What, how and when do families communicate about ALS? A qualitative exploration of parents' and children's perceptions.

Objectives: In families with a parent diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), children's adaptation depends among others on how their parents communicate with them about the disease and its trajectory. The aim of this study was to explore parents' and children's perceptions of ALS-related family communication. Methods: A qualitative analysis using a conventional content analysis approach was applied to interview data previously collected from 21 parents (8 with ALS) and 15 children (age 13-23 years) about their experiences living with ALS. Results: Three themes emerged from the interviews: communication topics, styles and timing. Communication topics include facts about disease and prognosis, feelings, care and equipment, and the end. Although most parents perceived the familial communication style concerning ALS as open, the interviews revealed that both parents and children sometimes avoid interactions about ALS, because they do not know what to say or how to open the dialogue, are afraid to burden other family members, or are unwilling to discuss. Communication timing is directed by changes in the disease trajectory and/or questions of children. A family-level analysis showed that ALS-related family communication is sometimes perceived differently by parents and children. Conclusions: The study provides a better understanding of what, how and when parents and children in families living with ALS communicate about the disease. Most families opened the dialogue about ALS yet encountered challenges which may hamper good familial communication. Through addressing those challenges, healthcare professionals may facilitate better communication and adaptation in families with a parent with ALS.

Control in the absence of choice: A qualitative study on decision-making about gastrostomy in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, caregivers, and healthcare professionals.

BACKGROUND: Gastrostomy is recommended in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis for long-term nutritional support, however, people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and healthcare professionals perceive decision-making as complex. METHOD: To explore their perspectives on decision-making regarding gastrostomy, we used semi-structured interviews with people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, who had made a decision, and their caregivers; healthcare professionals were interviewed separately. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed thematically. RESULTS: In 14 cases, 13 people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and 12 caregivers were interviewed; and in 10 of these cases, 5 healthcare professionals. Participants described decision-making on gastrostomy as a continuous process of weighing (future) clinical need against their values and beliefs in coming to a decision to accept or reject gastrostomy, or to postpone decision-making, while being supported by loved ones and healthcare professionals. Participants described gastrostomy as inevitable, but retained agency through control over the timing of decision-making. They said physical necessity, experiences of loss and identity, and expectations about gastrostomy placement were important factors in decision-making. Decision-making was described as a family affair, with caregivers supporting patient choice. healthcare professionals supported people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis during the decision-making process and respected their autonomy and values. People with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis stressed the importance of adequate information on the procedure and the benefits. CONCLUSION: People with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis feel in control of decision-making on gastrostomy if they are able to make their own choice at their own pace, supported by loved ones and healthcare professionals. Person-centered decision-making on gastrostomy requires early information exchange and repeated discussions with people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and their caregivers, incorporating their values and respecting patient choice.

Portable fixed dynamometry enables home-based, reliable assessment of muscle strength in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility, reliability, and sensitivity of remotely monitoring muscle strength loss of knee extensors using a novel portable fixed dynamometer (PFD) in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). METHODS: We conducted a pilot study with a newly developed device to measure knee extension strength. Patients performed unsupervised PFD measurements, biweekly, for 6 months at home. We evaluated feasibility using adherence and a device-specific questionnaire. Reliability was assessed by (1) comparing unsupervised and supervised measurements to identify systematic bias, and (2) comparing consecutive unsupervised measurements to determine test-retest reliability expressed as intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard error of measurement (SEM). Sensitivity to detect longitudinal change was described using linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS: We enrolled 18 patients with ALS. Adherence was 86%, where all patients found that the device suitable to measure muscle strength at home; 4 patients (24%) found the measurements burdensome. The correlation between (un)supervised measurements was excellent (Pearson's r 0.97, 95%CI; 0.94 - 0.99) and no systematic bias was present (mean difference 0.13, 95%CI; -2.22 - 2.48, p = 0.91). Unsupervised measurements had excellent test-retest reliability with an average ICC of 0.97 (95%CI: 0.94 - 0.99) and SEM of 5.8% (95%CI: 4.8 - 7.0). Muscle strength declined monthly by 1.9 %predicted points (95%CI; -3.0 to -0.9, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Using the PFD, it proved feasible to perform knee extension strength measurements at home which were reliable and sensitive for detecting muscle strength loss. Larger studies are warranted to compare the device with conventional outcomes.

