Relationship of Structural and Tissue Components of Full-Layer Skin Wound and Mathematical Modeling of the Healing Process.

We studied the relationship between structural components of the wound (scab, leukocyte shaft, newly formed epithelium, and granulation tissue) and tissue components (epithelial and connective tissue) during spontaneous healing of skin wounds in rats. The regenerate structures were evaluated by microscopic morphometry. The number of vessels in 10 fields of view was calculated (at ×600), the dimensions of newly formed regenerate structures were determined: height of the scab, leukocyte shaft, granulation tissue, the border zone of the epithelium, and the length of the epithelial wedge. For the studied morphometric parameters, regression models of changes in the parameters of the regenerating wound were created depending on the term of the reparative process (days 7 and 14). The correlation analysis of the morphometric parameters of the regenerating wound revealed bilateral strong (direct and inverse) correlations in pairs. Most of the identified dependencies were linear and the changes in the number of vessels in the granulation tissue fit the quadratic regression law. The regularities observed by us during spontaneous healing of full-layer skin defects can be considered as control values for comparison with reparation of similar wounds under conditions of stimulation.

[Effectiveness of a herbal preparation tonsilgon N for the treatment of children presenting with chronic adenoiditis].

The objective of the present study was to estimate the effectiveness of the herbal preparation tonsilgon N exhibiting the anti-inflammatory and immunostimulating properties for the treatment of the children presenting with pathology of a pharyngeal tonsil. A total of 62 children at the age varying from 3 to 11 years with chronic adenoiditis (CA) were available for the examination. The study group was comprised of 32 children, the control one included 30 patients. The study has demonstrated the improvement of daytime nasal breathing in the study group compared with the control patients by 15% on day 5, by 30% on day 7, and by 73% on day 9 after the onset of the treatment. The intensity of rhinorrhea in the children treated with the herbal preparation decreased sooner than in the control group. Nasal breathing at night improved as soon as day 5 after the onset of therapy. However, the difference between the treated and control children was statistically significant only on day 7 whereas night-time nasal breathing on day 9 improved in the study group by 1.4 times compared with the control one. It is concluded that the inclusion of therapy with tonsilgon N in the combined treatment of the children presenting with chronic adenoiditis increases its effectiveness and accelerates the process of reconvalescence. Tonsilgon N is a safe medication suitable for the prolonged application.

[TMJ morphological changes in abnormal occlusion].

TMJ dysfunction is one of the most common diseases among all disorders of the maxillofacial region. Any abnormality in synchrony or amplitude of motion of the TMJ results in the malposition of the articular disc. Researchers and clinicians were always interested in topographic anatomy of the TMJ. There is currently no consensus on matters relating to changes in anatomical features of the TMJ by occlusal disturbances.

[Topographological-anatomic changes in the structure of temporo-mandibular joint in case of fracture of the mandible condylar process at cervical level].

Pathological changes in soft tissues surrounding the fracture site as well as in the structural elements of temporo-mandibular joint always occured in condylar process fracture with shift at cervical mandibular jaw level. Other changes were also seen in the joint on the opposite normal side. Modelling of condylar process fracture at mandibular cervical level by means of three-dimensional computer model of temporo-mandibular joint contributed to proper understanding of this pathology emergence as well as to prediction and elimination of disorders arising in adjacent to the fracture site tissues.

[Morphological features and esophago-gastroduodenal zone microbiocenose in patients with syndrome postcholecystectomic syndrome].

Endoscopical and histological features of oesophagogastroduodenal zone, parameters of pH-metry and electrogastroenterography, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of microbiocenosis were studied in 80 female persons with postcholecystectomy syndrome more then a year after cholecystectomy. In the presence of duodenogastral reflux the most natural is the combination of distal oesophagitis, antral atrophic gastritis and duodenitis, accompanied with low level of gastric acidity, gastric hypokinesis and duodenal dyskinesis, dysbacteriosis of mucosal microflora with its quantitative increase and appearance of bacteria with expressed pathogenicity non-typical for this biotope. These data should be taken into consideration for determination of pre- and postoperative treatment tactics for patients with gallstones.

[Provisionality phenomenon in the histo- organo- and systemogenesis].

This review summarizes the results of the study of the provisionality phenomenon in the development of the organs of the urinary system (mesonephros, metanephros) in viviparous (human, rat) and oviparous (bird) amniotes, human organs of mixed origin (pituitary, ovary, stomodeum) reparative regeneration of supporting tissues (in humans and Syrian hamster), morphogenesis of primary hepatic cancer developing against the background of superinvasive opisthorchiasis. It is shown that during the development of tissues and organs, the stages of provisional and definitive histo- and organogenesis could be determined; saltatory mechanism is typical for embryonic organogenesis (formation of cartilaginous skeletal primordia, meso- and metanephrons) and foci of oncogenesis. Transformation zones of the type of tissue organization in the epithelium are located in the areas of contacts of the derivatives of different embryonic primordia. Mechanism of transformation of the epithelial layer of stomodeum and Rathke's pouch is provided by local activation of apoptosis and by the formation of the epithelial cells of a qualitatively new generation.

