Waist circumference as a predictor of mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients: a follow-up study of 48 months.

Body-fat gain is a common finding among peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, and the accumulation of adipose tissue occurs predominantly in the abdominal area. Waist circumference (WC) is a reliable marker of abdominal obesity and its association with worse outcomes has been demonstrated in non-dialysis and haemodialysis patients. We aimed at investigating whether WC measurements as well as the changes over time in WC were able to predict mortality in PD patients. This prospective study included 109 patients undergoing PD (57 % male, age 52 (sd 16) years, 32 % diabetics, 48 % BMI≥25 kg/m2). WC was measured at the umbilicus level (empty abdominal cavity), and values >88 cm for women and >102 cm for men were considered high. Nutritional status and laboratory parameters were also evaluated. WC was measured at baseline and after 6 months, and mortality was registered during a period of 48 months. High WC was observed in 55 % of women and in 23 % of men at baseline. After 6 months, 61 % of the patients showed an increased WC. At the end of the study, twenty-seven deaths were registered. A significant increase in WC was observed only in the non-survivor group. In the Cox regression analysis adjusting for sex, age, duration on dialysis, diabetes, BMI, serum albumin and C-reactive protein, high WC at baseline as well as the 6-month increase in WC were independently associated with mortality. This study demonstrated that a high WC and the increase over time in WC were both predictors of mortality in PD patients.

Avaliação Qualitativa da Alimentação de Idosos e suas Percepções de Hábitos Alimentares Saudáveis / Qualitative Evaluation of Dietary Intake of Elderly and Healthy Eating Habits Perceptions

O envelhecimento é um processo natural que torna os indivíduos mais vulneráveis, prejudicando seus estados nutricionais. Portanto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar e comparar, qualitativamente, o consumo alimentar de idosos institucionalizados e não institucionalizados, classificar o estado nutricional e identificar a percepção sobre hábitos alimentares saudáveis. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com indivíduos com idade ≥ 60 anos assistidos ou não por instituições. Foram aplicados três questionários: caracterização da amostra, questionário alimentar e questionário sobre "Percepções de hábitos saudáveis". Dentre os 45 idosos avaliados, 21 eram institucionalizados e 24 não institucionalizados. A maioria era do sexo feminino, viúva, com idade entre 60-93 anos e Ensino Fundamental completo. A maioria dos idosos se encontrava em sobrepeso e apresentavam percepção sobre hábitos alimentares semelhantes, classificados como regulares. Os idosos institucionalizados apresentaram alimentação mais adequada, pois realizam mais refeições ao dia e possuem maior consumo de cereais, verduras, legumes, carnes, leguminosas e peixe, e menor consumo de álcool. O leite com reduzido teor de gordura é preferido pelos idosos institucionalizados, enquanto os idosos residentes em moradia preferem os produtos lácteos integrais. O uso de óleo vegetal foi referido por todos os idosos. Cerca de 4% nos dois grupos relataram adição de sal em alimentos já preparados. O consumo de frutas, alimentos fritos, embutidos, doces e refrigerantes foi semelhante para os dois grupos. Considera-se importante uma atenção especial à alimentação desse grupo, dado que um adequado estado nutricional reduz complicações de saúde e promove um envelhecimento bem-sucedido.

Aging is a natural process which makes individuals to become more vulnerable, damaging their nutritional status. The purposes of this study are both a qualitatively evaluation and a comparative view on the food consumption of institutionalized elderly people and non-institutionalized as well as to classify their nutritional status and, finally, identify their perception concerning healthy eating habits. It was elaborated a crosssectional study of individuals aged ≥ 60 years assisted or not by institutions. Three questionnaires were applied: the sample characterization; food questionnaire; and questionnaire about "Healthy habits Perception". Among the 45 elderly patients, 21 of them were institutionalized and 24 of them were non-institutionalized. The majority being female, widowed, aged between 60-93 and completed elementary school. Most of elderly were overweight and had similar perceptions of healthy habits, classified as regular. Institutionalized elderly showed more adequate food consumption, as they accomplish more meals per day and have a higher consumption of cereals, vegetables, meat, legumes and fish, and less alcohol consumption. Institutionalized elderly prefer milk with reduced fat content, while elderly living at home prefer whole milk products. All the elderly have reported the use of vegetable oil. About 4% in both groups reported adding salt toprepared food. The consumption of fruits, fried foods, cold cuts, sweets and soft drinks was similar for both groups. It is considered important to pay special attention to the feeding of this group, since that adequate nutritional status reduces health complications and promotes successful aging

Waist circumference as a predictor of adiponectin levels in peritoneal dialysis patients: a 12-month follow-up study.

