Antiparasitic Effects of Asteraceae Species Extracts on Echinococcus granulosus s.s.

Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the parasite Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.), which is worldwide distributed and causes long-lasting infections in animals and humans. The existing treatment is limited to the use of benzimidazoles, mainly albendazole (ABZ). However, it has unwanted side effects and its efficacy is about 50%. The Asteraceae family includes plants that have therapeutic applications (medicinal species) and has an important role in new drug development. The species belonging to a different genus of this family show a wide range of anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and antiparasitic activities, among others. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of extracts of four Asteraceae species against protoscoleces of E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.). On the other hand, the Stevia aristata extract was assessed on the murine cyst of E. granulosus (s.s.) and the efficacy of S. aristata extract was investigated in a murine model of CE. Stevia satureiifolia, S. aristata, Grindelia pulchella, and G. chiloensis extracts at 100 µg/mL caused a decrease in protoscoleces viability; however, S. aristata extract produced the greatest in vitro protoscolicidal effect. After 20 days of treatment with the highest concentration (100 µg/mL) of S. aristata extract, protoscoleces viability decreased to 0%. The tegumental changes observed by scanning electron microscopy were consistent with the reduction in vitality. The collapse of the germinal layer was registered in 60 ± 5.8% and 83.3 ± 12.0% of cysts treated during 4 days with 50 and 100 µg/ml, respectively. The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) value of the S. aristata extract against E. granulosus (s.s.) cysts was 47.86 µg/mL (96 h). The dosage of infected animals with the 50 mg kg-1 dose of S. aristata extract resulted in a significant reduction in cyst weight in comparison with the control group. In conclusion, S. aristata extract was demonstrated to exert a marked effect, both in vitro and in the murine model.

Transatlantic spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 by wild birds from Europe to North America in 2021.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage (GsGd), which threaten the health of poultry, wildlife and humans, are spreading across Asia, Europe, Africa and North America but are currently absent from South America and Oceania. In December 2021, H5N1 HPAI viruses were detected in poultry and a free-living gull in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Our phylogenetic analysis showed that these viruses were most closely related to HPAI GsGd viruses circulating in northwestern Europe in spring 2021. Our analysis of wild bird migration suggested that these viruses may have been carried across the Atlantic via Iceland, Greenland/Arctic or pelagic routes. The here documented incursion of HPAI GsGd viruses into North America raises concern for further virus spread across the Americas by wild bird migration.

Anthelmintic activity of Stevia multiaristata extract against Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto.

Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of the parasite Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. The available anti-parasitic treatment is mostly limited to a continuous administration of albendazole. However, due to its numerous side-effects and efficacy of around 50%, there is a need to find new drugs to improve the treatment for this disease. In the current study, the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of a Stevia multiaristata extract against E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) was demonstrated. Stevia multiaristata extract (100 and 50 µg mL−1) caused a quick viability decrease on protoscoleces which was consistent with the observed tegumental alterations. Loss of turgidity was detected in 95 ± 3.4% of cysts incubated with S. multiaristata extract during 2 days (100 µg mL−1) and the collapse of the germinal layer was observed in 60 ± 9.3% of cysts treated with 100 µg mL−1 of the S. multiaristata extract during 4 days. The half maximal effective concentration value was 69.6 µg mL−1 and the selectivity index for E. granulosus s.s. cysts was 1.9. In this clinical efficacy study, the treatment of infected mice with the S. multiaristata extract (50 mg kg−1) caused a significant decrease in the weight of the cysts compared with the control group. These results coincided with the tissue damage observed in the cysts at the ultrastructural level. In conclusion, we observed high protoscolicidal and cysticidal effects, and significant reduction in the weight of the cysts in experimentally infected mice following treatment with the S. multiaristata extract.

Diagnosis of presence and extent of deep infiltrating endometriosis by preoperative MRI-improvement of staging accuracy by expert training.

INTRODUCTION: This study evaluates the clinical utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the determination of presence and extent of DIE with special emphasis on effects of MRI reporting training MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from 80 patients with clinically suspected DIE presented at our certified endometriosis center between 2015 and 2018 were analyzed. For all patients an ENZIAN score (describing DIE related to individual anatomical localizations) was obtained based on the preoperative MRI findings. The intraoperatively determined ENZIAN score served as the reference for assessment of diagnostic performance of the MRI. RESULTS: Overall, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for the diagnosis of DIE by MRI were 76.9%, 53.3%, 87.7% and 34.8%, respectively. Analysis by compartment revealed a sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 59.5%, 88.2%, 86.2% and 63.9%, respectively, for compartment A, with similar values for compartment B, and 50.0%, 88.9%, 64.7% and 81.4%, respectively, for the less often affected compartment C. Expert training (n = 32 before, n = 48 after) led to a considerable increase in sensitivities for the overall detection of DIE (84.6% vs. 65.4%, p = 0.071) and for the detection of DIE in compartment A (71.4% vs. 35.7%, p = 0.026), compartment B (66.7% vs. 37.5%, p = 0.057) and compartment C (75.0% vs. 20.0%, p = 0.010), without significant loss in specificity (all p > 0.50). DISCUSSION: After expert training, MRI has a good sensitivity with fair specificity regarding preoperative assessment of presence, location and extent of DIE.