Frequency of euthanasia, factors associated with end-of-life practices, and quality of end-of-life care in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the Netherlands: a population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive and lethal neurodegenerative disease that is at the forefront of debates on regulation of assisted dying. Since 2002, when euthanasia was legally regulated in the Netherlands, the frequency of this end-of-life practice has increased substantially from 1·7% of all deaths in 1990 and 2005 to 4·5% in 2015. We aimed to investigate whether the frequency of euthanasia in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis had similarly increased since 2002, and to assess the factors associated with end-of-life practices and the quality of end-of-life care in patients with this disease. METHODS: Using data from the Netherlands ALS registry, we did a population-based cohort study of clinicians and informal caregivers of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis to assess factors associated with end-of-life decision making and the quality of end-of-life care. We included individuals who were diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis according to the revised El-Escorial criteria, and who died between Jan 1, 2014, and Dec 31, 2016. We calculated the frequency of euthanasia in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis from reports made to euthanasia review committees (ERCs) between 2012 and 2020. Results were compared with clinic-based survey studies conducted in 1994-2005. End-of-life practices were end-of-life decisions by a clinician when hastening of death was considered as the potential, probable, or definite effect comprising euthanasia, physician-assisted suicide, ending of life without explicit request, forgoing life-prolonging treatment, and intensified alleviation of symptoms. FINDINGS: Between Jan 1, 2012, and Dec 31, 2020, 4130 reports of death from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis were made to ERCs, of which 1014 were from euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide (mean frequency 25% [SD 3] per year). Sex and gender data were unavailable from the ERC registry. Of 884 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis who died between Jan 1, 2014, and Dec 31, 2016, their treating clinician was identified for 731 and a caregiver was identified for 741, of whom 356 (49%) and 450 (61%), respectively, agreed to participate in the population-based survey study. According to clinicians, end-of-life practices were chosen by 280 (79%) of 356 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis who died. The frequency of euthanasia in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in 2014-16 (141 [40%] of 356 deaths in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) was higher than in 1994-98 (35 [17%] of 203) and 2000-05 (33 [16%] of 209). Median survival of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis from diagnosis was 15·9 months (95% CI 12·6-17·6) for those who chose euthanasia and 16·1 months (13·4-19·1) for those who did not choose euthanasia (hazard ratio 1·07, 95% CI 0·85-1·34; p=0·58). According to caregivers, compared with other end-of-life practices, patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis choosing euthanasia commonly reported reasons to hasten death as no chance of improvement (53 [56%] of 94 patients who chose euthanasia vs 28 [39%] of 72 patients who chose other end-of-life practices), loss of dignity (47 [50%] vs 15 [21%]), dependency (34 [36%] vs five [7%]), and fatigue or extreme weakness (41 [44%] vs 14 [20%]). According to caregivers, people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-whether they chose euthanasia or did not-were satisfied with the general quality (83 [93%] of 89 patients who chose euthanasia vs 73 [86%] of 85 patients who did not) and availability (85 [97%] of 88 vs 81 [91%] of 90) of end-of-life care. INTERPRETATION: The proportion of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis who chose euthanasia in the Netherlands has increased since 2002. The choice of euthanasia was not associated with disease or patient characteristics, depression or hopelessness, or the availability or quality of end-of-life care. The choice of euthanasia had no effect on overall survival. Future studies could focus on the effect of discussing end-of-life options on quality of life as part of multidisciplinary care throughout the course of the disease, to reduce feelings of loss of autonomy and dignity in patients living with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. FUNDING: Netherlands ALS Foundation.