OBJECTIVES: This prospective study, conducted at the dialysis unit of the Nephrology Division, Federal University of Sao Paulo-Oswaldo Ramos Foundation, Brazil, aimed to evaluate whether waist circumference (WC) can predict adiponectin levels in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). METHODS: Among 115 patients on PD at a single dialysis center who were evaluated at 6 and 12 months, 57% were men, 31% had diabetes, mean age was 52.8 ± 16.1 years, body mass index was 25 ± 4.3 kg/m(2), and dialysis vintage was 13 months (range: 5 - 33 months). We measured WC at the umbilicus level. Adiponectin was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: At baseline, WC was inversely associated with adiponectin (r = -0.48, p < 0.01). After adjustment for sex, age, diabetes, peritoneal clearance, and residual renal function, WC was an independent determinant of serum adiponectin (ß = -0.52; 95% confidence interval: -0.73 to -0.31; p < 0.001). In the prospective analysis, after adjustment for confounders, changes in WC predicted changes in adiponectin. For each unit increase in WC, adiponectin declined by 0.39 mg/L (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that WC is associated with adiponectin and, more importantly, that this simple marker of central adiposity was able to predict changes in adiponectin levels over time.

Variations in adiponectin levels in patients with chronic kidney disease: a prospective study of 12 months.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular complications remain the main cause of mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Adiponectin is an adipose tissue-derived protein that carries important cardioprotective properties. We aimed at investigating the determinants of adiponectin levels in CKD patients. METHODS: This prospective observational study included 98 CKD patients [glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 36.1+-14.4 ml/min, 56.5+-10.4 y, 63% male, 31% diabetics, and body mass index (BMI) 27.1+-5.2 kg/m²]. Evaluation of adiponectin (imunoenzimatic assay), laboratory parameters, nutritional status (subjective global assessment), total body fat (dual x-ray energy absorptiometry), and visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat (computed tomography) was performed at baseline and after 12 months. RESULTS: Adiponectin correlated with GFR (r = -0.45; p < 0.001), proteinuria (r = 0.21; p = 0.04), BMI (r = -0.33; p < 0.01), and visceral fat (r = -0.49; p < 0.001). In the linear regression analysis, the determinants of adiponectin levels were sex (female ß = 3.8; p < 0.01), age (ß = 0.14; p = 0.03), GFR (ß = -0.15; p < 0.01) and visceral fat (ß = -0.04; p < 0.001) (R² = 0.41). After 12 months, a progression of the disease was evidenced by the reduction of GFR (-1.6+-6.3 ml/min; p = 0.01) and increase of proteinuria (0.3+-0.8 g/d; p < 0.01). An accumulation of visceral fat was observed, from 97+-73 cm² to 111+-82 cm² (p < 0.001), with a concomitant reduction of adiponectin concentration, from 27.6+-7.5 mg/l to 22.2+-11.6 mg/l (p < 0.001). Body weight, BMI, total body fat, and subcutaneous abdominal fat remained unchanged. After adjustments for the baseline determinants of adiponectin, the increase in visceral fat was independently associated with overtime decrease in adiponectin levels (ß = -0.04; p = 0.025; R² = 0.21). CONCLUSION: Age, sex, renal function and visceral fat were independently associated with adiponectin levels in nondialyzed CKD patients. However, variation in visceral fat was the only predictor of variation in adiponectin levels over 12 months.

