Histopathological concordance between prostate biopsies and radical prostatectomy specimens-implications of transrectal and transperineal biopsy approaches.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the histopathological concordance rates between prostate biopsies and radical prostatectomy specimens according to the applied biopsy approach (transrectal or transperineal). METHODS: We studied patients who had been newly diagnosed with clinically significant prostate cancer and who underwent a radical prostatectomy between 2018 and 2022. Patients were included if they underwent a prebiopsy magnetic resonance imaging and if they had not been previously treated for prostate cancer. Histopathological grading on prostate biopsies was compared with that on radical prostatectomy specimens. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the effect of the applied biopsy approach on histopathological concordance. Additional analyses were performed to assess the effect of the applied biopsy approach on American Urological Association risk group migration, defined as any change in risk group after radical prostatectomy. RESULTS: In total, 1058 men were studied, of whom 49.3% (522/1058) and 50.7% (536/1058) underwent transrectal and transperineal prostate biopsies, respectively. Histopathological disconcordance was observed in 37.8% (400/1058) of men while American Urological Association risk group migration was observed in 30.2% (320/1058) of men. A transperineal biopsy approach was found to be independently associated with higher histopathological concordance rates (OR 1.33 [95% CI 1.01-1.75], p = 0.04) and less American Urological Association risk group migration (OR 0.70 [95% CI 0.52-0.93], p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The use of a transperineal biopsy approach improved histopathological concordance rates compared to the use of a transrectal biopsy approach. A transperineal biopsy approach may provide more accurate risk stratification for clinical decision-making. Despite recent improvements, histopathologic concordance remains suboptimal and should be considered before initiating management.

[Ischemia is not an independent predictive factor of chronic renal failure after partial nephrectomy in a solitary kidney in patients without pre-operative renal insufficiency]. / L'ischémie a un impact limité sur la fonction rénale après néphrectomie partielle sur rein unique chez les patients sans insuffisance rénale préopératoire.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of vascular clamping and ischemia time on long-term post-operative renal function following partial nephrectomy (PN) for cancer in a solitary kidney. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study including 259 patients managed by PN between 1979 and 2010 in 13 centers. Clamping use, technique choice (pedicular or parenchymal clamping), ischemia time, and peri-operative data were collected. Pre-operative and last follow-up glomerular filtration rates were compared. A multivariate analysis using a Cox model was performed to assess the impact of ischemia on post-operative chronic renal failure risk. RESULTS: Mean tumor size was 4.0±2.3cm and mean pre-operative glomerular filtration rate was 60.8±18.9mL/min. One hundred and six patients were managed with warm ischemia (40.9%) and 53 patients with cold ischemia (20.5%). Thirty patients (11.6%) have had a chronic kidney disease. In multivariate analysis, neither vascular clamping (P=0.44) nor warm ischemia time (P=0.1) were associated with a pejorative evolution of renal function. Pre-operative glomerular filtration rate (P<0.0001) and blood loss volume (P=0.02) were significant independent predictive factors of long-term renal failure. CONCLUSION: Renal function following PN in a solitary kidney seems to depend on non-reversible factors such as pre-operative glomerular filtration rate. Our findings minimize the role of vascular clamping and ischemia time, which were not significantly associated with chronic renal failure risk in our study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5.

Predictive factors of chronic kidney disease stage V after partial nephrectomy in a solitary kidney: a multi-institutional study.

OBJECTIVE: Partial Nephrectomy (PN) in a solitary kidney is at risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage V and/or haemodialysis (HD). Our objective was to determine predictive factors of CKD stage V in this population. MATERIAL & METHODS: Data from 300 patients were retrospectively collected from 16 tertiary centres. Clinical and operative parameters, tumor characteristics and renal function before surgery were analyzed. Patients with and without CKD stage V (defined as MDRD<1 5 ml/min) were compared using χ2 and Student-t tests for qualitative and quantitative variables, respectively. Predictive factors of CKD stage V were evaluated with a multivariable analysis using a Cox regression model. RESULTS: Median age and BMI were 63 years old and 26 kg/m², respectively. Most of the patients (65%) were male with an anatomic solitary kidney (88.3%). Median tumor size was 4 cm and 98% were malignant tumors. Median operative time, blood loss and clamping time were 180 min, 350 ml and 20 min respectively. Renal cooling was used in 19.3% and clamping of the pedicle was performed in 61.6%. Twenty five patients (8.5%) presented post operative CKD stage V at last follow-up and 18 underwent HD (6%) post-operatively because of acute renal insufficiency. There was no difference between CKD stage V and non CKD stage V patients concerning Charlson index, operative time (180 min vs 179 min, p = 0.39), blood loss (475 ml vs 350 ml, p = 0.51), use of renal cooling and type of clamping. Patients with CKD stage V were older (70 vs 63 years old, p = 0.005), had a lower baseline renal function (clearance MDRD 41 vs. 62 ml/min, p<0.0001) and an increased tumor size (p = 0.02). Complications occurred in 91 patients (30%) with 16% of minor (Clavien 1-2) and 14% of major (Clavien > 2) complications, respectively. In multivariable analysis, baseline MDRD, BMI, and the occurrence of a minor complication were independent predictive factors of post operative CKD stage V. CONCLUSION: PN in a solitary kidney is at risk of post-operative CKD stage V and HD. Pre-operative altered renal function and post operative complications are the main predictive factors of permanent CKD stage V.