Development of a Rasch-Built Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Impairment Multidomain Scale to Measure Disease Progression in ALS.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Current scales used in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) attempt to summarize different functional domains or "dimensions" into 1 overall score, which may not accurately characterize the individual patient's disease severity or prognosis. The use of composite score risks declaring treatments ineffective if not all dimensions of ALS disease progression are affected equally. We aimed to develop the ALS Impairment Multidomain Scale (AIMS) to comprehensively characterize disease progression and increase the likelihood of identifying effective treatments. METHODS: The Revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) and a preliminary questionnaire, based on literature review and patient input, were completed online by patients from the Netherlands ALS registry at bimonthly intervals over a period of 12 months. A 2-week test-retest, factor analysis, Rasch analysis, and a signal-to-noise optimization strategy were performed to create a multidomain scale. Reliability, longitudinal decline, and associations with survival were evaluated. The sample size required to detect a 35% reduction in progression rate over 6 or 12 months was assessed for a clinical trial that defines the ALSFRS-R or AIMS subscales as a primary endpoint family. RESULTS: The preliminary questionnaire, consisting of 110 questions, was completed by 367 patients. Three unidimensional subscales were identified, and a multidomain scale was constructed with 7 bulbar, 11 motor, and 5 respiratory questions. Subscales fulfilled Rasch model requirements, with excellent test-retest reliability of 0.91-0.94 and a strong relationship with survival (p < 0.001). Compared with the ALSFRS-R, signal-to-noise ratios were higher as patients declined more uniformly per subscale. Consequently, the estimated sample size reductions achieved with the AIMS compared with those achieved with the ALSFRS-R were 16.3% and 25.9% for 6-month and 12-month clinical trials, respectively. DISCUSSION: We developed the AIMS, consisting of unidimensional bulbar, motor, and respiratory subscales, which may characterize disease severity better than a total score. AIMS subscales have high test-retest reliability, are optimized to measure disease progression, and are strongly related to survival time. The AIMS can be easily administered and may increase the likelihood of identifying effective treatments in ALS clinical trials.

Chronic inflammatory neuropathies and their impact on activities and participation.

BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) and multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) are inflammatory neuropathies that can lead to considerable limitations in daily activities and in social participation. However, systematic evaluation of these self-reported limitations is lacking in the currently available studies. Understanding the impact of these diagnoses on patients' life is important to optimize management strategies. AIM: To systematically assess the self-reported limitations in activities and participation and determine associated factors. METHODS: A survey study was conducted in 2021 in a cohort of patients with CIDP (n = 257) and MMN (n = 148) from a university hospital. The survey included the Rasch-built Overall Disability Scale and the Utrecht Scale for Evaluation of Rehabilitation-Participation, questions addressing personal and disease-related factors and treatment. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to determine associations with disease-related and personal factors. RESULTS: A total of 147 CIDP and 103 MMN patients responded. Limitations in activities were reported by 70.7% CIDP and 52.2% MMN patients with moderate to severe limitations in 22.4% and 5.9% patients, respectively. Participation restrictions were reported by 50% of CIDP and 40% of MMN patients, nevertheless satisfaction with participation was high. Fatigue, pain and resilience were independently associated with limitations in activities and satisfaction with participation in CIDP patients. CONCLUSIONS: Activity limitations and restrictions in participation are common in CIDP patients and to a lesser extent in MMN patients. Fatigue, pain and resilience independently contributed to perceived limitations in CIDP patients. Referral to a rehabilitation physician is warranted to address these limitations appropriately.

Stigma experienced by ALS/PMA patients and their caregivers: a mixed-methods study.

OBJECTIVE: Previous work suggests that stigma negatively impacts quality of life in people living with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and progressive muscular atrophy (PMA). This study aimed to explore experiences of enacted stigma (experienced discrimination) and felt stigma (shame, fear of exclusion) among Dutch ALS/PMA patients and their caregivers. A secondary aim was to assess associated factors of enacted/felt stigma among patients. METHODS: A two-phase mixed-methods study was conducted, comprising cross-sectional surveys among 193 ALS/PMA patients and 87 caregivers, and semi-structured interviews with 8 ALS/PMA patients and 11 family caregivers. Descriptive and multivariable regression analyses along with qualitative content analysis were used to analyze survey and interview data. RESULTS: Survey findings indicate that patients and caregivers experience enacted and felt stigma. Interviews with both patients and caregivers revealed two manifestations of enacted stigma, including social exclusion (e.g. relationship distancing) and stigmatizing attitudes/behaviors displayed by others (e.g. staring), and three manifestations of felt stigma, including alienation (e.g. shame/embarrassment), perceived discrimination (e.g. feeling judged) and anticipated stigma (e.g. fear of exclusion). Patients and caregivers engaged in concealing and resisting responses to stigma. More bulbar symptoms, King's clinical stage, younger age and living without a partner were significantly associated with enacted/felt stigma among patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reveal a range of perceptions and experiences underlying enacted/felt stigma among ALS/PMA patients and their caregivers that may serve as conversation topics in clinical practice. Future research may shed more light on the determinants as well as the consequences of stigmatizing experiences among patients and caregivers.

