Painful forms of diabetic neuropathy.

Diabetic neuropathy is a frequent and severe degenerative complication of diabetes. The diagnosis is easily performed in painful symptomatic patients. Sensitivity disorders responsible for numbness, tingling, and loss of feeling are part and parcel of diabetic foot syndrome and require investigation in view of preventing trophic ulcers. To date, there exists no specific treatment for diabetic neuropathy possibly preventable by careful control of metabolic disorder. Effective management of diabetic patients would make it possible to limit the dramatic consequences of diabetic neuropathy while at the same time acting on other complications.

Five-Year Follow-Up of Diabetic Complications and Geriatric Alterations in French Older Patients with Type 2 Diabetes According to Treatment Modalities: The Observational Prospective GERODIAB Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about clinical events occurring in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus according to their therapeutic modalities based on the prescription of insulin and/or oral antidiabetic drugs. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the complications of diabetes and geriatric alterations that occurred according to three therapeutic modalities prescribed over 5 years. METHODS: A total of 616 patients from the GERODIAB cohort (mean age 77.1 years) were divided into three groups: an insulin-only group (n = 200), a group receiving insulin and one or more oral antidiabetic drug (n = 169), and an oral antidiabetic drug group without insulin (n = 247). We compared the diabetic complications and geriatric alterations that occurred over 5 years in patients without these pre-existing complications. RESULTS: At inclusion, there was a significant difference between glycosylated hemoglobin values, and between the frequencies of most diabetic complications and geriatric alterations, with higher frequencies in the insulin group and lower frequencies in the oral antidiabetic drug group. At the end of the follow-up, there was still a significant difference between the mean glycosylated hemoglobin of the three groups (mean for all patients 7.4 ± 0.8%). The frequencies of new clinical events were high and they were generally higher in the insulin group. They were not significantly different between the three groups, with the exception of four events: heart failure, retinopathy, transfer to a nursing home (more frequent in the insulin group), and hypoglycemia (more frequent in the insulin + oral antidiabetic drug group). Some frequencies of the total diabetic complications (including complications at inclusion and at the follow-up) in the oral antidiabetic drug group were close to those in the insulin group, although only at inclusion. Mortality was higher in the insulin group and lower in the oral antidiabetic drug group. CONCLUSIONS: The increased frequency of hypoglycemia in the insulin + oral antidiabetic drug group raises doubts about the value of continuing a secretagogue drug when insulin is introduced. As the vast majority of patients were not yet receiving antidiabetic drugs with cardiovascular action, our results on heart failure could help in conducting specific studies on these drugs in older patients with type 2 diabetes.

Therapeutic choices in elderly diabetic patients.

The care of elderly diabetic patients has now become a real public health issue due to the increase in the number of patients. In this population, complications are more serious and are intertwined with more specifically gerontological issues. Treatment goals should be individualized based on the patient's clinical presentation. New therapeutic drug classes are particularly interesting because of their effectiveness in terms of cardiovascular and renal protection, but the risk/benefit ratio needs to be well assessed on an individual basis. Insulin therapy is often necessary, either in case of failure of oral antidiabetics or because of comorbidities, particularly in the event of renal failure. Educating the patient and family early in the course of the disease is one of the keys to effective and safe treatment. The management of elderly diabetic patients must avoid both too much laxity in those who have successfully aged and unreasonable activism in fragile subjects because of the risk of hypoglycemia.

