Antimicrobial Activity Developed by Scorpion Venoms and Its Peptide Component.

Microbial infections represent a problem of great importance at the public health level, with a high rate of morbidity-mortality worldwide. However, treating the different diseases generated by microorganisms requires a gradual increase in acquired resistance when applying or using them against various antibiotic therapies. Resistance is caused by various molecular mechanisms of microorganisms, thus reducing their effectiveness. Consequently, there is a need to search for new opportunities through natural sources with antimicrobial activity. One alternative is using peptides present in different scorpion venoms, specifically from the Buthidae family. Different peptides with biological activity in microorganisms have been characterized as preventing their growth or inhibiting their replication. Therefore, they represent an alternative to be used in the design and development of new-generation antimicrobial drugs in different types of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. Essential aspects for its disclosure, as shown in this review, are the studies carried out on different types of peptides in scorpion venoms with activity against pathogenic microorganisms, highlighting their high therapeutic potential.

Helicobacter Pylori: vías de transmisión / Helicobacter Pylori: Transmission Routes

La importancia de Helicobacter pylori como agente etiológico en diversas patologías se asocia con una alta tasa de morbimortalidad y genera un fuerte impacto en nuestra sociedad y en los sistemas de salud. En ese sentido, la presente revisión de literatura pretende analizar y comprender la ruta de transmisión de este patógeno con el objeto de prevenir su propagación. El conocimiento de la epidemiología y el modo de transmisión permite prevenir la propagación e identificar poblaciones de alto riesgo, especialmente en áreas que tienen altas tasas de linfoma gástrico, cáncer gástrico y úlcera gástrica.

The importance of Helicobacter pylori as an etiological agent in several pathologies is associated with a high rate of morbi mortality, which generates a strong impact in our society and in the health systems. The present literature review sought to analize and understand the route of transmission of this pathogen to prevent its spread. Knowledge of the epidemiology and mode of transmission of this pathogen is important to prevent its spread and be useful in identifying high-risk populations, especially in areas with high rates of gastric lymphoma, gastric cancer, and gastric ulcer.

Draft Genome Sequence of a Helicobacter pylori Strain Isolated from a Patient with Diffuse Gastritis from a Region of High Cancer Risk in Colombia.

The draft genome sequence of one Colombian Helicobacter pylori strain is presented. This strain was isolated from a patient with diffuse gastritis from Tibaná, Boyacá, a region with high gastric cancer risk.

Metagenomic analysis of the gastric microbiota cultivable from a patient with gastritis concomitant with Barrett's esophagus.

Barrett's esophagus is a distal metaplasia characterized by the transformation of squamous mucosa into columnar mucosa. This esophageal phenotype is a product not only of the chronic reflux of gastric acids, but also by microorganisms that colonize the oral cavity and stomach. Two classes of microbiota can be identified in Barrett's esophagus; microbiota type I is associated with the normal esophagus and type II with an inflamed esophagus. The present study describes the gastric microbiota of a patient with antral gastritis concomitant with Barrett's esophagus absent infection with Helicobacter pylori. Gastric biopsies were obtained following the protocol of Sydney and following ethical practices. The isolates were cultivated under microaerophilic conditions on Columbia Agar supplemented with IsoVitaleX™ and 7% sterile blood. Extracted DNA was sequenced using 454-GS and the results analyzed on the MG-RAST server. Gram negative isolates were found and bacteria resistant to levofloxacin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and clarithromycin. The phyla Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria and Proteobacteria, the genus Bacteroides and the species group Bacteroides fragilis were most abundant. Functionally, the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and to a lesser extent, the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were most dominant, and of which the enzymes ß-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21), ß-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) and ß-N-acetylhexosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.52) were most dominant. The findings of this study, because they are of only one case may probably suggest a possible pathogenic role, previously undescribed for Bacteroides fragilis, associated with human gastritis when concomitant esophageal pathology exists.