Variações nos níveis de adiponectina nos pacientes com doença renal crônica: um estudo prospectivo de 12 meses / Variations in adiponectin levels in patients with chronic kidney disease: a prospective study of 12 months

INTRODUÇÃO: As complicações cardiovasculares permanecem como a principal causa de mortalidade nos pacientes portadores de doença renal crônica (DRC). A adiponectina é uma proteína produzida pelo tecido adiposo que apresenta importante propriedade cardioprotetora. O nosso objetivo foi investigar os determinantes dos níveis de adiponectina nos pacientes com DRC. MÉTODOS: Este estudo prospectivo observacional incluiu 98 pacientes [taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) 36,1+-14,4 ml/min; 56,5+-10,4 anos; 63% homens; 31% diabéticos e índice de massa corporal (IMC) 27,1+-5,2 kg/m²]. A avaliação da adiponectina (teste imunoenzimático), dos parâmetros laboratoriais, do estado nutricional (avaliação global subjetiva), da gordura corporal total (absortometria de raios-x de dupla energia) e da gordura abdominal visceral e subcutânea (tomografia computadorizada) foi realizada no início e após 12 meses. RESULTADOS: A adiponectina correlacionou-se com a TFG (r = -0,45; p < 0,001), a proteinúria (r = 0,21; p = 0,04), o IMC (r = -0,33; p < 0,01) e a gordura visceral (r = -0,49; p < 0,001). Na análise de regressão múltipla, os determinantes das concentrações de adiponectina foram o sexo (feminino β = 3,8; p < 0,01), a idade (β = 0,14; p = 0,03), a TFG (β = -0,15; p < 0,01) e a gordura visceral (β = -0,04; p < 0,001) (R² = 0,41). Após 12 meses, a progressão da DRC foi evidenciada pela diminuição da TFG (-1,6+-6,3 ml/min; p = 0,01) e aumento da proteinúria (0,3+-0,8 g/d; p < 0,01). Houve um aumento da gordura visceral de 97+-73 cm² para 111+-82 cm² (p < 0,001) e concomitante redução dos níveis de adiponectina, de 27,6+-7,5 mg/l para 22,2+-11,6 mg/l (p < 0,001). O peso corporal, o IMC, a gordura corporal total e a gordura abdominal subcutânea não se alteraram neste período. Ajustando pelos fatores associados à adiponectina, observamos que somente o acúmulo de gordura visceral ao longo do tempo determinou a redução nos níveis de adiponectina (β = -0,04; p = 0,025; R² = 0,21). CONCLUSÃO: A idade, o sexo, a função renal e a gordura visceral estiveram independentemente associados com os níveis de adiponectina nos pacientes com DRC na fase não dialítica. No entanto, a mudança da gordura visceral foi o único preditor das variações nos níveis de adiponectina ao longo de 12 meses.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular complications remain the main cause of mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Adiponectin is an adipose tissue-derived protein that carries important cardioprotective properties. We aimed at investigating the determinants of adiponectin levels in CKD patients. METHODS: This prospective observational study included 98 CKD patients [glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 36.1+-14.4 ml/min, 56.5+-10.4 y, 63% male, 31% diabetics, and body mass index (BMI) 27.1+-5.2 kg/m²]. Evaluation of adiponectin (imunoenzimatic assay), laboratory parameters, nutritional status (subjective global assessment), total body fat (dual x-ray energy absorptiometry), and visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat (computed tomography) was performed at baseline and after 12 months. RESULTS: Adiponectin correlated with GFR (r = -0.45; p < 0.001), proteinuria (r = 0.21; p = 0.04), BMI (r = -0.33; p < 0.01), and visceral fat (r = -0.49; p < 0.001). In the linear regression analysis, the determinants of adiponectin levels were sex (female β = 3.8; p < 0.01), age (β = 0.14; p = 0.03), GFR (β = -0.15; p < 0.01) and visceral fat (β = -0.04; p < 0.001) (R² = 0.41). After 12 months, a progression of the disease was evidenced by the reduction of GFR (-1.6+-6.3 ml/min; p = 0.01) and increase of proteinuria (0.3+-0.8 g/d; p < 0.01). An accumulation of visceral fat was observed, from 97+-73 cm² to 111+-82 cm² (p < 0.001), with a concomitant reduction of adiponectin concentration, from 27.6+-7.5 mg/l to 22.2+-11.6 mg/l (p < 0.001). Body weight, BMI, total body fat, and subcutaneous abdominal fat remained unchanged. After adjustments for the baseline determinants of adiponectin, the increase in visceral fat was independently associated with overtime decrease in adiponectin levels (β = -0.04; p = 0.025; R² = 0.21). CONCLUSION: Age, sex, renal function and visceral fat were independently associated with adiponectin levels in nondialyzed CKD patients. However, variation in visceral fat was the only predictor of variation in adiponectin levels over 12 months.

