Older adults physically inactive in occupational and commuting domains have a higher risk for osteopenia and osteoporosis: A 12-month prospective study.

The relationship between different domains of physical activity (PA) and bone health in older adults needs to be further investigated. We evaluated 379 Brazilian older adults and observed that the risk of osteopenia is higher in older adults who are physically inactive in occupational domain and for osteoporosis the risk is higher in physically inactive in commuting domain and total habitual PA. PURPOSE: Bone mineral density (BMD) usually decreases with age, and the risk of osteometabolic diseases, such as osteopenia and osteoporosis, increases in older adults. PA is strictly related to BMD. However, the relationship between different domains of PA and bone health in older adults is still unclear, and needs to be further investigated, aiming at the implementation of preventative health measures for this population. Thus, the aim of the current study was to analyze the association between different domains of PA and the risk for osteopenia and osteoporosis in older adults in a 12-month follow-up. METHODS: Prospective study that included 379 Brazilian community-dwelling older adults, aged ≥ 60 years (70 ± 7 years, 69% women). Areal bone mineral density (aBMD) total, proximal femur, and lumbar spine were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and PA was self-reported. Binary logistic regression analysis and 95%CI were used to analyze the association between the practice of PA in different domains (at baseline and follow-up) and risk for osteopenia and osteoporosis (follow-up). RESULTS: The risk for osteopenia (total proximal femur or lumbar spine) is higher in older adults who are physically inactive in the occupational domain (OR:3.25; 95%CI:1.24-8.55). In addition, older adults who are physically inactive in the commuting domain (OR:3.43; 95%CI:1.09-10.82) and total PA (OR:5.58; 95%CI:1.57-19.88) present a higher risk for osteoporosis (total proximal femur or lumbar spine) compared to physically active older adults. CONCLUSION: The risk of osteopenia is higher in older adults who are physically inactive in occupational domain and for osteoporosis the risk is higher in physically inactive in commuting domain and total habitual PA.

Practice of physical activity and dysmobility syndrome in community-dwelling older adults.

The aim this study was to analyze the association between insufficient physical activity and dysmobility syndrome (DS) in community-dwelling older adults. In total, 375 subjects were evaluated aged ≥60 years. For the diagnosis of DS the presence of ≥3 clinical factors was considered: (a) low muscle mass; (b) low muscular strength; (c) low gait speed; (d) high body fat, and (e) osteoporosis. Information relating to the practice of habitual physical activity (HPA) was obtained using a questionnaire and accelerometry. The chi-square test was used to verify the association between HPA and DS and analysis of binary logistic regression to build multiple models. Insufficiently active older adults are approximately 2 times (95% confidence interval, 1.14-3.79) more likely to have DS, independent of body mass index, smoking and ethnicity. The insufficient practice of physical activity is associated with DS in older adults, mainly in women and older.

Effects of linear versus nonperiodized resistance training on isometric force and skeletal muscle mass adaptations in sarcopenic older adults.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of linear periodization (LP) versus nonperiodized (NP) resistance training on upper-body isometric force and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) in sarcopenic older adults. Twenty sarcopenic older adults were randomly assigned into the LP and NP groups and performed 16 weeks of resistance training. The SMM was measured by octopolar bioelectrical impedance. The isometric force for handgrip and trunk were assessed by dynamometer. Evaluations were performed at baseline, after 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks of resistance training. For total weight lifted, there was a main effect for time (F=126.986, P<0.001), statistically significant difference between condition (F=13.867, P=0.001) and interaction (F=8.778, P<0.001), whereby total weight lifted was greater for NP after 4 months of training. Isometric force for handgrip and trunk increased across time (P<0.001) but no significant differences between groups or interaction were observed (P>0.05). The SMM increased across time (P<0.05), however no significant difference between groups or interaction were observed (P>0.05). There were strong and significant correlations between handgrip maximum force and SMM (LP: rho=0.79, P=0.004 vs. NP: rho=-0.43, P=0.244) and handgrip mean force and SMM (LP: rho=0.68, P=0.021 vs. NP: rho=-0.37, P=0.332) only for the LP group. In conclusion, LP and NP resistance training induced similar benefits on upper-body isometric force and SMM in sarcopenic older adults. However, LP presented lower total weight lifted, suggesting that it is possible to obtain similar gains in isometric force and SMM with less total work.