[The sequence of nephron tubule differentiation in the definitive human kidney during the fetal period].

The regularities of the formation of the undifferentiated renal tubules in the definitive kidney were studied in 174 human embryos and fetuses at 4.5 to 40 gestational weeks. On the basis of the study of morphological and morphometrical parameters of these tubules, it was shown that the increase of the average tubular crossectional area was associated with the consecutive formation of the nephrons of the definitive kidney and the differentiation of the segments of their tubular portions. The increase of the proportion of the epithelium in the structure of undifferentiated tubule is determined by the segregation of the proximal and distal tubules within the forming nephrons. The sequence of the initial stages of the renal tubule differentiation is dictated by the ergontic correlations; it developes from the proximal tubule to the distal one and is different from the succession of their formation in the process of the early nephronogenesis.

[Comparative morphometric analysis of structural organization of separate heads of the human lateral pterygoid muscle during prenatal period and the first 3 years of the postnatal period].

It was discovered some features in structure and differentiation of different types of the muscular fibers in each of the two heads of the lateral pterygoid muscle during ontogenesis. Taken characteristics gave possibility to think about different functional significance of data of structure in action of the temporomandibular joint of a man.

[Clinico-morphological features of acute gastroduodenal erosion and ulcers in an unstable course of myocardial ischemia and role in disturbances of microcirculation, stomach function and their development]. / Kliniko-morfologicheskie osobennosti ostrykh gastroduodenal'nykh érozii i iazv pri nestabil'nom techenii ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa i rol' narushenii mikrotsirkuliatsii, gemostaza, funktsii zheludka v ikh razvitii.

AIM: Determination of clinicomorphological characteristics of acute gastroduodenal erosions and ulcers in unstable course of IHD and the role of disorders in microcirculation, hemostasis, gastric function in development of these erosions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Clinically and endoscopically were examined 124 patients with unstable IHD. By detected gastroduodenal changes the patients were divided into three groups. The study was also made of local and systemic microcirculation, hemostasis, gastric functions. RESULTS: Acute gastroduodenal erosions and ulcers in unstable course of ischemic heart disease manifest with mild abdominal pains and gastric dyspepsia for several days. Disorders in the gastroduodenal zone arise because of focal disturbances of terminal circulation in the mucose according to thromboischemic or thrombohemorrhagic types related to generalized changes of microcirculation and hematasis. High activity of acid-peptic factor, low production of gastromucoproteins and hypomotor dyskinesia of the stomach contribute to development of erosive-ulcerous lesions. CONCLUSION: The above information is useful for early diagnosis of acute gastroduodenal erosions and ulcers in unstable course of IHD and upgrading of therapeutic measures.

[Morphological and functional characteristics of the urogenital diaphragm in women]. / Morfofunktsional'naia kharakteristika mochepolovoi diafragmy u zhenshchin.

Macroscopical study of muscle layer of urogenital diaphragm in women has revealed two muscles situated between its superior and inferior fasciae--m. transversus perinei profundus (MTPP) and sphincter urethrae (SU),--which are separated by connective tissue. In females, SU is not ring-shaped, but is an arched structure situated in front of urethral lumen intertwining into urethral outer circular muscular layer. MTPP consists of three groups of bundles: anterior, medium and posterior. Anterior bundles of MTPP are periurethral and directly interlace with urethral muscular wall. Medium and posterior bundles of this muscle do not reach the urethral wall and act on the muscular wall of vagina. The study of histotopographic sections of urethral muscular wall made from the level of neck of the urinary bladder to the urogenital diaphragm, showed that the urethral outer circular muscular layer contains both bundles of smooth muscle cells and striated muscle fibers which ascend from urogenital diaphragm attaining an oblique-circular course. Major part of urethral striated muscle fibers, as well as SU and MTPP fibers belong to "red", slow-twitch, tonic fiber type.

[The development and morphofunctional characteristics of the human lateral pterygoid muscle]. / Razvitie i morfofunktsional'naia kharakteristika lateral'noi krylovidnoi myshtsy cheloveka.

Peculiarities of the development of superior and inferior heads of lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM) as well as their micro- and ultramicroscopic structure were studied as related to the temporomandibular joint elements in human fetuses and newborns. As a result, heterogeneity and asynchronism of the development of myogenic elements of certain LPM heads were demonstrated. The process of muscle fibres differentiation in LPM superior head leads to more mature structural organization and runs faster than in the inferior head. By the moment of birth average section area of superior head muscle fibres is significantly higher than the inferior head similar parameter.

