature estimation at the studied population.

Objetivo: avaliar a concordância entre os métodos de estimativa de estatura com a estatura aferida de idosos atendidos em ambulatório de nutrição. Método: foram avaliados 43 idosos, de ambos os sexos, durante as consultas de nutrição, tendo sido coletados dados sociodemográficos dos prontuários e aferidas a estatura, altura do joelho, envergadura e semienvergadura dos braços. A análise estatística dos dados foi feita pelo teste de Bland-Altman para avaliar a concordância entre as estaturas estimadas pelas fórmulas preditivas e a estatura aferida. Resultados: os valores encontrados foram: estatura aferida em metros 1,53 (±0,08), estatura estimada pela envergadura 1,60 (±0,10), pela semienvergadura 1,61 (±0,11) e pela atura do joelho 1,56 (±0,10). De acordo com o gráfico de Bland-Altman a estatura estimada pela altura do joelho apresentou melhor concordância com a estatura aferida. Conclusão: com os resultados encontrados neste trabalho, observamos que as fórmulas preditivas para estimativa de estatura em idosos, que utilizam envergadura e semienvergadura dos braços não apresentaram boa concordância com a estatura aferida. Já a altura do joelho, utilizando a fórmula de Chumlea, apresentou a melhor concordância com a estatura aferida e parece ser a uma boa maneira para estimar a estatura da população estudada.

Effects of red wine, grape juice and resveratrol consumption on bone parameters of Wistar rats submitted to high-fat diet and physical training / Efectos del consumo de vino rojo, jugo de uva y reservatrol sobre los parámetros óseos de las ratas Wistar presentadas con dieta rica en grasas y entrenamiento físico

Introduction: intake of diets with high saturated fat may produce deleterious effects on bone mineralization. Lifestyle changes help reduce the bone loss observed in osteoporosis. Resveratrol, present in grape juice and red wine, has osteogenic and osteoinductive effects, being potentially beneficial for bone health. Objective: to evaluate the effects of red grape juice, red wine and resveratrol consumption on bone parameters in Wistar rats submitted to a high-fat diet and physical training. Method: female Wistar rats, with 90 days of age, were divided into five groups and followed up for 60 days: a) control group; b) high-fat group; c) grape juice group; d) red wine group; and e) resveratrol group. The different groups of animals performed a physical training protocol. Animal's weight and consumption were monitored weekly. After 60 days, femoral dimensions, bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were evaluated. Results: there was no difference in body mass; however, all groups consuming the high-fat diet had higher consumption (p < 0.05). RWG presented a greater distance between the epiphyses, femoral mass and BMC (p < 0.05). RWG and RG presented greater mean diaphysis point width and BMD (p < 0.05). Conclusion: the results suggest that the bioactive compounds present in red wine and resveratrol solution together with regular exercise were able to promote beneficial effects on bone health, even when associated with a high saturated fat diet

Introducción: el consumo de dietas ricas en grasas saturadas puede producir efectos nocivos sobre la mineralización ósea. Los cambios en el estilo de vida ayudan en la reducción de la pérdida ósea que se produce en la osteoporosis. El resveratrol, presente en el zumo de uva y el vino tinto, tiene efectos osteogénicos y osteoinductores, y es potencialmente beneficioso para la salud ósea. Objetivo: evaluar los efectos del consumo de zumo de uva roja, vino tinto y resveratrol sobre los parámetros óseos en ratas sometidas a una dieta alta en grasa y entrenamiento físico. Métodos: ratas Wistar, hembras, con 90 días, fueron divididas en cinco grupos y monitorizadas durante 60 días: a) grupo de control; b) grupo hiperlipidemia; c) grupo zumo de uva roja; d) grupo de vino tinto; y e) grupo de resveratrol. Los distintos grupos de animales fueron sometidos a un protocolo de entrenamiento físico. El peso y el consumo de los animales se monitorizaron semanalmente. Después de 60 días, se evaluaron el tamaño del fémur, la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) y el contenido mineral óseo (CMO). Resultados: no hubo diferencias en el consumo, sin embargo, todos los grupos que consumieron la dieta rica en grasas tenían un mayor consumo (p < 0,05). GV tenía una mayor distancia entre las epífisis, mayor tamaño del fémur y un mayor CMO (p < 0,05). SGS y GR tenía mayor anchura media de diáfisis y una mayor DMO (p < 0,05). Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren que los compuestos bioactivos presentes en el vino tinto y la solución de resveratrol, combinados con el ejercicio físico regular, fueron capaces de promover efectos beneficiosos sobre la salud ósea, incluso cuando se asocian con una dieta alta en grasas saturadas