Impact of diabetes on COVID-19 prognosis beyond comorbidity burden: the CORONADO initiative.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Diabetes has been recognised as a pejorative prognostic factor in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since diabetes is typically a disease of advanced age, it remains unclear whether diabetes remains a COVID-19 risk factor beyond advanced age and associated comorbidities. We designed a cohort study that considered age and comorbidities to address this question. METHODS: The Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and Diabetes Outcomes (CORONADO) initiative is a French, multicentric, cohort study of individuals with (exposed) and without diabetes (non-exposed) admitted to hospital with COVID-19, with a 1:1 matching on sex, age (±5 years), centre and admission date (10 March 2020 to 10 April 2020). Comorbidity burden was assessed by calculating the updated Charlson comorbidity index (uCCi). A predefined composite primary endpoint combining death and/or invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), as well as these two components separately, was assessed within 7 and 28 days following hospital admission. We performed multivariable analyses to compare clinical outcomes between patients with and without diabetes. RESULTS: A total of 2210 pairs of participants (diabetes/no-diabetes) were matched on age (mean±SD 69.4±13.2/69.5±13.2 years) and sex (36.3% women). The uCCi was higher in individuals with diabetes. In unadjusted analysis, the primary composite endpoint occurred more frequently in the diabetes group by day 7 (29.0% vs 21.6% in the no-diabetes group; HR 1.43 [95% CI 1.19, 1.72], p<0.001). After multiple adjustments for age, BMI, uCCi, clinical (time between onset of COVID-19 symptoms and dyspnoea) and biological variables (eGFR, aspartate aminotransferase, white cell count, platelet count, C-reactive protein) on admission to hospital, diabetes remained associated with a higher risk of primary composite endpoint within 7 days (adjusted HR 1.42 [95% CI 1.17, 1.72], p<0.001) and 28 days (adjusted HR 1.30 [95% CI 1.09, 1.55], p=0.003), compared with individuals without diabetes. Using the same adjustment model, diabetes was associated with the risk of IMV, but not with risk of death, within 28 days of admission to hospital. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Our results demonstrate that diabetes status was associated with a deleterious COVID-19 prognosis irrespective of age and comorbidity status. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04324736.

Association Between the ACE Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism and Risk of Lower-Limb Amputation in Patients With Long-Standing Type 1 Diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: The ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism has been widely studied in people with diabetes, albeit not with regard to lower-limb amputation (LLA). We examined associations among this polymorphism, plasma ACE concentration, and LLA in people with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: ACE I/D genotype and plasma ACE were assessed in three prospective cohorts of participants with type 1 diabetes. LLA was defined as minor (below-the-ankle amputation consisting of at least one ray metatarsal resection) or major (transtibial or transfemoral) amputation. Linear, logistic, and Cox regression models were computed to evaluate the likelihood of prevalent and incident LLA by ACE genotype (XD [ID or ID] vs. II) and plasma ACE, after adjusting for confounders. RESULTS: Among 1,301 participants (male 54%, age 41 ± 13 years), 90 (6.9%) had a baseline history of LLA. Baseline LLA was more prevalent in XD (7.4%) than in II genotype (4.5%, odds ratio [OR] 2.17 [95 %CI 1.03-4.60]). Incident LLA occurred in 53 individuals during the 14-year follow-up and was higher in XD versus II carriers (hazard ratio 3.26 [95% CI 1.16-13.67]). This association was driven by excess risk of minor, but not major, LLA. The D allele was associated with increased prevalent LLA at the end of follow-up (OR 2.48 [1.33-4.65]). LLA was associated with higher mean (95% CI) ACE levels in II (449 [360, 539] vs. 354 [286, 423] ng/mL), but not XD (512 [454, 570] vs. 537 [488, 586]), carriers. CONCLUSIONS: This report is the first of an independent association between ACE D allele and excess LLA risk, mainly minor amputations, in patients with type 1 diabetes.

Penetration rates of new pharmaceutical products in Europe: A comparative study of several classes recently launched in type-2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Different countries have their own systems for evaluating new medicines, and they make decisions as to when and how each new medicine is adopted. PURPOSE: To compare the rate of uptake of new diabetes medicines (dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors [DPP-4Is], glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists [GLP1-RAs], and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors [SGLT2Is]) in the five most populated European countries. METHODS: The monthly volume of sales of antidiabetic drugs was extracted for each country from the IQVIA™ MIDAS® database for the period 2007 to 2016 and the defined daily doses (DDDs) were calculated. For each new drug, market shares were expressed as a percentage of the total market of non-insulin antidiabetic agents. RESULTS: Sharp differences were observed between the countries. Overall, the highest and fastest rates of uptake were seen for Germany and Spain, compared to lower rates for the UK and Italy. This was especially marked for DPP-4Is, where the market share reached over 30% of non-insulin antidiabetic drugs in Germany and Spain, compared to around 10% in the UK and Italy. In France, there was an initial rapid uptake, which stabilized at around 20% after three years. Rates of uptake were lower for the other drugs, with the GLP1-RAs reaching a market share of 2.5-4.5% in Germany, Spain and France, compared to less than 2.5% in the UK and Italy. The SGLT2Is reached a market share of 5-8% in Spain and Germany, compared to less than 4% in the UK and Italy, and they were not launched at all in France in March 2020. CONCLUSION: The differences in the uptake of new antidiabetic drugs may reflect different methods for assessing and introducing new medicines, as well as cultural factors. The uptake of the new medicines would appear to be more cautious in the UK and Italy, perhaps due to concerns about cost-effectiveness, whereas in Germany and Spain, and possibly also France, a new medicine's potential benefits may be prioritized.