[The histotopographical characteristics of the muscular structures of the wall of the human esophagus in the area of the bronchial constriction]. / Gistotopograficheskie osobennosti myshechnykh struktur stenki pishchevoda cheloveka v oblasti bronkhial'nogo suzheniia.

The zone of the bronchial constriction of the esophagus and the area of the upper and lower dilatation of the esophagus was studied in humans of different age by the morphohistotopographic method at the macro- and microscopic levels. The bronchial constriction area of the esophagus was found to have a thickening of the circular layer of the muscular tunic, less relative thickness of the longitudinal layer, changed course of muscular fibers. The smooth muscle thickening of the circulating layer of the muscular tunic is localized at the boundary of the transitional zone of the displacement of the striated muscle fibers by smooth myocytes. The above morphological signs are characteristic of the areas with sphincter functions which allows to consider the bronchial constriction as a sphincter zone of the esophagus.

[A comparative study of the regeneration of the striated and smooth-muscle tissues of the esophagus]. / Sravnitel'noe izuchenie regeneratsii poperechnopolosatoi i gladkoi myshechnoi tkanei pishchevoda.

By means of electron microscopy and observational histological techniques, using a similar experimental model, regeneration of the striated and smooth muscle tissues of the esophagus has been studied in rats. During early periods after lesion in both muscle tissues destructive-necrotic changes develop. Beginning from the 2nd-3d days regeneration processes are observed. The course and periodicity of the regenerative processes are specific for the types of the muscle tissues studied. Each of the muscle tissues of the esophagus has its own source of regeneration. For the smooth muscles those are myoblasts, that convert into smooth myocytes, for the striated ones--myosatellites, which after activation get out of the muscle fiber. During the restorative process of the muscular membrane no tissue interconnections are observed. This also proves certain specificity of the striated and smooth muscle tissues of the esophagus.

[Histogenesis of human esophageal striated muscle tissue]. / Gistogenez poperechnopolostatoi myshechnoi tkani pishchevoda cheloveka.

Development of the esophageal striated muscle tissue has been studied in 60 human embryos and fetuses at the age of 6-40 weeks. Stages in differentiation of the muscle fiber have been demonstrated, process of myofibrillogenesis has been studied. In the process of differentiation of the esophageal striated muscle fiber under the basal membrane myosatellitocytes are laid. A conclusion is made about myotomic origin of the human esophageal striated muscle tissue. The developmental peculiarity of the human esophageal striated muscle is formation between muscle fibers of specialized connections. This is explained by conditions of the esophageal functioning, that realizes peristaltic movements.

[Intercellular relations in esophageal muscle tissues]. / Mezhkletochnye vzaimootnosheniia v myshechnykh tkaniakh pishchevoda.

As a result of electron microscopic investigation of the external muscle esophageal tunic in rats and rabbits simple junctions and semidesmosomes have been revealed between striated muscle fibers and smooth myocytes. In the area of the simple junctions both in the striated muscle fibers and in the smooth myocytes, there is an essential amount of microvesicles; this speaks in favour of possible formation of a certain metabolic connection between these muscle elements. At formation of the semidesmosome, a plate is revealed in the smooth myocyte and it is absent in the striated muscle fiber. By means of the semidesmosome adhesion of the striated myons and the smooth myocytes is performed. Absence of tight and gap junctions demonstrates genetic heterogeneity of the muscle tissue types investigated.

[Features of the motor innervation of striated muscle tissue of the esophagus]. / Osobennosti dvigatel'noi innervatsii ischerchennoi myshechnoi tkani pishchevoda.

By means of neurohistological, histochemical and ultramicroscopical techniques it has been revealed that motor innervation of the oesophageal striated muscle tissue in rats and rabbits is performed by amyelinated nervous fibers, that terminate as nervous-muscle synapses. Ultrastructural peculiarities of these synapses are presented as a large amount of synaptic vesicles in the axonal terminal, as a poor ramification of secondary synaptic folds, as a considerable amount of mitochondria in the adjoining sarcoplasm. Reaction to acetylcholinesterase demonstrates that most of the motor nervous terminals belong to the racemose type. They are situated in the oesophageal musculature chaotically and have less area than synapses of the muscle of the locomotor apparatus.

[Changes in myosatellitocytes in response to injuries of the muscles of the esophagus]. / Izmeneniia miosatellitotsitov pri povrezhdenii myshts pishchevoda.

Processes occurring in the striated muscle tissue in the rat oesophagus have been studied light- and electron-microscopically under various lesions of the oesophageal muscles. Stages of the regenerative process are described. The muscle tissue in the oesophagus is revealed to possess the ability of myosatellitogenesis. Ultrastructural peculiarities of various types of myosatellitocytes are reported. Segregation of nucleo-sarcoplasmic segments from some injured muscle fibers is demonstrated. Owing to these data, it is possible to consider the striated muscle tissue in the oesophagus as one of the varieties of the somatic muscle tissue.