Associação Entre a Obesidade Central e a Incidência de Doenças e Fatores de Risco Cardiovascular / Association of Central Obesity with The Incidence of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors

Fundamento: A obesidade tem sido apontada como um dos principais fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação da obesidade central com a incidência de doenças e fatores de risco cardiovascular. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado com pacientes atendidos em um ambulatório de síndrome metabólica, que apresentavam índice de massa corporal ≥ 24,9 kg/m2 . Foram analisados o estado nutricional, os exames laboratoriais (perfil lipídico e glicemia) e o uso de anti-hipertensivos. Os participantes foram estratificados em grupos em relação à presença ou à ausência dos seguintes fatores de risco: diabetes, hipertensão e dislipidemia. Resultados: Mulheres (n = 39), com idade média de 44,18 ± 14,42 anos, sendo 70% obesos e 38% hipertensos corresponderam à maioria da amostra estudada. A circunferência abdominal encontrada foi de 110,19 cm ± 15,88 cm; os triglicerídeos de 153,72 mg/dL ± 7,07 mg/dL; a glicemia de jejum de 188,6 mg/dL ± 116 mg/dL. Foi encontrada associação significativa entre a relação cintura/estatura e os achados de hipertensão (p = 0,007); entre o volume de gordura visceral e diabetes (p = 0,01); entre o índice de conicidade e os achados de hipertensão (p = 0,009) e diabetes (p = 0,006). Não foi encontrada associação significativa entre o índice de massa corporal e circunferência abdominal com os achados de hipertensão, diabetes e dislipidemia. Conclusão: A obesidade central esteve associada a uma maior incidência de desenvolvimento de fatores de risco relacionados a doenças cardiovasculares

Background: Obesity has been identified as a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Objective: To evaluate the association of central obesity with the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, carried out with patients treated at a metabolic syndrome outpatient clinic, with body mass index ≥ 24.9 kg/m2 . Nutritional status, laboratory tests (lipid and glycemic profile) and blood pressure status were analyzed. Participants were stratified into groups regarding the presence or absence of risk factors: diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Results: Women (n = 39), mean age of 44.18 ± 14.42 years, of which 70% were obese and 38% were hypertensive, corresponded to most of the studied sample. Abdominal circumference was 110.19 cm ± 15.88 cm; levels of triglycerides were 153.72 mg/dL ± 7.07 mg/dL; and fasting glycemia was 188.6 mg/dL ± 116 mg/dL. A significant association was found between the waist/height ratio and the findings of hypertension (p = 0.007); between visceral fat volume and diabetes (p = 0.01); between the conicity index and the findings of hypertension (p = 0.009) and diabetes (p = 0.006). No significant association was found between body mass index and waist circumference with findings of hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia. Conclusion: Central obesity was associated with a higher incidence of development of risk factors related to cardiovascular diseases

Effects of red wine, grape juice and resveratrol consumption on bone parameters of Wistar rats submitted to high-fat diet and physical training.

INTRODUCTION: intake of diets with high saturated fat may produce deleterious effects on bone mineralization. Lifestyle changes help reduce the bone loss observed in osteoporosis. Resveratrol, present in grape juice and red wine, has osteogenic and osteoinductive effects, being potentially beneficial for bone health. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the effects of red grape juice, red wine and resveratrol consumption on bone parameters in Wistar rats submitted to a high-fat diet and physical training. METHOD: female Wistar rats, with 90 days of age, were divided into five groups and followed up for 60 days: a) control group; b) high-fat group; c) grape juice group; d) red wine group; and e) resveratrol group. The different groups of animals performed a physical training protocol. Animal's weight and consumption were monitored weekly. After 60 days, femoral dimensions, bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were evaluated. RESULTS: there was no difference in body mass; however, all groups consuming the high-fat diet had higher consumption (p < 0.05). RWG presented a greater distance between the epiphyses, femoral mass and BMC (p < 0.05). RWG and RG presented greater mean diaphysis point width and BMD (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: the results suggest that the bioactive compounds present in red wine and resveratrol solution together with regular exercise were able to promote beneficial effects on bone health, even when associated with a high saturated fat diet.