Usefulness of waist circumference as a marker of abdominal adiposity in peritoneal dialysis: a cross-sectional and prospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: Waist circumference (WC) has been well recognized as a surrogate marker of abdominal adiposity. In peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, however, aspects related to this dialysis modality, such as abdominal distension, presence of catheter and frequent hernia, raise questions regarding the reliability of WC measurements. Herein, we investigated for the first time whether WC is a reliable marker of abdominal adiposity in PD population. METHODS: This study included 107 prevalent PD patients [56% male, age 52 ± 17 years, 35% diabetics, body mass index (BMI) 24.8 ± 3.9 kg/m(2)]. WC measured at umbilicus level was evaluated against the trunk fat assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at baseline and after 6 months. All measurements were taken with the empty abdominal cavity. RESULTS: At baseline, a strong correlation of WC with trunk fat (r = 0.81; P < 0.001) was observed. Adjusting for gender, age, dialysis vintage and BMI, WC was independently associated with trunk fat (ß = 0.30; P < 0.001; R(2) = 0.77). The agreement between WC and trunk fat was 0.59 (kappa statistic) and the area under the curve was 0.90. In the prospective evaluation, we observed that changes in WC correlated with changes in trunk fat as well (r = 0.49; P < 0.001). The kappa statistic of 0.48 remained indicative of a moderate agreement between the methods. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that WC was sensitive to detect changes in trunk fat (area under the curve 0.76). In the logistic regression analysis adjusting for gender, age and BMI, changes in WC were independently associated with changes in trunk fat. CONCLUSION: The simple anthropometric method of WC is a reliable marker of abdominal adiposity in PD patients.

Underreporting of energy intake in peritoneal dialysis patients.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of underreporting among patients treated by peritoneal dialysis (PD), and to investigate whether the reported energy intake is influenced by overweight status in this population. DESIGN: This was a prospective, observational study. SETTING: This study took place at the Dialysis Unit of the Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo-Oswaldo Ramos Foundation, São Paulo, Brazil. PATIENTS: Forty adult patients were recruited: 24 men and 16 women; age, 53.4+/-16.5 years; body mass index (BMI), 25.1+/-3.8 kg/m(2) (x+/-SD); median duration of dialysis, 19 months (range, 3 to 101 months). Only patients on PD >3 months, free of peritonitis for at least 3 months, without catabolic conditions and with normal thyroid function, were included. METHODS: Energy intake was evaluated using a 3-day food record. Resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured by indirect calorimetry. Body composition was assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The total energy (TE) offered was considered the sum of energy intake plus energy provided by glucose absorption. All measurements were collected at baseline and after 6 months. Underreporting of energy intake was considered to have occurred when the TE/REE ratio was <1.40. RESULTS: The TE/REE ratio was 1.35+/-0.31. Twenty-one patients (52.5%) had a TE/REE ratio <1.40. The TE/REE ratio correlated negatively with BMI (r=-0.52, P < .01), and positively with duration of dialysis (r=0.44, P < .01). No correlation was found between TE/REE ratio and any other variables. Patients were divided into two groups according to BMI <25 kg/m(2) and BMI > or =25 kg/m(2). The majority of patients (83.3%) in the higher BMI group had a TE/REE ratio <1.40. In a logistic regression analysis, using TE/REE ratio <1.40 or > or =1.40 as the dependent variable, BMI> or =25 kg/m2 was the only determinant of energy underreporting. After 6 months of follow-up, no change in either body weight or BMI was evident. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that a significant number of PD patients underreported the energy intake evaluated by 3-day food diaries. This finding was evidenced particularly in overweight patients.

