Are Reduced Levels of Coagulation Proteins Upon Admission Linked to COVID-19 Severity and Mortality?

Background: The link between coagulation system disorders and COVID-19 has not yet been fully elucidated. Aim: Evaluating the association of non-previously reported coagulation proteins with COVID-19 severity and mortality. Design: Cross-sectional study of 134 COVID-19 patients recruited at admission and classified according to the highest COVID-19 severity reached (asymptomatic/mild, moderate, or severe) and 16 healthy control individuals. Methods: Coagulation proteins levels (antithrombin, prothrombin, factor_XI, factor_XII, and factor_XIII) and CRP were measured in plasma by the ProcartaPlex Panel (Invitrogen) multiplex immunoassay upon diagnosis. Results: We found higher levels of antithrombin, prothrombin, factor XI, factor XII, and factor XIII in asymptomatic/mild and moderate COVID-19 patients compared to healthy individuals. Interestingly, decreased levels of antithrombin and factors XI, XII, and XIII were observed in those patients who eventually developed severe illness. Additionally, survival models showed us that patients with lower levels of these coagulation proteins had an increased risk of death. Conclusion: COVID-19 provokes early increments of some specific coagulation proteins in most patients. However, lower levels of these proteins at diagnosis might "paradoxically" imply a higher risk of progression to severe disease and COVID-19-related mortality.

Medicina familiar y comunitaria y la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica / Family and community medicine and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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¿Los estudios de prevalencia de zona básica de salud tienen sentido en medicina familiar y comunitaria? A propósito de un caso: la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica / Are health district prevalence studies useful in family practice? Report of a case: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia de EPOC y tabaquismo en nuestra Zona Básica de Salud (ZBS) y su correlación con la prevalencia extrapolada y la morbilidad registrada. Conocer el perfil personal, familiar y social. Determinar la validez del test de función pulmonar. DISEÑO: Estudio de prevalencia. Emplazamiento: ZBS urbana. PARTICIPANTES: Docientas treinta y tres personas de 40 a 75 años seleccionadas aleatoriamente. MEDICIONES PRINCIPALES: Edad, sexo, paquetes/año, espirometría, pulsioximetría, medicación, ingresos. Tests: Fagerstrõm, Richmond, MOS, APGAR y función pulmonar. RESULTADOS: Edad media: 53,7 ± 7,6 años; 57,9% mujeres. EPOC: morbilidad registrada 1,2% (0,5-3,9%). Prevalencia: 4,7% (1,5% mujeres, 9,2% hombres); prevalencia extrapolada: 10,2%. Tabaquismo: morbilidad registrada: 10,7% (1-19,4%); prevalencia: 18,5% (20% mujeres, 16,3% hombres); prevalencia extrapolada: 23,95%. Test de función pulmonar: cociente de probabilidad positivo: 3,18, y negativo: 0,1. Alta probabilidad de EPOC (59,5%) si > 30 paquetes/año. Los fumadores fuman como media 20,8 paquetes/año. Dependencia física más alta en mujeres (36% versus 21,4%). Mayor probabilidad de deshabituación tabáquica en hombres (57,1% versus 44%). El 14,7% percibe disfunción familiar. El 6,9% tienen bajo apoyo social y el 9,1% en EPOC. El 70% de los pacientes EPOC nunca han ingresado. El 10% son polimedicados versus el 60% de los EPOC. CONCLUSIONES: Las prevalencias de EPOC y de tabaquismo (indicador de morbilidad evitable imputable a atención primaria) son sustancialmente inferiores a las prevalencias extrapoladas. El test de función pulmonar es válido. La variablidad interprofesional es elevada. Las mujeres fuman más, tienen más dependencia y menos motivación para el abandono. Su percepción familiar y social es peor. Estas investigaciones son fundamentales para la intervención comunitaria y la planificación operativa

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of COPD and smoking in a Health District, to correlate real, registered, and extrapolated morbidity. To determine personal, family and social profiles. To determine the validity of the lung function questionnaire. DESIGN: Prevalence study. Location Urban District Health. PARTICIPANTS: Random selection of 233 people aged 40-75 years. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Age, sex, pack/years, spirometry, pulse-oximetry, medication, income. Tests: Fagerstrõm, Richmond, MOS, APGAR, and lung function. RESULTS: Mean age was 53.7 + 7.6 years, with 57.9% women. Registered morbidity for COPD 1.2% (0.5-3.9%). Prevalence 4.7% (1.5% female, 9.2% male), extrapolated prevalence: 10.2%. Registered morbidity for Smoking 10.7% (1-19.4%); prevalence: 18.5% (20% female, 16.3% male), extrapolated prevalence 23.95%. Lung function questionnaire: positive likelihood ratio 3.18; negative 0.1. High probability of COPD (59.5%) in > 30 packs/year smokers. Smokers consume a mean of 20.8 packs/year. Women showed higher physical dependence (36% versus 21%). More probability of achieving successful smoking cessation in men (57.1% versus 44%). There was 14.7% perceived family dysfunction; 6.9% have a low global index of social support, and 9.1% in COPD subjects. More than two-thirds (70%) of COPD patients had never been hospitalized. There were 10% polymedicated patients compared to 60% in identified COPDs. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of COPD and smoking (indicator of avoidable morbidity attributable to primary care) are substantially lower than the reference data. The lung function questionnaire is valid. There was evidence of inter-professional variability. Women smoke more, are more dependent and are less motivated to quit. Their family and social perception is worse. These investigations are essentials for community intervention and operational planning

[Are health district prevalence studies useful in family practice? Report of a case: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. / ¿Los estudios de prevalencia de zona básica de salud tienen sentido en medicina familiar y comunitaria? A propósito de un caso: la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of COPD and smoking in a Health District, to correlate real, registered, and extrapolated morbidity. To determine personal, family and social profiles. To determine the validity of the lung function questionnaire. DESIGN: Prevalence study. LOCATION: Urban District Health. PARTICIPANTS: Random selection of 233 people aged 40-75years. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Age, sex, pack/years, spirometry, pulse-oximetry, medication, income. TESTS: Fagerström, Richmond, MOS, APGAR, and lung function. RESULTS: Mean age was 53.7+7.6years, with 57.9% women. Registered morbidity for COPD 1.2% (0.5-3.9%). Prevalence 4.7% (1.5% female, 9.2% male), extrapolated prevalence: 10.2%. Registered morbidity for Smoking 10.7% (1-19.4%); prevalence: 18.5% (20% female, 16.3% male), extrapolated prevalence 23.95%. Lung function questionnaire: positive likelihood ratio 3.18; negative 0.1. High probability of COPD (59.5%) in >30 packs/year smokers. Smokers consume a mean of 20.8 packs/year. Women showed higher physical dependence (36% versus 21%). More probability of achieving successful smoking cessation in men (57.1% versus 44%). There was 14.7% perceived family dysfunction; 6.9% have a low global index of social support, and 9.1% in COPD subjects. More than two-thirds (70%) of COPD patients had never been hospitalized. There were 10% polymedicated patients compared to 60% in identified COPDs. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of COPD and smoking (indicator of avoidable morbidity attributable to primary care) are substantially lower than the reference data. The lung function questionnaire is valid. There was evidence of inter-professional variability. Women smoke more, are more dependent and are less motivated to quit. Their family and social perception is worse. These investigations are essentials for community intervention and operational planning.