Correction to: Phenotypic characteristics and prognosis of inpatients with COVID-19 and diabetes: the CORONADO study.

The authors regret a mistake in Table 1.

Phenotypic characteristics and prognosis of inpatients with COVID-19 and diabetes: the CORONADO study.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a life-threatening infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. Diabetes has rapidly emerged as a major comorbidity for COVID-19 severity. However, the phenotypic characteristics of diabetes in COVID-19 patients are unknown. METHODS: We conducted a nationwide multicentre observational study in people with diabetes hospitalised for COVID-19 in 53 French centres in the period 10-31 March 2020. The primary outcome combined tracheal intubation for mechanical ventilation and/or death within 7 days of admission. Age- and sex-adjusted multivariable logistic regressions were performed to assess the prognostic value of clinical and biological features with the endpoint. ORs are reported for a 1 SD increase after standardisation. RESULTS: The current analysis focused on 1317 participants: 64.9% men, mean age 69.8 ± 13.0 years, median BMI 28.4 (25th-75th percentile: 25.0-32.7) kg/m2; with a predominance of type 2 diabetes (88.5%). Microvascular and macrovascular diabetic complications were found in 46.8% and 40.8% of cases, respectively. The primary outcome was encountered in 29.0% (95% CI 26.6, 31.5) of participants, while 10.6% (9.0, 12.4) died and 18.0% (16.0, 20.2) were discharged on day 7. In univariate analysis, characteristics prior to admission significantly associated with the primary outcome were sex, BMI and previous treatment with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) blockers, but not age, type of diabetes, HbA1c, diabetic complications or glucose-lowering therapies. In multivariable analyses with covariates prior to admission, only BMI remained positively associated with the primary outcome (OR 1.28 [1.10, 1.47]). On admission, dyspnoea (OR 2.10 [1.31, 3.35]), as well as lymphocyte count (OR 0.67 [0.50, 0.88]), C-reactive protein (OR 1.93 [1.43, 2.59]) and AST (OR 2.23 [1.70, 2.93]) levels were independent predictors of the primary outcome. Finally, age (OR 2.48 [1.74, 3.53]), treated obstructive sleep apnoea (OR 2.80 [1.46, 5.38]), and microvascular (OR 2.14 [1.16, 3.94]) and macrovascular complications (OR 2.54 [1.44, 4.50]) were independently associated with the risk of death on day 7. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATIONS: In people with diabetes hospitalised for COVID-19, BMI, but not long-term glucose control, was positively and independently associated with tracheal intubation and/or death within 7 days. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov NCT04324736.

Sex Differences in the Occurrence of Major Clinical Events in Elderly People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Followed up in the General Practice.

AIMS: The main aim of the present work was to assess if sex influences the occurrence of major clinical events in elderly people with type 2 diabetes followed up in the primary care. METHODS: 983 subjects aged ≥65years with type 2 diabetes were included by 213 general practitioners and followed up prospectively for three years. Major clinical events were recorded every six month. The first endpoint was a composite of all-cause death and major vascular events (acute coronary syndrome, non-fatal stroke or transient ischemic attack, or revascularization for peripheral artery disease). The second endpoint was all-cause hospitalization. The occurrence of each endpoint was analyzed in order to estimate the role of sex and determine other predictors of major clinical events. RESULTS: At baseline, women were older than men but they had a lower prevalence of coexisting diseases (cardiovascular disease and cancer) and equivalent diabetes control (Glycated hemoglobin A1C: 6.9%±0.9 vs. 7.0%±1.1). Over the follow-up period, women were at lower risk to develop the composite endpoint (HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.40-0.91, p=0.016) and the hospitalization endpoint (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.52-0.96, p=0.029). Coexisting diseases, functional ability and concomitant medications emerged as significant predictors of both endpoints. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly women with well-controlled type 2 diabetes were less likely to experience major clinical events than their male counterparts. More studies are needed to determine the reasons for the higher hospitalization rate in men.