Associação do consumo de fibras e risco cardiovascular em pacientes idosos / Association of fiber intake and cardiovascular risk in elderly patients

Fundamentos: A doença cardiovascular está na liderança de causas de mortalidade. Através da alimentaçãopodem ser modificados alguns fatores de risco e a fibra dietética exerce papel importante na prevenção dessasdoenças.Objetivo: Avaliar o consumo de fibras, os fatores de risco cardiovascular e a associação entre eles em pacientesidosos atendidos em ambulatório de nutrição.Métodos: Estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, realizado mediante análise do recordatório de 24 horas e levantamentodos fatores de risco cardiovascular: circunferência abdominal, dados de lipidograma e glicemia de jejum, sedentarismoe tabagismo. Os participantes foram estratificados em grupos segundo o índice de massa corporal (IMC).Resultados: Foram avaliados 40 prontuários e encontrada maior prevalência em pacientes com sobrepeso (45,0%)e obesos (27,5%). Além disso, 72,5% relataram ser sedentários e 82,5% não tabagistas. As maiores médias de colesteroltotal, triglicerídeos e LDL-colesterol foram observadas nos eutróficos: 194,5±48,5 mg/dL; 167,2±95,9 mg/dL e130,0±37,7 mg/dL, respectivamente. Os obesos apresentaram menor média de HDL-colesterol (44,0±8,9 mg/dL)enquanto a maior média de glicemia de jejum (109,8±29,1 mg/dL) foi encontrada no grupo de sobrepeso. Oconsumo de fibras totais (g/dia) foi: 25,1±6,6 nos desnutridos; 22,6±7,0 nos eutróficos; 23,3±6,0 no grupo desobrepeso e 22,0±3,4 nos obesos. Não houve associação significativa com nenhuma das variáveis analisadas.Conclusão: Não foi encontrada associação entre o consumo de fibras e os fatores de risco cardiovascular analisadosem idosos deste estudo.

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality. Through food, some risk factors may be modified and dietaryfiber plays an important role in preventing these diseases.Objective: To assess fiber intake, cardiovascular risk factors and the association between them in elderly patients at a nutrition clinic.Methods: Descriptive retrospective study conducted by analyzing 24-hour dietary recall and survey of cardiovascular risk factors:waist circumference, lipid profile data and fasting glucose, physical inactivity and smoking. The participants were stratified intogroups according to body mass index (BMI).Results: Forty records were evaluated and higher prevalence was found in overweight patients (45.0%) and obese patients (27.5%).In addition, 72.5% reported being physically inactive and 82.5% are non-smokers. The highest averages of total cholesterol, triglyceridesand LDL cholesterol were observed in eutrophic patients: 194.5±48.5 mg/dL; 167.2±95.9 mg/dL and 130.0±37.7 mg/dL,respectively. Obese patients had lower average HDL-cholesterol levels (44.0±8.9 mg/dL) while the highest average fasting glucose(109.8±29.1 mg/dL) was observed in the overweight group. The total fiber intake (g/day) was: 25.1±6.6 in malnourished patients;22.6±7.0 in eutrophic patients; 23.3±6.0 in the overweight group and 22.0±3.4 in obese patients. There was no significant associationwith any of the variables analyzed.Conclusion: No association was found between fiber consumption and the cardiovascular risk factors analyzed in the elderlyindividuals of this study.

Efeitos do consumo de alimentos funcionais no perfil lipídico e estado nutricional de idosos / Effects of functional foods consumption on the lipid profile and nutritional status of elderly

Fundamentos: O consumo de alimentos funcionais (AF), como aveia e linhaça, representa estratégia segura e eficaz para reduzir o risco de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT). Objetivo: Analisar o efeito da suplementação alimentar com farinha de linhaça marrom ou com aveia em flocos no índice de massa corporal (IMC), na circunferência da cintura (CC) e no perfil lipídico de idosos. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal controlado, randomizado, com duração de oito semanas, realizado com 60 indivíduos idosos (idade ≥60 anos), avaliados em três momentos: basal (T0), em quatro semanas (T1) e em oito semanas (T2) após o início do estudo. Peso, altura e CC foram mensurados e amostras de sangue coletadas. Os voluntários foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em grupo-controle (GC), grupo-linhaça (GL) e grupo-aveia (GA).Resultados: IMC e CC não se alteraram significativamente ao longo do estudo nos grupos. O GA mostrou reduçãode 18,4% nos níveis de colesterol total (CT) no plasma em relação ao GL ao final do período de estudo (p<0,05).O GA demonstrou ainda, em T2, valores 30,4% mais baixos de LDL colesterol do que os grupos GL e GC (p<0,05). Por outro lado, o GL apresentou elevação de 12,0% nos níveis de triglicerídeos de T0 para T2 (p<0,05). Conclusão: A suplementação com alimentos funcionais foi benéfica para redução do CT e do LDL colesterol.

