Retraso mental como factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de un trastorno psicótico / Mental retardation as a risk factor to develop a psychotic disease

Introducción. En las últimas tres décadas uno de los principales objetivos de la investigación en esquizofrenia ha sido la identificación de los síntomas y signos precursores de la enfermedad antes de su aparición. Objetivo. Buscamos en nuestro estudio los antecedentes que se otorgan previamente a pacientes antes de ser filiados como esquizofrenia. Método. Se trata de un estudio caso-control sobre el que utilizamos un registro de datos que incluye los campos del Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos y el período de tiempo considerado fue entre 1999-2005. Resultados. Encontramos una frecuencia de 3,6% de retraso mental y un 2,1% de antecedentes de trastornos del comportamiento y de las emociones de comienzo habitual en la infancia y adolescencia, ambos como diagnóstico previo. La odds ratio de que un paciente con retraso mental sufra psicosis en la edad adulta es de 4,6 (IC 95% [3,43-6,26]), esquizofrenia de 5,8 [IC 95% (4,20-7,88)], esquizofrenia paranoide de 4,8 (IC 95% [3,39 –6,93]), esquizofrenia residual de 7,0 (IC 95% [4,81 -10,09]), trastorno por ideas delirantes de 2,7 (IC 95% [1,57 -4,73]). Conclusiones. De nuestro estudio se puede concluir que existe una frecuencia incrementada del diagnóstico de retraso mental entre los antecedentes patológicos de sujetos que posteriormente serán diagnosticados de esquizofrenia paranoide y esquizofrenia residual. Este hecho, supone un apoyo a la hipótesis etiológica de la esquizofrenia que involucra alteraciones en el neurodesarrollo (AU)

Introduction. One of the main aims of research on schizophrenia has been to pinpoint the early symptoms and signals of the disease before its appearance. Objectives. We have examined the diagnoses previously given to patients before they were diagnosed of schizophrenia. Method. This is a case-control study in which we used a data register including the fields of minimum basic data set (MBDS) whose time period included 1999 to 2005. Results. In our study, there was a 3.6% frequency of mental retardation and 2.1% one of behavioral and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence, both diagnosed previously. The estimated odds ratio for a mentally retarded patient to suffer adult onset psychosis is 4.6 (95%CI [3.43-6.26]), schizophrenia 5.8 (95% CI [4.20-7.88]), paranoid schizophrenia 4.8 (95% CI [3.39 –6.93]), residual schizophrenia 7.0 (95% CI [4.81 -10.09]) and persistent delusional disorder 2.7 (95% CI [1.57 -4.73]). Conclusions. It can be concluded from our study that there is an increased frequency of mental retardation among the pathological records of subjects who will be diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and residual schizophrenia in the future. This fact supports the etiological thesis of schizophrenia (AU)

Errores de diagnóstico y estabilidad temporal en el trastorno bipolar / Diagnostic errors and temporal stability in bipolar disorder

Introducción. El diagnóstico de trastorno bipolar se modifica con frecuencia a lo largo de la evolución de la enfermedad. Material y métodos. Se describen los cambios de diagnóstico y error asociado de 1.153 pacientes mayores de 18 años diagnosticados de trastorno bipolar y con un seguimiento mínimo de 10 visitas en base a un registro clínico de atención ambulatoria especializada en psiquiatría y hospitalizaciones psiquiátricas de 25.152 pacientes representativos de un área urbana de 240.000 habitantes. Se usó como criterio de estabilidad diagnóstica mantener el diagnóstico de trastorno bipolar en al menos el 75% de las visitas. Resultados. De los 342 pacientes diagnosticados de trastorno bipolar en la primera consulta, el 46,1% mantuvieron el diagnóstico estable. Se cometió un error inicial de infradiagnóstico con 108 pacientes estables no diagnosticados en la primera visita. Ciento ochenta y cuatro de los 342 pacientes diagnosticados en la primera visita obtuvieron posteriormente al menos un 25% de diagnósticos diferentes de bipolar y podrían ser considerados como sobre diagnóstico inicial. Doscientos nueve de 443 pacientes diagnosticados como bipolares en la última visita no mantuvieron criterios de estabilidad en su evolución y podrían, por tanto, considerarse como sobre diagnóstico final. Treinta y dos pacientes estables no diagnosticados en la última visita constituirían el error final de infradiagnóstico. Diagnósticos del espectro de la esquizofrenia (F2) aparecen casi en una de cada cuatro visitas al psiquiatra de los pacientes del estudio. Otras tres categorías presentan solapamiento: los trastornos de ansiedad (F4), los trastornos de personalidad (F6) y los trastornos por consumo de sustancias. Conclusión. El trastorno bipolar es un trastorno de difícil diagnóstico en su evolución inicial (AU)