Association of insufficient physical activity with sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in individuals aged 50 years or more / Análise da associação da prática insuficiente de atividade física com sarcopenia e obesidade sarcopênica em indivíduos com idade igual ou superior a 50 anos

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the association of insufficient physical activity in different domains with sarcopenia or sarcopenic obesity in patients aged ³50 years. Methods: The sample consisted of 770 males and females. Sarcopenia was diagnosed when the individual had: (1) low muscle mass and muscle strength; or (2) low walking speed and low muscle mass; sarcopenic obesity was diagnosed when individuals were at risk of obesity and sarcopenia. Muscle mass was given by a predictive equation, and then the muscle mass index (in kg/m²) was given by muscle mass divided by height squared. Muscle strength, in kg, was given by measuring handgrip strength with a digital dynamometer. The 4m walk test evaluated walking sped. Low muscle mass, muscle strength, and walking speed were defined as the respective values below the 25th percentile, and risk of obesity was defined as body mass index ³25kg/m2. Results: Habitual physical activity was investigated by a questionnaire. Insufficient leisure-time physical activity was associated with sarcopenia (OR=2.55; 95%CI=1.10-5.88). In addition, insufficient leisure-time physical activity (OR=4.75; 95%CI=1.64-13.72), leisure-time and commuting physical activities (OR=2.49; 95%CI=1.02-6.11, and habitual physical activity (OR=3.55; 95%CI=1.0-11.79) were associated with sarcopenic obesity. Conclusion: Insufficient physical activity is associated with sarcopenia or sarcopenic obesity in the study individuals aged ³50years.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre a prática insuficiente de atividade física em diferentes domínios e a presença de sarcopenia ou obesidade sarcopênica em indivíduos com idade maior ou igual a 50 anos. Métodos: A amostra foi constituída por 770 indivíduos de ambos os sexos. Para o diagnóstico da sarcopenia, considerou--se: (1) baixas massa e força muscular; ou (2) baixa velocidade de locomoção e baixa massa muscular; para o diagnóstico de obesidade sarcopênica, foram considerados aqueles com indicativo de risco para obesidade e sarcopenia. A massa muscular foi mensurada por meio de equação preditiva e, posteriormente, foi calculado o índice de massa muscular em kg/m² a partir da razão entre massa muscular e estatura. A força muscular foi estimada, em kg, por força de preensão manual através de um dinamômetro digital. O teste de caminhada de quatro metros foi utilizado para avaliar a velocidade de locomoção. Foram considerados com baixas massa muscular, força muscular e velocidade de locomoção os indivíduos com valores abaixo do percentil 25; já os indivíduos com indicativo de risco para obesidade foram aqueles com valores de índice de massa corporal igual ou superior a 25kg/m2. A prática de atividade física habitual foi avaliada por questionário autorreferido. Resultados: A prática insuficiente de exercício físico no lazer associou-se à sarcopenic (OR=2,55; IC95%=1,10-5,88). Além disso, a prática insuficiente de exercício físico no lazer (OR=4,75; IC95%=1,64-13,72) e atividade física no lazer e locomoção (OR=2,49; IC95%=1,02-6,11), bem como a atividade física habitual (OR=3,55; IC95%=1,07-11,79) se associaram à obesidade sarcopênica. Conclusão: A prática insuficiente de atividade física associou-se à sarcopenia ou à obesidade sarcopênica em indivíduos com idade maior ou igual a 50 anos na amostra investigada.