Cognitive and emotional factors influence specific domains of postural control in individuals with moderate-to-severe Parkinson's disease.

INTRODUCTION: Cognition and emotional state are domains that highly interfere with postural control in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). This study aims to find associations between executive function, anxiety, depression, and reactive and anticipatory postural control domains in individuals with moderate-to-severe Parkinson's disease. METHODS: In this study, 34 individuals with PD while on medication were thoroughly assessed for postural control in perturbed, quiet standing and stepping. We performed multiple linear stepwise regressions using postural variables as dependent and cognitive/emotional as independent variables. RESULTS: The results showed that cognitive flexibility explained 23 % of anticipatory postural adjustments (APA) duration, inhibitory control explained 42 % of instability on a malleable surface, anxiety explained 21 % of APA amplitude, and 38 % of reactive postural response amplitude. CONCLUSION: Our results highlight the impact of emotional and cognitive states on particular domains of postural control in individuals with PD while on medication. These results may have significant implications for future treatments, mainly considering the predictors for postural control domains, which were consistent with the assumption that impairments in affective and executive domains underlie posture. As we have shown that cognitive and emotional states influence postural control domains in individuals with PD, this should be taken into account in rehabilitation protocols.

Frontal Hemodynamic Response During Step Initiation Under Cognitive Conflict in Older and Young Healthy People.

Gait initiation is a daily challenge even for healthy individuals as it requires the timely coupling between the automatic anticipatory postural adjustment (APA) and the voluntary step according to the context. Modulation of this motor event has been thought to involve higher level brain control, including cognitive inhibitory circuitries. Despite the known participation of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in the modulation of some parameters of APA, the participation of areas controlling inhibition during gait initiation still needs to be investigated. In this study, the hemodynamic responses of the SMA and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) were assessed using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during a gait initiation task under cognitive conflict to select the foot to step (congruent [CON] and incongruent [INC] conditions). The older group (OG) showed worse inhibitory control than the young group (YG) along with more impairments in APA parameters. OG also had a lower amplitude of hemodynamic responses in both areas than YG in the INC. The INC increased the correlation between SMA and DLPFC only in the YG. Aging seems to impair the interaction between the hemodynamic responses of SMA and DLPFC, which influences APA performance in gait initiation under cognitive conflict.

Torre de Londres e Torre de Hanói: contribuições distintas para avaliação do funcionamento executivo / Tower of London and Tower of Hanoi: distinct contributions to the assessment of executive functioning

OBJETIVO: Realizar um estudo teórico sobre comparações de aspectos cognitivos e metodológicos envolvidos no desempenho das Torres de Hanói e de Londres em indivíduos normais. MÉTODO: Revisão narrativa da literatura. RESULTADOS: O desempenho nesses instrumentos não compartilha a variância esperada em virtude das similaridades aparentes em sua estrutura e demanda de solução. Verificaram-se correlações significativas, porém moderadas, entre o desempenho das duas torres, refletindo em média 75 por cento da variância não compartilhada. CONCLUSÕES: Ambas as torres recrutam diferentes processos executivos para solução da tarefa e não podem ser utilizadas como instrumentos permutáveis.

OBJECTIVE: To produce theoretical study about comparisons of cognitive and methodological aspects involved in the performance of Towers of Hanoi and London in normal individuals. METHOD: Narrative review of the literature. RESULTS: The performances in these instruments do not share the expected variance due to the apparent similarities in your structure and solution demand. Correlations significant, however moderate, among the two towers performance, were found reflecting the average of 75 percent of the nonshared variance. CONCLUSIONS: Both towers recruit different executive processes for task solution and cannot be used as exchangeable instruments.