Diabetes as a risk factor for herpes zoster in adults: A synthetic literature review.

AIM: The objective of this review was to evaluate the role of diabetes as a risk factor for herpes zoster (HZ) and to discuss implications of prevention by vaccination with available HZ vaccines. METHODS: We reviewed studies that investigated the incidence rates of HZ in patients with diabetes. Papers in English or French published between January 2000 and December 2018 have been selected from PubMed and Google Scholarship by using appropriate key words. RESULTS: The risk of HZ was significantly higher in patients with diabetes as compared to controls in 11 studies out of 16, although the magnitude of risk associated to diabetes varied across studies from 1.06 to 2.38 (p < 0.05). The incidence of HZ in patients with diabetes increased with age and was higher in women than in men. The incidence of the most common complication of HZ, i.e. post-herpetic neuralgia was also higher in patients with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of HZ adds supplementary complications to the pre-existing comorbidity in patients with diabetes. Investigating the impact of preventive measure by HZ vaccination is therefore of paramount importance in patients with diabetes.

Cardiovascular Complications Over 5 Years and Their Association With Survival in the GERODIAB Cohort of Elderly French Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: The GERODIAB study is a multicenter prospective observational study performed over 5 years in French patients aged 70 years or above with type 2 diabetes. This report deals with their cardiovascular complications and their relationship with survival. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Consecutive patients (n = 987, median age = 77 years) were included from 56 diabetes centers over 1 year. Individual characteristics, history and complications of diabetes, geriatric factors, and clinical and biological parameters were recorded. Survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS: The frequency of cardiovascular complications increased from 47% at inclusion to 67% at 5 years. The most frequent complications were coronary heart disease (increasing from 30% to 41%) and vascular disease of the lower limbs (25% to 35%) and of the cerebral vessels (15% to 26%). Heart failure was less common, but its frequency doubled during the follow-up (9% to 20%). It was strongly associated with poor survival (P < 0.0001), as was vascular disease of the lower limbs (P = 0.0004), whereas coronary heart disease (P = 0.0056) and vascular disease of cerebral vessels (P = 0.026) had mild associations. Amputation (P < 0.0001) and foot wounds (P < 0.0001) were strongly associated with survival. In multivariate models, heart failure was the strongest predictor of poor survival (hazard ratio [HR] 1.96 [95% CI 1.45-2.64]; P < 0.0001). It remained significant when other factors were considered simultaneously (HR 1.92 [95% CI 1.43-2.58]; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular complications are associated with poor survival in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes, especially heart failure.

Gender-Related Differences in the Control of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Primary Care for Elderly Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to estimate the association between gender and control of diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: The sujets âgés cohort is an observational study whose main objective was to describe the real-life management of elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in France. Nine hundred eighty-three patients with diabetes (517 men and 466 women) were recruited by 213 general practitioners and were followed up prospectively every 6 months for 3 years. Diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia were considered controlled if the glycated hemoglobin (A1C) was ≤7%, blood pressure was <140/90 mm Hg and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was ≤100 mg/dL. A1C levels and blood pressure measurements were recorded every 6 months for all patients. LDL cholesterol levels were optionally sampled every year. RESULTS: Women were older than men (77.3±5.72 vs. 76.1±6.01 years), more likely to be alone, less likely to be smokers/ex-smokers and less likely to have cardiovascular disease at baseline. Mean A1C levels of female patients (6.98%±1.03%) did not differ from those of male patients (6.91%±0.96%). Mean blood pressure measurements during follow up were not different between male and female patients. In contrast, female patients had significantly higher LDL cholesterol levels than male counterparts (105.2±32.6 vs. 94.9±29.1 mg/dL), regardless of statin therapy. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest no difference in the management of cardiovascular risk factors between elderly female patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and their male counterparts, except for LDL cholesterol, which is significantly higher in women.