Introduction. The diagnosis of bipolar disorder is frequently modified during the course of the illness. Material and methods. Diagnostic changes and associated errors are described for 1,153 patients diagnosed as bipolar disorder, aged over 18 years and with at least ten follow-up visits. Data was extracted from a clinical registry of out-patient care specialized in Psychiatry and psychiatric hospitalizations of 25,152 patients representative of an urban area of 240,000 in habitants. Limit for diagnostic stability was established as the maintenance of the bipolar disorder diagnosis in at least 75% of the visits. Results. A total of 158 (46.1 %) out of 342 patients diagnosed as having a bipolar disorders in the first visit kept this diagnostic constant in subsequent evaluations. Infradiagnostic initial error was committed with 108 stable patients who were not diagnosed in the first visit. 184 patients diagnosed in the first visit with bipolar disorder had less than 75 % concordant diagnosis along the follow-up and could be considered as initial over diagnosis. Two hundred and nine out of the 443 patients who were diagnosed as bipolar disorder in their last visit did not keep stability criteria in their follow-up and could be considered therefore as final over diagnosis. Thirty two stable patients not diagnosed in their last visit could be considered as infradiagnosis final error. Diagnosis from schizophrenia spectrum (F2) appears in one of every four psychiatric visits of the patients included in this study. Overlap was seen in three other categories: anxiety disorders (F4), personality disorders (F6) and substance abuse disorders. Conclusion. Initial course of bipolar disorder causes difficulties in the diagnosis (AU)

Diagnostic stability and evolution of bipolar disorder in clinical practice: a prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term stability of International Classification of Diseases-10th revision bipolar affective disorder (BD) in multiple settings. METHOD: A total of 34 368 patients received psychiatric care in the catchment area of a Spanish hospital (1992-2004). The analyzed sample included patients aged > or =18 years who were assessed on > or =10 occasions and received a diagnosis of BD at least once (n = 1153; 71,543 assessments). Prospective and retrospective consistencies and the proportion of subjects who received a BD diagnosis in > or =75% of assessments were calculated. Factors related to diagnostic shift were analyzed with traditional statistical methods and Markov's models. RESULTS: Thirty per cent of patients received a BD diagnosis in the first assessment and 38% in the last assessment. Prospective and retrospective consistencies were 49% and 38%. Twenty-three per cent of patients received a BD diagnosis during > or =75% of the assessments. CONCLUSION: There was a high prevalence of misdiagnosis and diagnostic shift from other psychiatric disorders to BD. Temporal consistency was lower than in other studies.

Tratamiento psicoeducativo en pacientes con esquizofrenia / No disponible

En este trabajo se ha estudiado el efecto de tratamiento psicoeducativo en un grupo de pacientes con esquizofrenia y sus familias en el Centro de Salud Mental de Vallecas (CSMV) en Madrid. La intervención se ha hecho con los pacientes durante un año en los siguientes aspectos: autocuidados, conciencia de enfermedad, autoestima y habilidades sociales. Paralelamente a las familias se las ha reunido durante seis semanas consecutivas, en las que se ha dado información acerca de la enfermedad mental y cómo prevenir crisis en sus familiares.Se ha realizado un estudio cuasiexperimental para observar la situación de los pacientes en los aspectos mencionados antes del tratamiento y al finalizar éste. Se ha encontrado una mejoría significativa en casi todas las variables estudiadas y una disminución de ingresos hospitalarios. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que los abordajes psicoeducacionales son de utilidad como parte del tratamiento para personas con esquizofrenia (AU)

The study looked at the effect of psychoeducational treatment in a group of patients with schizophrenia and their families at the Center of Mental Health of Vallecas (CSMV), in Madrid. The analysis followed patients during a 1-year period with regard to the following variables: self-care, social conscience of disease, selfesteem, and social relations and integration. A parallel group meeting took place with the families of the patients during a six-week period, in which they were informed and educated on the mental disease and how to prevent crisis in their relatives (i. e. the patients). A cuasi-experimental study was carried out to follow the progress of the patients with regards to the variables mentioned, both before the treatment and upon completion of it. Significant improvements were noticed in most of the variables considered, and there also was a noticeable decrease in the number of hospitalizations. The results of the study suggest that psychoeducational care is useful as part of the treatment for patients with schizophrenia (AU)