Patient perspectives on digital healthcare technology in care and clinical trials for motor neuron disease: an international survey.

INTRODUCTION: To capture the patient's attitude toward remote monitoring of motor neuron disease (MND) in care and clinical trials, and their concerns and preferences regarding the use of digital technology. METHODS: We performed an international multi-centre survey study in three MND clinics in The Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Australia. The survey was co-developed by investigators and patients with MND, and sent to patients by e-mail or postal-mail. The main topics included: patients' attitude towards remote care, participating in decentralized clinical trials, and preferences for and concerns with digital technology use. RESULTS: In total, 332 patients with MND participated. A majority of patients indicated they would be happy to self-monitor their health from home (69%), be remotely monitored by a multidisciplinary care team (75%), and would be willing to participate in clinical trials from home (65%). Patients considered respiratory function and muscle strength most valuable for home-monitoring. The majority of patients considered the use of at least three devices/apps (75%) once a week (61%) to be acceptable for home-monitoring. Fifteen percent of patients indicated they would not wish to perform home-measurements; reporting concerns about the burden and distress of home-monitoring, privacy and data security. CONCLUSION: Most patients with MND exhibited a positive attitude toward the use of digital technology in both care and clinical trial settings. A subgroup of patients reported concerns with home-monitoring, which should be addressed in order to improve widespread adoption of remote digital technology in clinical MND care.

'This battle, between your gut feeling and your mind. Try to find the right balance': Parental experiences of children with spinal muscular atrophy during COVID-19 pandemic.

AIMS: Parents of children with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) often struggle with the all-consuming nature of the demands of caring for a child with substantial physical needs. Our aim was to explore experiences, challenges and needs of parents of a child with SMA in a COVID-19 pandemic situation. METHOD: Nineteen parents of 21 children (15 months to 13 years of age) with SMA types 1-3 participated in semi-structured interviews in June to July 2020. The interviews were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS: Parents mentioned the protection of the health and well-being of the child as the central perspective and driving force during the COVID-19 pandemic. Three subthemes were identified: (1) responsibility, (2) balancing vulnerability and resilience and (3) (in)security. Some parents focused on the positive aspects during the lockdown, such as continuation of nusinersen treatment and family life. Some parents described helpful and positive cognitions to cope with the situation. In general, parents described a need for information with regard to COVID-19 and their child with SMA and a need for discussing their dilemmas and insecurities with a healthcare professional. INTERPRETATION: Parents put the health and well-being of their children first during the pandemic. From this study, we learned that parents of children with SMA need information and value direct contact with a healthcare professional to share their dilemmas and insecurities. The dialogue can help to empower parents in the conflicts and decisions they have to make during a pandemic.

Burden and benefit-A mixed methods study of informal Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis caregivers in Ireland and the Netherlands.

OBJECTIVES: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a systemic and terminal disorder of the central nervous system which causes paralysis of limbs, respiratory and bulbar muscles, impacting on physical, communication, cognitive and behavioural functioning. Informal caregivers play a key role in the care of people with ALS. This study aimed to explore experiences of burden along with any beneficial aspects of caregiving in ALS. An understanding of both burden and benefit is important to support the informal caregiver and the person with ALS. METHODS/DESIGN: This exploratory mixed methods study characterizes two groups of informal caregivers in Ireland (n = 76) and the Netherlands (n = 58). In a semi-structured interview, quantitative data were collected in the form of standardized measures assessing psychological distress, quality of life and burden. Qualitative data were collected from an open ended question, in which caregivers identified positive aspects in their caregiving experience. These data types were purposefully mixed in the analysis and interpretation stages, to provide a greater depth of evidence through diverse research lenses. RESULTS: The caregiver cohorts were predominantly female (69%) and spouse/partners (84%) of the person with ALS. Greater levels of self-assessed burden were found among the caregivers in the Netherlands (p < 0.05), and higher levels of quality of life among the cohort from Ireland (p < 0.05). Themes generated through qualitative analysis identified caregiver satisfaction, ability to meet the patient's needs and the (re) evaluation of meaning and existential aspects of life as positive aspects of caregiving. Existential factors were identified frequently by the caregivers in Ireland, and personal satisfaction and meeting their care recipient's needs by caregivers in the Netherlands. Three percent of all respondents reported there was nothing positive about caregiving. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our findings, we suggest that both burden and the presence of positive factors should be evaluated and monitored. The possibility of concurrent positive and challenging experiences should be considered in the design and delivery of supportive interventions for informal caregivers.