Normative Values for Electrochemical Skin Conductances and Impact of Ethnicity on Quantitative Assessment of Sudomotor Function.

BACKGROUND: Sudomotor dysfunction is one of the earliest pathophysiologic abnormalities in diabetes. Sudoscan™ (Impeto Medical, Paris, France) was developed as a noninvasive, rapid, and quantitative assessment of sudomotor function and has been shown to be sensitive in the detection of neuropathy. This global collaborative analysis aimed to establish reference values in healthy subjects of different ethnic groups, age, and gender, to define factors potentially affecting results, and to provide standardization of the methodology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from 1,350 generally healthy study participants who underwent sudomotor function testing were collected and analyzed. The relationship between age, height, weight, gender, glycemic and lipid profiles, ethnicity, and hand and foot electrochemical skin conductance (ESC) was assessed among subgroups of participants. RESULTS: Lower mean hands and feet ESC values were observed in African American, Indian, and Chinese subjects (P < 0.0001). No participant discomfort or safety concern was reported in 1,376 tests. No significant difference in ESC was observed between women and men at the hands (75 [57-87] vs. 76 [56-89] µS; P = 0.35) or feet (83.5 [71-90] vs. 82.5 [70-91] µS; P = 0.12). The coefficient of correlation between right and left side ESC was r = 0.96, P < 0.0001 for hands and r = 0.97, P < 0.0001 for feet. A significant but weak correlation was observed between ESC and age: for hands, r = -0.17, P < 0.0001; for feet, r = -0.19, P < 0.0001. CONCLUSIONS: A normative reference range was established in whites showing that there was no effect of sex or body mass index and a slight decrease in ESC with age. Ethnicity influenced ESC scores, but additional studies are necessary to validate this effect and determine its mechanism and impact on nerve function.

Cardiovascular Drugs and Metformin Drug Dosage According to Renal Function in Non-Institutionalized Elderly Patients.

Adaptation of drug dosage to kidney function is a common problem in general practice. The aim was to describe adaptation of cardiovascular drugs and metformin according to renal function and its association with mortality with regard to metformin in a cohort of elderly patients. This was an ancillary study to the S.AGES cohort made up of patients over 65 years of age managed by their general practitioner under real-life conditions and followed up prospectively for 3 years. The medications studied were digoxin, spironolactone and metformin. Adaptation of their daily dose according to renal function (eGFR according to CKD/EPI) was compared to that recommended in the summaries of product characteristics (SPCs) or international scientific societies (ISS). A total of 900 patients were included, including 588 on metformin. At baseline, dose adjustment according to renal function was 100% and 87.6% (95% CI: 82.6-92.6) for patients on digoxin and spironolactone respectively. For metformin, only 71.3% (95% CI: 67.6-74.9) or 78.1% (95% CI: 74.7-81.4) of patients had their dosage adapted at inclusion according to their renal function depending on whether the SPCs or ISS recommendations were considered. During the 3-year follow-up period, 42/588 patients died (none from lactic acidosis). At inclusion, a metformin dosage not adapted for renal function according to ISS was not associated with an increase in all-cause mortality (OR 1.7; 95% CI 0.6-5.0, p = 0.32). In conclusion, approximately one-quarter of elderly patients treated with metformin do not have their dosage adapted for renal function according to ISS although there is no increase in mortality after follow-up for 3 years.

Medical treatments of elderly, French patients with type 2 diabetes: results at inclusion in the GERODIAB Cohort.