Laparoscopic cryotherapy for small renal masses: Current State.

OBJECTIVES: To provide an up-to-date review of the available literature on laparoscopic cryotherapy for small renal masses (SRMs) including technique description, indications and outcomes. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted in March 2012, using MEDLINE and EMBASE via Ovid databases, to identify studies on laparoscopic cryotherapy for SRMs published during the last 10 years. Only English-language and human-based full manuscripts reporting case series studies with >20 participants, patient characteristics, efficacy and safety data were included. RESULTS: No randomised controlled trials (RCTs)were identified. In total, 27 full reports addressing laparoscopic cryoablation (LCA) for SRMs were selected. The number of patients per study ranged from 20 to 144. Mean age of treated patients across the series ranged from 62 to 73 years. Mean size of renal tumors ranged from 2.7 to 4 cm, being in most cases <3 cm. The number of cryoprobes used for cryoablation ranged from 1 to 6, and only 10 series described the use of 17-gauge (1.47 mm) third-generation needles. Overall, more than 55% of all ablated lesions were pathologically confirmed RCC. Mean follow-up ranged from 9 to 93 months. Only 7 series presented a long-term follow-up of more than 36 months. Most studies were limited by a relatively short follow-up. At least four urologic groups reported intermediate- and long-term outcomes. Persistence rates ranged from 0% to 17% and recurrence rates ranged from 0% to 14%. Overall complication rates ranged from 0% to 40%. CONCLUSIONS: Retrospective observational data and a few prospective series on LCA of SRMs show acceptable oncological 3- to 5-year outcomes with a low recurrence rate. It has proven to be a safe procedure with an overall low complication rate. It is mainly indicated for SRMs in elderly patients affected by co-morbidity and high surgical risk bearing tumours in the anterior valve of the kidney or in contact with the ureter or neighbouring organs.

Crioablacion laparoscopica de pequeñas masas renales: Estado actual / Laparoscopic cryotherapy for small renal masses: current state

OBJETIVO: Presentar una revisión actualizada de la literatura disponible sobre crioablación laparoscópica de pequeñas masas renales (SRMs), incluyendo descripción de la técnica, indicaciones y resultados. MÉTODOS: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura hasta marzo de 2012, utilizando las bases de datos MEDLINE y EMBASE vía Ovid, para identificar estudios sobre crioablación laparoscópica de SRMs publicados durante los últimos 10 años. Sólo se incluyeron manuscritos en inglés y estudios basados en humanos, que reportaron series con más de 20 participantes, características de los pacientes, eficacia y seguridad del procedimiento. RESULTADOS: No se identificaron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (RCTs). En total, se seleccionaron 27 trabajos originales sobre crioablación laparoscópica (LCA) de SRMs. El número de pacientes por estudio osciló entre 20 y 144. La edad media de los mismos a lo largo de las series osciló entre 62 y 73 años. El tamaño medio de los tumores renales osciló entre 2,7 y 4 cm, siendo en la mayoría de los casos ≤3 cm. El número de crioagujas utilizadas para crioablación osciló entre 1 y 6, mientras que sólo en 10 series se describió la utilización de crioagujas de tercera generación de 17 gauge (1,47 mm).En total, más del 55% de las lesiones tratadas resultaron carcinoma de células renales (RCC) confirmado por el análisis anatomopatológico. El seguimiento medio de los pacientes osciló entre 9 y 93 meses. Sólo 7 series presentaron un seguimiento a largo plazo superior a 36 meses. La mayoría de los estudios resultaron limitados por un seguimiento relativamente corto. Al menos cuatro grupos de investigación reportaron resultados a intermedio y a largo plazo. Las tasas de persistencia tumoral oscilaron entre 0% y 17%, mientras que las tasas de recidiva oscilaron entre 0% y 14%. La tasa global de complicaciones osciló entre 0% y 40%(AU)