Parental and child adjustment to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: transformations, struggles and needs.

BACKGROUND: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), progressive muscular atrophy (PMA) and primary lateral sclerosis (PLS), together referred to as ALS, are life-limiting diagnoses affecting not only patients but also the families surrounding them, especially when dependent children are involved. Despite previous research highlighting the vulnerability of children in these families, they are, as yet, often overlooked in healthcare. Efforts are needed to better support children in families living with ALS, both directly and through strengthening parents in their parental role. This study sought to gain a better understanding of parental and children's experiences, struggles and support needs in families living with ALS. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 8 parents with ALS, 13 well parents and 15 children, together representing 17 families. Interview data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: Three major themes were identified relating to (1) ALS-related transformations in families' homes, activities, roles and relationships, that trigger (2) distress among families, which, in turn, evokes (3) emotional, psychological, educational and practical support needs. For emotional and practical support, parents and children mainly rely on their own family and social network, whereas they seek educational and psychological support from healthcare professionals. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings imply that ALS care professionals may foster family adjustment to living with ALS, most notably through encouraging parents to engage in a dialogue with their children about the many transformations, struggles and needs imposed by ALS and teaching them how to start the dialogue.

Home-monitoring of vital capacity in people with a motor neuron disease.

BACKGROUND: Home-monitoring of spirometry has the potential to improve care for patients with a motor neuron disease (MND) by enabling early detection of respiratory dysfunction and reducing travel burden. Our aim was to evaluate the validity and feasibility of home-monitoring vital capacity (VC) in patients with MND. METHODS: We included 33 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, progressive muscular atrophy or primary lateral sclerosis who completed a 12-week home-monitoring protocol, consisting of 4-weekly unsupervised home assessments of VC and a functional rating scale. At baseline, during a home visit, patients/caregivers were trained in performing a VC test, and the investigator performed a supervised VC test, which was repeated at final follow-up during a second home visit. Validity of the unsupervised VC tests was evaluated by the differences between supervised and unsupervised VC tests, and through Bland-Altman 95% limits-of-agreement. Feasibility was assessed by means of a survey of user-experiences. RESULTS: The 95% limits-of-agreement were [- 14.3; 11.7] %predicted VC, and 88% of unsupervised VC tests fell within 10%predicted of supervised VC. 88% of patients experienced VC testing as easy and not burdensome, however, 15% patients did not think their VC test was performed as well as in the clinic. 94% of patients would like home-monitoring of VC in MND care. DISCUSSION: Unsupervised VC testing at home, with prior face-to-face training, is a valid and time-efficient method for the remote monitoring of respiratory function, and well-accepted by patients with MND and their caregivers.

Current practices and barriers in gastrostomy indication in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a survey of ALS care teams in The Netherlands.

