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How do natural changes in disease avoidance motivation shape thoughts about and behaviors toward ingroup and outgroup members? During the COVID-19 pandemic, political party affiliation has been a strong predictor in the United States of COVID-19-related opinions, attitudes, and behaviors. Using a six-wave longitudinal panel survey of representative Americans (on Prolific, N = 1,124, from April 2020 to February 2021), we explored how naturally occurring changes across time in both risks of COVID-19 infection and people's disease avoidance motivation shaped thoughts about and behaviors toward Republicans and Democrats (e.g., perceived infection threat, feelings of disgust, desires to avoid). We found a significant effect of dispositional level of motivation, over and above powerful effects of in-party favoritism/out-party derogation: Participants with a dispositionally stronger motivation to avoid disease showed greater infection management responses, especially toward Republicans; this held even for Republican participants. More importantly, we also found a significant interactive effect of within-person variability and ecological infection risk: Participants who sensitively upregulated their motivation during the rapid spread of COVID-19 perceived greater infection threat by Republicans and felt less disgust toward and desire to avoid Democrats. This finding, too, held for Republican participants. These results provide evidence of functionally flexible within-person psychological disease avoidance-a theoretically important process long presumed and now demonstrated-and suggest another mechanism contributing to U.S. political polarization. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Microwave SQUID multiplexing is a promising technique for multiplexing large arrays of transition edge sensors. A major bottleneck in the development and distribution of microwave SQUID multiplexer chips occurs in the time-intensive design testing and quality assurance stages. To obtain useful RF measurements, these devices must be cooled to temperatures below 500 mK. The need for a more efficient system to screen microwave multiplexer chips has grown as the number of chips requested by collaborators per year reaches into the hundreds. We have therefore assembled a test bed for microwave SQUID circuits, which decreases screening time for four 32-channel chips from 24 h in an adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator to approximately 5 h in a helium dip probe containing a closed cycle 3He sorption refrigerator. We discuss defining characteristics of these microwave circuits and the challenges of establishing an efficient testing setup for them.
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Las revisiones recientes de la literatura revelan un crecimiento significativo en el número de ensayos clínicos de los tratamientos psicosociales para tratar los trastornos de ansiedad en niños y adolescentes. Este artículo presenta una mirada al futuro sobre los pasos siguientes críticos para ampliar nuestro conocimiento y mejorar el cuidado clínico para millones de niños y de las familias cuyas vidas están deterioradas por la ansiedad y el miedo excesivo. Con este propósito discutimos sobre tres áreas para la investigación futura. La primera área implica la evaluación sistemática de predictores, moderadores y mediadores de los resultados del tratamiento con el fin de personalizar y aumentar la eficacia de tratamientos actuales basados en la evidencia. La segunda área implica examinar las formas en las cuales los tratamientos actuales se pueden ampliar a nuevas poblaciones (p. ej., a los que se han sido excluidos de ensayos clínicos anteriores), a nuevos formatos y nuevos contextos. En la tercera área para la investigación futura se discute sobre la necesidad de desarrollar intervenciones novedosas (de tratamiento y prevención) basadas en la evidencia que hay en la literatura científica de psicopatología y neurociencia. La investigación sobre el tratamiento de la ansiedad en niños está en una etapa emocionante y la siguiente generación de estudios conducirá probablemente a muchos resultados innovadores y clínicamente beneficiosos (AU)
Recent literature reviews reveal a significant growth in the number of clinical trials of psychosocial treatments for ameliorating anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. This paper presents a look ahead toward critical next steps in extending our knowledge and improving the clinical care for the millions of children and families whose lives are impaired by excessive anxiety and fear. Toward this end, we discuss three areas for future research. The first area involves the systematic evaluation of predictors, moderators, and mediators of treatment outcome in order to personalize and augment the effectiveness of current evidence-based treatments. The second area involves examining ways in which current treatments can be extended to new populations (i.e., to those that have been excluded from previous clinical trials), new formats, and to new settings. The third area for future research discusses the need to develop novel interventions (both treatment and prevention) based on emerging evidence from the scientific literature in the fields of developmental psychopathology and neuroscience. Research on the treatment of child anxiety is at an exciting stage and the next generation of studies will likely lead to many innovative and clinically beneficial outcomes
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Transtornos de Ansiedade/terapia , Psicoterapia/métodos , Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental/métodos , Adaptação PsicológicaRESUMO
Poor communities in Rio de Janeiro, which are known as favelas, suffer from various problems related to poor housing, poverty, unemployment, violence and organized crime, and lack of access to basic services, such as health care and education. In order to tackle these determinants, and inspired by WHO's international Healthy Communities/Cities movement, the etwork of Healthy Communities of Rio de Janeiro was formed in 2004. The Network is coordinated by the Center for Health Promotion (CEDAPS) and now includes more than 100 community groups and organizations in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Their aim is to promote health, community development and equity through community empowerment, participation, capacity building and advocacy. The paper describes the work that has been done since the Network's inception and the challenges which they face to reach their goals in the context of a country like Brazil. The Network represents an important landmark of how poor populations can organize themselves in a collective, participatory and constructive way to influence public policy and strive for better conditions of life in disadvantaged settings, like the favelas. (AU)
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Redes Comunitárias/organização & administração , Pobreza , População Urbana , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , BrasilRESUMO
Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) are an important option for university students who may be at high risk for unplanned pregnancies. In the Caribbean, little research has been carried out on university student's knowledge and opinions of this method. This study uses qualitative methodology to explore knowledge and opinions on ECPs among university students attending The University of the West Indies (UWI) Mona campus. We conducted eight focus groups (n = 71) with female and male university students at The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica, in March 2000. The group discussions lasted approximately two hours. We tape-recorded discussions and then transcribed and analyzed them by coding responses according to themes. General knowledge of ECPs was high, but students lacked specific information about the method such as its time frame and its mechanism of action. Most students supported the method, especially after learning correct information. However, several students were concerned about its side effects and the potential for abuse or irresponsible use by young adults. Although the university students in this study lacked detailed information about ECPs, their opinion toward the method was favourable. We suggest further research to investigate the prevalence of misinformation about the method among other groups of Jamaicans
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Anticoncepcionais Pós-Coito , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Estudantes , Estudantes/psicologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Jamaica , Promoção da Saúde , UniversidadesRESUMO
Se estudiaron seis pacientes adolescentes con obesidad grave. Su estancia en el hospital se dividio en cuatro periodos dieteticos de una semana cada uno: dieta normal, ayuno total, realimentacion con 200 calorias y realimentacion con 400 calorias. Se realizo una prueba de tolerancia a la glucosa al principio y otra al final del periodo de hospitalizacion.Al final de cada periodo de variacion dietetica se les practico una prueba de arginina e insulina. Las concentraciones de la glucosa se conservaron sin diferencia en todas las condiciones experimentales cuando se les estimulo con glucosa o con arginina e insulina.Las concentraciones de la insulina plasmatica fueron mayores durante la dieta normal y disminuyeron significativamente durante el periodo de ayuno. La reaccion del glucagon fue mas baja durante la dieta normal que durante el periodo de ayuno. Estas interacciones entre insulina y glucagon permiten conservar la homeostasia de la glucosa. Los cambios observados en estas dos hormonas parecen ser secundarios a las variaciones del estado nutricional