Prevalence of diabetes in the elderly increases, and half of the French diabetics are over the age of 75 years. The GERODIAB study is the first French multicentre, prospective, observational study designed to analyse over 5 years the influence of glycaemic control on morbidity-mortality in type 2 diabetics patients 70 years old and over. This study analysed the diabetic and geriatric factors associated with the treatment modalities, particularly insulin, at inclusion in the cohort. The cohort of 987 type 2 diabetics was divided into three groups according to the method of treatment. Slightly fewer than one-third of these patients (26.4%) were treated with insulin alone, 31% received insulin and oral antidiabetic drugs, and 42.7% oral antidiabetic drugs alone. The patients that received insulin alone were significantly older, had poorer glycaemic control (HbA1c = 7.9 ± 1.4, 7.8 ± 1.0 and 7.1 ± 1.2%, respectively; P < 0.001) and had greater alterations of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). HbA1c was below 6.5% in 15% of patients and 37.3% of patients had a GFR below 60 mL/min. The patients treated with insulin alone had significantly more hypoglycaemic episodes (respectively 53.3, 36.3 and 19.5%, P < 0.001), retinopathy, cardiovascular involvement and more specific geriatric complications, such as cognitive disorders (respectively 34.1, 31.4 and 23.6%, P = 0.006). In this specific population of elderly type 2 diabetic patients, diabetic and geriatric conditions significantly differed between the types of drug treatments. Considering low values of HbA1c and GFR, some patients seemed overtreated and other patients received inappropriate drugs.

Healthcare costs associated with elderly chronic pain patients in primary care.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to estimate the total healthcare costs associated with elderly chronic pain (CP) patients, define cost-related factors in this population, and examine cost evolution over two years. METHOD: This is an ancillary study from the CP S.AGE subcohort, including non-institutionalized patients aged over 65 suffering from CP. 1190, 1108, 1042, and 950 patients were reviewed with available healthcare data at follow-up visits at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months, respectively. Healthcare components included medical and paramedical visits, medication prescription, and hospitalization. RESULT: The mean total cost in the first semester was estimated at 2548 ± 8885 per patient. Hospitalization represented the largest cost component (50%) followed by paramedical care (24%), medications (21%), and medical visits (5%). Significant cost-associated factors were comorbidity (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.35-1.64), dependency in daily activities (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.39-2.47), probable depression (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.09-2.69), permanent pain (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.18-1.86), neuropathic pain (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.38-2.73), living alone (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.16-1.82), chronic back pain (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.07-1.71), and vertebral fracture/compression (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.08-2.01). Healthcare costs increased significantly by 48% (p < 0.0001) during follow-up namely due to hospitalizations. Elevated costs were associated with a higher risk of future hospitalization (OR 1.95, CI 95% 1.33-2.87). CONCLUSION: Healthcare costs increased rapidly over time, largely due to hospitalization. Prevention strategies to limit hospitalizations in elderly appear to be the most useful in order to achieve cost savings in the future.

Predicting falls in elderly patients with chronic pain and other chronic conditions.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to identify fall predictors in elderly suffering from chronic pain (CP) and to test their applicability among patients with other chronic conditions. METHODS: 1,379 non-institutionalized patients aged 65 years and older who were suffering from CP (S.AGE CP sub-cohort) were monitored every 6 months for 1 year. Socio-demographic, clinical and pain data and medication use were assessed at baseline for the association with falls in the following year. Falls were assessed retrospectively at each study visit. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify fall predictors. The derived model was applied to two additional S.AGE sub-cohorts: atrial fibrillation (AF) (n = 1,072) and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (n = 983). RESULTS: Four factors predicted falls in the CP sub-cohort: fall history (OR: 4.03, 95 % CI 2.79-5.82), dependency in daily activities (OR: 1.81, 95 % CI 1.27-2.59), age ≥75 (OR: 1.53, 95 % CI 1.04-2.25) and living alone (OR: 1.73, 95 % CI 1.24-2.41) (Area Under the Curve: AUC = 0.71, 95 % CI 0.67-0.75). These factors were relevant in AF (AUC = 0.71, 95 % CI 0.66-0.75) and T2DM (AUC = 0.67, 95 % CI 0.59-0.73) sub-cohorts. Fall predicted probability in CP, AF and T2DM sub-cohorts increased from 7, 7 and 6 % in patients with no risk factors to 59, 66 and 45 % respectively, in those with the four predictors. Fall history was the strongest predictor in the three sub-cohorts. CONCLUSION: Fall history, dependency in daily activities, age ≥75 and living alone are independent fall predictors in CP, AF and T2DM patients.