Metagenomic analysis of the gastric microbiota cultivable from a patient with gastritis concomitant with Barrett´s esophagus / Análisis metagenómico de la microbiota gástrica cultivable a partir de un paciente con gastritis concomitante con esófago de Barrett

Barrett’s esophagus is a distal metaplasia characterized by the transformation of squamous mucosa into columnar mucosa. This esophageal phenotype is a product not only of the chronic reflux of gastric acids, but also by microorganisms that colonize the oral cavity and stomach. Two classes of microbiota can be identified in Barrett’s esophagus; microbiota type I is associated with the normal esophagus and type II with an inflamed esophagus. The present study describes the gastric microbiota of a patient with antral gastritis concomitant with Barrett’s esophagus absent infection with Helicobacter pylori. Gastric biopsies were obtained following the protocol of Sydney and following ethical practices. The isolates were cultivated under microaerophilic conditions on Columbia Agar supplemented with IsoVitaleX™ and 7% sterile blood. Extracted DNA was sequenced using 454-GS and the results analyzed on the MG-RAST server. Gram negative isolates were found and bacteria resistant to levofloxacin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and clarithromycin. The phyla Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria and Proteobacteria, the genus Bacteroides and the species group Bacteroides fragilis were most abundant. Functionally, the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and to a lesser extent, the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were most dominant, and of which the enzymes β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21), β-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) and β-N-acetylhexosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.52) were most dominant. The findings of this study, because they are of only one case may probably suggest a possible pathogenic role, previously undescribed for Bacteroides fragilis, associated with human gastritis when concomitant esophageal pathology exists.

El esófago de Barrett es una metaplasia distal caracterizada por la transformación de la mucosa escamosa a mucosa columnar. Este fenotipo esofágico es producto no solo de la exposición crónica al reflujo de ácidos gástricos sino también a microbios colonizantes de la cavidad oral y del estómago. El esófago Barrett presenta 2 clases de microbiotas; la microbiota tipo I asociada con esófago normal y la tipo II a fenotipos esofágicos inflamatorios. En el presente estudio se describió la microbiota gástrica de una paciente con gastritis antral concomitante con esófago de Barrett sin infección por Helicobacter pylori y se obtuvieron biopsias gástricas siguiendo el protocolo de Sydney y estándares bioéticos. Los cultivos se hicieron en condiciones microaerofílicas en agar Columbia suplementados con isovitalex y sangre estéril al 7%. El ADN extraído fue sometido a secuenciación empleando 454 GS y las lecturas fueron analizadas en el servidor MG-RAST. Se obtuvieron aislamientos gram-negativos y resistentes a levofloxacina, amoxicilina, tetraciclina, eritromicina y claritromicina. Los Phylum Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria y Proteobacteria, el género Bacteroides y las especies de grupo Bacteroides fragilis fueron los más abundantes. Funcionalmente, el metabolismo de carbohidratos, aminoácidos y en menor grado el metabolismo de cofactores y vitaminas fueron los más dominantes; de los cuales las enzimas la β-glicosidasa (EC 3.2.1.21), β-galactosidasa (EC 3.2.1.23) y la β-N-acetilhexosaminidasa (EC 3.2.1.52) fueron las más dominantes. Estos resultados, por ser de un solo caso, solo podrían sugerir un posible papel patogénico no descrito para Bacterioides fragilis asociado con gastritis humana cuando existe patología esofágica concomitante.

Condiciones microbiológicas para el cultivo de Helicobacter pylori / Microbiological conditions for culturing Helicobacter Pylori

El diagnóstico oportuno y de cultivo de Helicobacter pylori es de gran importancia para estudiar las características de su crecimiento, así como para contribuir al conocimiento de la epidemiología clásica y molecular,la diversidad genética y la susceptibilidad frente a los antibióticos. La ubicuidad e importancia como patógenode este microorganismo a nivel mundial nos obliga a considerar y a proponer alternativas efectivas paraaislarlo e identificarlo de rutina en los laboratorios de microbiología. La presente revisión estuvo orientadaa describir la literatura referente a las condiciones requeridas para el cultivo de este microorganismo en ellaboratorio

Early diagnosis and culturing of Helicobacter pylori are of great importance for the study of the growth characteristicsof these bacteria which can contribute to knowledge of classical and molecular epidemiology, geneticdiversity and susceptibility to antibiotics. The ubiquity and importance of this pathogen throughout the worldhas forced us to consider and propose effective routine alternatives for isolating and identifying these bacteriain microbiology laboratories. This review was conducted to describe the literature concerning the conditionsfor cultivation of this organism in the laboratory