OBJECTIVE: To describe current practices and barriers and support needs in gastrostomy indication and decision-making amongst rehabilitation physicians of ALS care teams in the Netherlands. METHODS: Cross-sectional online survey of rehabilitation physicians of ALS care teams in the Netherlands. Survey items covered current practices in timing of indication (i.e. indicators and criteria), goals, initiating discussion about gastrostomy, and criteria for preferred method of placement; and barriers and support needs in indication and decision-making. Descriptive analysis was used for quantitative responses, thematic, and content analysis for qualitative data. RESULTS: Twenty-nine physicians (41%) of 27 ALS care teams (71%) responded. Timing of indication: physicians agreed on important indicators but not cutoff values/criteria. Goals: optimizing nutritional status (100%), ensuring safe food-intake (72%), and reducing effort of meals (59%). Initiating discussion about gastrostomy: 52% introduces the topic early after diagnosis, 48% at indication. Criteria for method of placement included physician preference (69%), availability of service (21%), lower complication risk (17%), contraindication (59%), and patient preference (24%). Reported barriers (69% of respondents) were: patient readiness (52%), timing of indication (31%), and organizational barriers (18%). Support needs (62%): evidence-based timing of indication (35%) and tailored patient education (31%). CONCLUSIONS: There is practice variation in the timing of first introduction of gastrostomy and preferred method of placement, but agreement on goals and indicators . More evidence on optimal timing of gastrostomy placement is needed. However, until then early and regular discussion of the topic of gastrostomy and better patient information may promote patient readiness and support patient choice.

Using the ALSFRS-R in multicentre clinical trials for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: potential limitations in current standard operating procedures.

Objective: Uniform data collection is fundamental for multicentre clinical trials. We aim to determine the variability, between ALS trial centers, in the prevalence of unexpected or implausible improvements in the revised ALS functional rating scale (ALSFRS-R) score, and its associations with individual patient and item characteristics.Methods: We used data from two multicentre studies to estimate the prevalence of an unexpected increase or implausible improvement in the ALSFRS-R score, defined as an increase of 5 points or more between two consecutive, monthly visits. For each patient with a 5-point or more increase, we evaluated the individual contribution of each ALSFRS-R item.Results: Longitudinal ALSFRS-R scores, originating from 114 trial centers enrolling a total of 1,240 patients, were analyzed. A 5-point or more increase in ALSFRS-R total score was found in 151 (12.2%) patients, with prevalence per study center ranging from 0% to 83%. Bulbar onset, faster disease progression at enrollment, and a lower ALSFRS-R score at baseline were associated with a sudden 5-point or more increase in the ALSFRS-R total score. ALSFRS-R items 2 (saliva), 9 (stairs), 10 (dyspnea), and 11 (orthopnea) were the primary drivers when a 5-point or more increase occurred.Conclusions: Sudden 5-point or more increases in ALSFRS-R total scores between two consecutive visits are relatively common. These sudden increases were not found to occur with equal frequency in trial centers; which underscores the need for amending existing standard operating procedures toward a universal version and monitoring of data quality during the study, in multicentre research.

Discussing Personalized Prognosis Empowers Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis to Regain Control over Their Future: A Qualitative Study.

The ENCALS survival prediction model offers patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) the opportunity to receive a personalized prognosis of survival at the time of diagnosis. We explored experiences of patients with ALS, caregivers, and physicians with discussing personalized prognosis through interviews with patients and their caregivers, and in a focus group of physicians. Thematic analysis revealed four themes with seven subthemes; these were recognized by the focus group. First, tailored communication: physician's communication style and information provision mediated emotional impact and increased satisfaction with communication. Second, personal factors: coping style, illness experiences, and information needs affected patient and caregiver coping with the prognosis. Third, emotional impact ranged from happy and reassuring to regret. Fourth, regaining control over the future: participants found it helpful in looking towards the future, and emphasized the importance of quality over quantity of life. Personalized prognosis can be discussed with minimal adverse emotional impact. How it is communicated-i.e., tailored to individual needs-is as important as what is communicated-i.e., a good or poor prognosis. Discussing personalized prognosis may help patients with ALS and their caregivers regain control over the future and facilitate planning of the future (care). For many patients, quality of life matters more than quantity of time remaining.

A Road Map for Remote Digital Health Technology for Motor Neuron Disease.