CONCLUSIONES: Los datos de estudios observacionales y retrospectivos así como los de algunas series prospectivas, demostraron aceptables resultados oncológicos a 3 y 5 años y una baja tasa de recidiva. La LCA demostró ser un procedimiento seguro con una baja tasa global de complicaciones. Está indicada principalmente en el tratamiento de SRMs en pacientes añosos con alta comorbilidad y elevado riesgo quirúrgico, albergando tumores en la valva anterior del riñón o en contacto con el uréter u órganos vecinos(AU)

OBJECTIVES: To provide an up-to-date review of the available literature on laparoscopic cryotherapy for small renal masses (SRMs) including technique description, indications and outcomes. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted in March 2012, using MEDLINE and EMBASE via Ovid databases, to identify studies on laparoscopic cryotherapy for SRMs published during the last 10 years. Only English-language and human-based full manuscripts reporting case series studies with >20 participants, patient characteristics, efficacy and safety data were included. RESULTS: No randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were identified. In total, 27 full reports addressing laparoscopic cryoablation (LCA) for SRMs were selected. The number of patients per study ranged from 20 to 144. Mean age of treated patients across the series ranged from 62 to 73 years. Mean size of renal tumors ranged from 2.7 to 4 cm, being in most cases <3 cm. The number of cryoprobes used for cryoablation ranged from 1 to 6, and only 10 series described the use of 17-gauge (1.47 mm) third-generation needles. Overall, more than 55% of all ablated lesions were pathologically confirmed RCC.Mean follow-up ranged from 9 to 93 months. Only 7 series presented a long-term follow-up of more than 36 months. Most studies were limited by a relatively short follow-up. At least four urologic groups reported intermediate- and long-term outcomes. Persistence rates ranged from 0% to 17% and recurrence rates ranged from 0% to 14%. Overall complication rates ranged from 0% to 40%(AU)

CONCLUSIONS: Retrospective observational data and a few prospective series on LCA of SRMs show acceptable oncological 3- to 5-year outcomes with a low recurrence rate. It has proven to be a safe procedure with an overall low complication rate. It is mainly indicated for SRMs in elderly patients affected by co-morbidity and high surgical risk bearing tumours in the anterior valve of the kidney or in contact with the ureter or neighbouring organs(AU)

What is the added value of combined core biopsy and fine needle aspiration in the diagnostic process of renal tumours?

PURPOSE: Non-diagnostic results still hinder the routine use of core biopsy (CB) and fine needle aspiration (FNA) in the diagnostic process of renal tumours. Furthermore, substantial interobserver variability has been reported. We assessed the added value of combining the results of CB and FNA by five pathologists in the ex vivo diagnosis of renal mass. METHODS: Two ex vivo core biopsies were taken followed by two FNA passes from extirpated tumours. All samples were evaluated by five blinded pathologists. A consensus diagnosis of the surgical specimen was the index for comparison. For each pathologist, the number of non-diagnostic (non-conclusive or undetermined biology and failed biopsies), correct and incorrect scored cases of each technique was assessed. When a non-diagnostic CB or FNA had a correct diagnostic counterpart, this was considered as of added value. RESULTS: Of the 57 assessed tumours, 53 were malignant. CB was non-diagnostic in 4-10 cases (7-17.5%). FNA established the correct diagnosis in 1-7 of these cases. FNA was non-diagnostic in 2-6 cases (3.5-10.5%), and the counterpart CB established the correct diagnosis in 1-6 of these cases. For the 5 pathologists, accuracy of CB and FNA varied between 82.5-93% and 89.5-96.5%, respectively. Combination of both types of biopsy resulted in 55-57 correct results (accuracy 96.5-100%), i.e., an increase in accuracy of 3.5-14%. CONCLUSION: Combining the result of CB and FNA in renal mass biopsy leads to a higher diagnostic accuracy. Recommendations on which technique used should be adapted to local expertise and logistic possibilities.

New optical diagnostic tools in renal cell cancer.