Background: The consumption of functional foods (FF), as oat and linseed, is a safe and efficient strategy for reducing the risk of non-transmissible chronic diseases (NTCD). Objective: Analyzing the effect of food supplementation with brown linseed flour or oat in flakes on the body mass index (BMI), on the waist circumference (WC) and on the lipid profile of elderly.Methods: Longitudinal controlled, randomized study, with duration of eight weeks, made with 60 senior individuals (age > 60 years), evaluated at three moments: baseline (T0), four weeks (T1) and eight weeks (T2) after the study started. Weight, height and WCwere measured and blood samples were collected. Volunteers were randomly divided into control group (CG), linseed group (LG) and oat group (OG).Results: BMI and WC have not changed significantly throughout the study in any group. OG showed reduction of 18.4% in the total cholesterol (TC) levels in the plasma compared to LG in the end of the study period (p<0.05). OG showed also, at T2, values 30.4% lower for LDL cholesterol than LG and CG (p<0.05). On the other hand, LG showed increase of 12.0% in the triglycerides levels from T0 to T2 (p<0.05). Conclusion: The supplementation with functional foods was beneficial for reducing the TC and LDL cholesterol.

p.Q223R leptin receptor polymorphism associated with obesity in Brazilian multiethnic subjects.

Several genes play a major role in obese phenotypes, and studies suggest that genetic variations among individuals, as well as their lifestyles, may bring about different body compositions. Among these genes, LEP, which codifies leptin, and the LEPR gene encoding its receptor were extensively studied for variants that could explain the obese phenotype. The LEPR p.Q223R gene polymorphism was analyzed in a sample of obese and nonobese individuals from Brazil to evaluate the role of this polymorphism in the obese phenotype in the population. Two hundred obese patients (60 males, 140 females, body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m2) were screened, together with 150 lean or normal healthy individuals (63 males, 87 females, BMI <24 kg/m2). Genomic DNA was extracted and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR products were digested with the restriction of endonuclease MspI, and separated by electrophoresis through an 8% polyacrilamide gel stained with silver nitrate. There was a significant difference in LEPR p.Q223R polymorphism frequency when comparing obese and lean subjects, with an odds ratio of 1.92 and a 95% confidence interval of 1.15-3.22 (P = 0.013). There is a strong association of the LEPR p.Q223R gene polymorphism with obesity in Brazil.

Leptina, elo adicional na fisiopatologia da pré-eclâmpsia? / Leptin, additional link to the pathophysiology of preeclampsia?

Objetivo: avaliar o comportamento dos níveis séricos de leptina durante a evolução da gestação de adolescentes primigestas normotensas e pré-eclâmpticas. Métodos: estudo prospectivo e longitudinal, realizado em 15 pacientes normotensas e 5 pré-eclâmpticas. Os níveis séricos de leptina (ng/mL) foram determinados por radioimunoensaio e a pressão arterial foi aferida pelo DINAMAP 1846. Foram feitas avaliações em dois períodos gestacionais distintos: entre a 21ª e a 30ª semana e entre a 31ª e a 40ª semana. Utilizou-se a razão leptina/índice de massa corporal (IMC) para corrigir a variação do IMC ao longo da gravidez. Considerou-se como pré-eclâmpticas as gestantes com pressão arterial ³140/90 mmHg, proteinúria >300 mg/24 h e espasmo arteriolar pelo exame de fundo de olho. Resultados: quando se comparou o período entre a 21ª a 30ª semana com o período entre a 31ª e a 40ª semana, houve tendência de aumento da leptina sérica no último período nos dois grupos estudados, mais acentuadamente nas pré-eclâmpticas que nas grávidas normotensas: de 11,9±1,59 para 17,6±4,55 ng/ml e de 11,9±1,20 para 13,9±2,33 ng/mL, respectivamente. O IMC de gestantes normotensas não se alterou nos dois períodos analisados: 24,9±1,5 kg/m² vs 25,2±1,0 kg/m². Entretanto, o IMC aumentou significativamente nas pré-eclâmpticas no final da gravidez: 21,5±0,8 vs 27,4±1,7 kg/m², p<0,05. Nas pré-eclâmpticas a razão leptina/ IMC elevou-se significativamente no final da gestação: de 0,56±0,06 (da 21ª à 30ª semana) vs 0,70±0,15 (entre 31 e 40 semanas), p<0,05. Os valores da razão leptina/ IMC de grávidas normotensas foram de 0,44±O,02 com 21 a 30 semanas vs 0,41±O,04 com 31 a 40 semanas. Nas gestantes normais a leptina se correlacionou direta e significativamente com o IMC tanto entre a 21ª a 30ªsemana (r = 0,7, p<0,004), como entre a 31ª e a 40ª semana (r=0,94, p<0,0001). Estas correlações se perderam nas pré-eclâmpticas. Conclusão: o aumento das concentrações séricas de leptina e da relação leptina/ IMC nas pré-eclâmpticas em relação às normotensas, nos dois períodos gestacionais, sugere resistência à ação da leptina na pré-eclâmpsia.