Despite recent and potent technological advances, the real-world implementation of remote digital health technology in the care and monitoring of patients with motor neuron disease has not yet been realized. Digital health technology may increase the accessibility to and personalization of care, whereas remote biosensors could optimize the collection of vital clinical parameters, irrespective of patients' ability to visit the clinic. To facilitate the wide-scale adoption of digital health care technology and to align current initiatives, we outline a road map that will identify clinically relevant digital parameters; mediate the development of benefit-to-burden criteria for innovative technology; and direct the validation, harmonization, and adoption of digital health care technology in real-world settings. We define two key end products of the road map: (1) a set of reliable digital parameters to capture data collected under free-living conditions that reflect patient-centric measures and facilitate clinical decision making and (2) an integrated, open-source system that provides personalized feedback to patients, health care providers, clinical researchers, and caregivers and is linked to a flexible and adaptable platform that integrates patient data in real time. Given the ever-changing care needs of patients and the relentless progression rate of motor neuron disease, the adoption of digital health care technology will significantly benefit the delivery of care and accelerate the development of effective treatments.

Informal Caregivers in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Multi-Centre, Exploratory Study of Burden and Difficulties.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/motor neuron disease (MND) is a systemic and fatal neurodegenerative condition for which there is currently no cure. Informal caregivers play a vital role in supporting the person with ALS, and it is essential to support their wellbeing. This multi-centre, mixed methods descriptive exploratory study describes the complexity of burden and self-defined difficulties as described by the caregivers themselves. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected during face-to-face interviews with informal caregivers from centres in the Netherlands, England, and Ireland. Standardised measures assessed burden, quality of life, and psychological distress; furthermore, an open-ended question was asked about difficult aspects of caregiving. Most caregivers were female, spouse/partners, and lived with the person with ALS for whom they provided care. Significant differences between national cohorts were identified for burden, quality of life, and anxiety. Among the difficulties described were the practical issues associated with the caregiver role and emotional factors such as witnessing a patient's health decline, relationship change, and their own distress. The mixed-methods approach allows for a more nuanced understanding of the burden and difficulties experienced. It is important to generate an evidence base to support the psychosocial wellbeing and brain health of informal caregivers.

Pattern of muscle strength improvement after intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in multifocal motor neuropathy.

INTRODUCTION: In multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN), knowledge about the pattern of treatment response in a wide spectrum of muscle groups, distal as well as proximal, after intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) initiation is lacking. METHODS: Hand-held dynamometry data of 11 upper and lower limb muscles, from 47 patients with MMN was reviewed. Linear mixed models were used to determine the treatment response after IVIg initiation and its relationship with initial muscle weakness. RESULTS: All muscle groups showed a positive treatment response after IVIg initiation. Changes in SD scores ranged from +0.1 to +0.95. A strong association between weakness at baseline and the magnitude of the treatment response was found. DISCUSSION: Improved muscle strength in response to IVIg appears not only in distal, but to a similar degree also in proximal muscle groups in MMN, with the largest response in muscle groups that show the greatest initial weakness.

Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of Gait Training Assisted by Multichannel Functional Electrical Stimulation in Early Stroke Rehabilitation: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background. Many stroke survivors suffer from leg muscle paresis, resulting in asymmetrical gait patterns, negatively affecting balance control and energy cost. Interventions targeting asymmetry early after stroke may enhance recovery of walking. Objective. To determine the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of up to 10 weeks of gait training assisted by multichannel functional electrical stimulation (MFES gait training) applied to the peroneal nerve and knee flexor or extensor muscle on the recovery of gait symmetry and walking capacity in patients starting in the subacute phase after stroke. Methods. Forty inpatient participants (≤31 days after stroke) were randomized to MFES gait training (experimental group) or conventional gait training (control group). Gait training was delivered in 30-minute sessions each workday. Feasibility was determined by adherence (≥75% sessions) and satisfaction with gait training (score ≥7 out of 10). Primary outcome for efficacy was step length symmetry. Secondary outcomes included other spatiotemporal gait parameters and walking capacity (Functional Gait Assessment and 10-Meter Walk Test). Linear mixed models estimated treatment effect postintervention and at 3-month follow-up. Results. Thirty-seven participants completed the study protocol (19 experimental group participants). Feasibility was confirmed by good adherence (90% of the participants) and participant satisfaction (median score 8). Both groups improved on all outcomes over time. No significant group differences in recovery were found for any outcome. Conclusions. MFES gait training is feasible early after stroke, but MFES efficacy for improving step length symmetry, other spatiotemporal gait parameters, or walking capacity could not be demonstrated. Trial Registration. Netherlands Trial Register (NTR4762).