In modern medicine the profound use of abdominal imaging has led to a dramatic change of presentation of renal tumors. Smaller tumors and therefore more benign masses are being discovered, and as systemic use of renal mass biopsies is not recommended by the general guidelines, an appropriate tool to assess the biology of renal tumors is highly desirable. Apart from new developments of currently applied diagnostic modalities, several research groups focus on the potential of optical diagnostic techniques to contribute to the diagnostic process of renal tumors. They use the interaction of light with biological tissue to gather information on the optical properties of a tissue sample and therefore providing information on the histological composition of this tissue in a non-invasive manner and in real-time. In this review we provide an overview of novel diagnostic techniques starting with the future of conventional diagnostics like Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) and positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) followed by optical technologies that are potentially employed in the nearby future to improve the diagnostic process of renal tumors with a focus on optical diagnostic techniques.

Critical appraisal of the PADUA classification and assessment of the R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score in patients undergoing partial nephrectomy.

PURPOSE: We validated the PADUA classification and assessed the R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score to predict perioperative complications of partial nephrectomy. In addition, we assessed their interobserver variability, and the ability to predict the use of ischemia and ischemia time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from consecutive cases of partial nephrectomy with or without ischemia from 3 centers were retrospectively collected. Associations between preoperative variables and complications were evaluated in univariate and multivariate analyses. Reproducibility was assessed by determining Fleiss' generalized kappa and intraclass correlation coefficients in a subcohort scored by 3 physicians with different degrees of urological expertise. RESULTS: A total of 134 partial nephrectomies were included in the study and 31 cases (23%) presented with complications. On univariate analyses complications were associated with age (p = 0.02), tumor size on computerized tomography (p = 0.01), pT stage (p = 0.001), and PADUA (p = 0.001) and R.E.N.A.L. scores (p = 0.02). In 3 multivariate models PADUA score 10 or greater (OR 3.98, p = 0.01), R.E.N.A.L. score 9 or greater (OR 4.21, p = 0.02), tumor size in cm (OR 1.35, p = 0.02) and age (OR 1.04, p = 0.04) were independent predictors of complications. The R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score predicted the use of ischemia (p = 0.03) and both scores predicted ischemia time (both p <0.001). Kappa was 0.37 to 0.80 for PADUA components and 0.23 to 0.73 for R.E.N.A.L. components. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.73 for PADUA and 0.70 for R.E.N.A.L. score. CONCLUSIONS: The highest categories of PADUA and R.E.N.A.L. scores as well as clinical tumor size predict the risk of perioperative complications of partial nephrectomy. Both scores can indicate ischemia time. Their reproducibility is substantial but the implementation of these systems in clinical practice needs further refinement.

Effect of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine on platelet function is modified by a SLC6A4 serotonin transporter polymorphism.

BACKGROUND: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been associated with an increased bleeding tendency. OBJECTIVES: To prospectively quantify the dose-response effects of paroxetine and the influence of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) on platelet function. METHODS: Nineteen drug-free psychiatric outpatients (44.5 +/- 10.8 years) were tested before and after 6 weeks of paroxetine treatment (20 mg day(-1)). Based on clinical symptoms, paroxetine dosages were increased (40-50 mg day(-1)) for 6 more weeks in 11 patients. Parameters related to platelet function were assessed by bleeding time, platelet function analyzer (PFA), platelet serotonin, platelet factor 4 (PF4), beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG), and aggregation tests. RESULTS: Paroxetine 20 mg day(-1) increased mean bleeding time by 1.2 min (95% confidence interval (95% CI) -0.2-2.7) and reduced median platelet serotonin level (463 ng 10(-9) platelets; inter quartile range (IQR) 361-666), and platelet ss-TG concentration (3.1 IU 10(-6) platelets; IQR 0.3-6.0). Other platelet parameters did not change significantly. Serial platelet aggregation tests did not become abnormal. Paroxetine dose-escalation did not further influence platelet function. However, 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms modified these effects: in L(A)/L(A)-carriers, bleeding times did not change (-0.2 min; 95% CI -0.6 to 0.9), while bleeding times significantly increased in <2L(A)-allele carriers (2.3 min; 95% CI 0.5 to 4.07; P = 0.032). Platelet serotonin decreases were larger in patients without L(A)-alleles (868 ng 10(-9) platelets; IQR 585 to 1213) than in > or =1 L(A)-allele carriers (457 ng 10(-9) platelets; IQR 392 to 598; P = 0.035). PFA closure time and PF4 increased significantly in patients without L(A)-alleles. CONCLUSIONS: Paroxetine 20 mg day(-1) does not increase overall bleeding time, but impairs platelet function by decreasing the levels of platelet serotonin and platelet ss-TG. These paroxetine effects appear to be mediated by 5-HTTLPR, with most pronounced effects in patients without L(A)-alleles.