Factors associated with body-fat changes in prevalent peritoneal dialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Changes in body fat (BF) were shown to occur over time in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. However, the factors associated with BF changes have not been fully investigated in this population. METHODS: We studied 45 patients (25 were male; age, 53, SD +/- 15 years; 21 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis/24 automated peritoneal dialysis; PD vintage, 14 ([range, 3 to 104] months; 40% were diabetic; 31% were previously treated by hemodialysis). Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and bioelectric impedance analysis, nutritional status was assessed by subjective global assessment, energy intake was assessed by 3-day food records, and resting energy expenditure (REE) was assessed by indirect calorimetry. Glucose absorption, serum bicarbonate, and C-reactive protein were also evaluated. All measurements were performed at baseline and after 12 months. RESULTS: Large variability in BF changes was observed among patients: 53% gained BF (+3.0 +/- 2.8), whereas 47% lost BF (-2.3, SD +/- 1.4). At baseline, groups were similar regarding sex, age, percent diabetics, DP modality, characteristics of peritoneal transport, residual renal function, energy intake, glucose absorption, and REE. However, patients who gained BF had lower BF (16.3, SD +/- 6.9 kg, versus 20.9, SD +/- 6.5 kg; P = .03), had a higher ratio of total energy offered (intake plus absorbed glucose) to REE (1.45, SD +/- 0.39, versus 1.26, SD +/- 0.24; P = .04), and were on PD for a shorter time (10 [range, 3 to 104] versus 20 [range, 4 to 76] months; P = .03). This group also had a higher proportion of malnourished patients (50% versus 19%; P = .03) and of patients previously treated by hemodialysis (46% versus 14%; P = .03). After 12 months, a reduction in the frequency of malnutrition (50% to 25%; P = .02) was observed in the group of patients with increased BF. Patients who lost BF reduced their body cell mass (from 21.7 [SD +/- 5.1 kg] to 20.7 [SD +/- 5.0 kg]; P < .01) and level of serum bicarbonate (from 22.7 [SD +/- 3.7 mmol/L] to 20.9 [SD +/- 3.1 mmol/L]; P < .01). Moreover, this group had an increase in frequency of malnutrition (from 19% to 38%; P = .02), a reduction in the proportion of patients with residual renal function (from 62% to 43%; P = .03), and a higher number of hospitalizations (from 25% to 4%; P = .02) during follow-up. Glucose absorption and C-reactive protein were not associated with BF changes. A regression analysis showed that baseline body mass index was independently associated with a gain of BF (-0.19, SE = 0.09, P = .04), and that hospitalization during follow-up was associated with a loss of BF (2.35, SE = 1.19, P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Prevalent PD patients exhibited a large variability in BF changes. Baseline body mass index and hospitalizations during follow-up were the most important factors associated with these changes.

Impacto de um programa de educação nutricional no controle da hiperfosfatemia de pacientes em hemodiálise / The impact of a nutrition educational program on the control of the hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients

Introdução: O controle do fósforo sérico é um desafio no tratamento de pacientes em hemodiálise. O emprego de estratégias educativas poderia contribuirpara melhorar a adesão destes pacientes ao tratamento. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto de um programa de educação nutricional sobreo conhecimento a respeito do fósforo e sobre a fosfatemia de pacientes em hemodiálise. Métodos: Foram incluídos 147 pacientes [85homens/62mulheres,idade= 50,5±15,7 anos, tempo em diálise = 32 (1-205) meses] que estavam no programa de hemodiálise durante o período de agosto a dezembro de 2006.O material educacional incluiu um questionário de avaliação de conhecimentos, uma palestra, jogos e livretos educativos. Foram medidas as concentraçõesséricas de fósforo e uréia, e a eficiência da diálise foi avaliada por meio do Kt/V. Resultados: Após a aplicação do programa educacional, houve umaumento da pontuação do questionário de conhecimentos (5,7±1,1 para 6,6±0,7;P<0,01) e uma redução do fósforo sérico (5,5±1,6 para 5,2±1,6mg/dl;P<0,01). A uréia sérica se manteve e o Kt/V aumentou (1,34±0,28 para 1,43±0,31;P<0,01). Quando os pacientes foram divididos de acordo com aconcentração sérica de fósforo do início do programa, foi observado que, no grupo normofosfatêmico (fósforo sérico ³5,5mg/dl, n=81), não houve alteraçõesno fósforo sérico após a aplicação do programa (4,4±0,7 para 4,6±1,6 mg/dl;P=0,12). Já no grupo hiperfosfatêmico (fósforo sérico ³5,5mg/dl, n=66),observou-se uma redução da concentração sérica de fósforo (6,9±1,2 para 5,8±1,6mg/dl;P<0,01), uréia (173±33 para 167±36mg/dl;P=0,02) e um aumentodo Kt/V (1,26±0,28 para 1,38±0,22;P<0,01). A variação do fósforo sérico neste grupo correlacionou-se positivamente com a variação da uréia sérica(r=0,29; P=0,02), mas não com a variação do Kt/V. A redução da concentração sérica de fósforo para valores inferiores a 5,5mg/dl ocorreu em 39,4.