RESUMO
Nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an oxidative stress-mediated transcription factor with a variety of downstream targets aimed at cytoprotection. Nrf2 has recently been implicated as a new therapeutic target for the treatment of liver disease. Here, we focus on the most common liver diseases-nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/steatohepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, and drug-induced liver injury-and highlight areas in the development of these conditions where activation of Nrf2 may alleviate disease progression.
Assuntos
Hepatopatias/tratamento farmacológico , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/efeitos dos fármacos , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/tratamento farmacológico , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/fisiopatologia , Fígado Gorduroso/tratamento farmacológico , Fígado Gorduroso/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Hepatopatias/fisiopatologia , Hepatopatias Alcoólicas/tratamento farmacológico , Hepatopatias Alcoólicas/fisiopatologia , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/agonistas , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/fisiologia , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não AlcoólicaRESUMO
Knowledge on the transmission tree of an epidemic can provide valuable insights into disease dynamics. The transmission tree can be reconstructed by analysing either detailed epidemiological data (e.g. contact tracing) or, if sufficient genetic diversity accumulates over the course of the epidemic, genetic data of the pathogen. We present a likelihood-based framework to integrate these two data types, estimating probabilities of infection by taking weighted averages over the set of possible transmission trees. We test the approach by applying it to temporal, geographical and genetic data on the 241 poultry farms infected in an epidemic of avian influenza A (H7N7) in The Netherlands in 2003. We show that the combined approach estimates the transmission tree with higher correctness and resolution than analyses based on genetic or epidemiological data alone. Furthermore, the estimated tree reveals the relative infectiousness of farms of different types and sizes.
Assuntos
Epidemias/veterinária , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H7N7/fisiologia , Influenza Aviária/epidemiologia , Influenza Aviária/transmissão , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Galinhas , Sequência Consenso , Patos , Hemaglutininas/genética , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H7N7/genética , Funções Verossimilhança , Cadeias de Markov , Método de Monte Carlo , Países Baixos/epidemiologia , Neuraminidase/genética , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA/genética , Análise de Sequência de RNA/veterinária , Fatores de Tempo , Perus , Proteínas Virais/genéticaRESUMO
Bismuth ferrite, BiFeO3, is the only known room-temperature magnetic ferroelectric material. We demonstrate here, using neutron scattering measurements in high quality single crystals, that the antiferromagnetic and ferroelectric order parameters are intimately coupled. Initially in a single ferroelectric state, our crystals have a canted antiferromagnetic structure describing a unique cycloid. Under electrical poling, polarization reorientation induces a spin flop. We argue here that the coupling between the two orders may be stronger in the bulk than in thin films where the cycloid is absent.