Tiny golden angle stack-of-stars (tygaSoS) free-breathing functional lung imaging.

PURPOSE: MRI of the lung parenchyma is still challenging due to cardiac and respiratory motion, and the low proton density and short T2*. Clinical feasible MRI methods for functional lung assessment are of great interest. It was the objective of this study to evaluate the potential of combining the ultra-short echo-time stack-of-stars approach with tiny golden angle (tyGASoS) profile ordering for self-gated free-breathing lung imaging. METHODS: Free-breathing tyGASoS data were acquired in 10 healthy volunteers (3 smoker (S), 7 non-smoker (NS)). Images in different respiratory phases were reconstructed applying an image-based self-gating technique. Resulting image quality and sharpness, and parenchyma visibility were qualitatively scored by three blinded independent reader, and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), proton fraction (fP) and fractional ventilation (FV) quantified. RESULT: The imaging protocol was well tolerated by all volunteers. Image quality was sufficient for subsequent quantitative analysis in all cases with good to excellent inter-reader reliability. Between expiration (EX) and inspiration (IN) significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed in SNR (EX: 3.73 ± 0.89, IN: 3.14 ± 0.74) and fP (EX: 0.27 ± 0.09, IN: 0.25 ± 0.08). A significant (p < 0.05) higher fP (EX/IN: 0.22 ± 0.07/0.21 ± 0.07 (NS), 0.33 ± 0.07/0.30 ± 0.06 (S)) was observed in the smoker group. No significant FV differences resulted between S and NS. CONCLUSION: The study proves the feasibility of free-breathing tyGASoS for multiphase lung imaging. Changes in fP may indicate an initial response in the smoker group and as such proves the sensitivity of the proposed technique. A major limitation in FV quantification rises from the large inter-subject variability of breathing patterns and amplitudes, requiring further consideration.

[Improved image quality of the cervical spine neck CT using an arm traction device]. / Verbesserte Bildqualität der Halswirbelsäulen-CT mittels Armzugvorrichtung.

BACKGROUND: The assessment of the cervico-thoracic junction in the neck CT is frequently hampered by streak artifacts from the shoulder girdles. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of an optimized patient positioning through the use of an arm traction device. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 25 patients (age [mean ± standard deviation]: 58.9 ± 11.6 years; sex [m:f]: 15:10) underwent a neck CT using an arm traction device together. Further 25 patients underwent this in standard positioning (59.8 ± 15.2 years; 16:9). An experienced neuroradiologist determined the last free accessible vertebra on the CT scout view and assessed the image quality of the intervertebral disc space of the lower neck on a three-point grading scale. The procedure was evaluated by the medical-technical radiology assistants performing it. RESULTS: The last free accessible vertebra on CT scout was statistically significant one vertebra lower using an arm traction device, yielding on average the sixth cervical vertebra (p = 0.010). Subjective image quality increased in all evaluated intervertebral disc spaces (median and absolute frequencies [good/middle/bad]: 1.0 [53/21/8] vs. 2.0 [41/30/24]), resulting in a statistically significant effect between the cervical vertebra 6/7 (p = 0.0041). The traction device approach was rated to be suitable for daily routine in the categories of patient's cooperation (good), comprehensibility for the patient (84%) and management for the assistants (good). CONCLUSION: Using an arm traction device on neck CT both the accessibility of vertebra on CT scout increased and image quality of the cervico-thoracic junction improved. The simply applicable device could be favourable for cooperative patients with lower neck pathology.

Sentinel lymph node mapping with indocyanine green compared to blue dye tracer in gynecologic malignancies-A single center experience of 218 patients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To compare the detection rates of sentinel lymph nodes after converting the tracer technique from blue dye to indocyanine green (ICG). METHODS: Patients with uterine or cervical cancer were enrolled for sentinel lymph node (SLN) dissection. A total of 109 consecutive patients were analyzed and compared to a historical cohort of 109 consecutive patients with the sentinel blue dye technique. SLNs were analyzed by ultrastaging. RESULTS: The bilateral mapping rate of sentinel nodes was significantly higher with the ICG (78%; n = 85) compared to the blue dye tracer (61%; n = 67; p = .006). Neither the mean number of SLN nor the rate of low volume metastases showed significant differences between both cohorts. In the subgroup of endometrial cancer patients, the number of systematic lymph node dissection (LND) was significantly lower in the ICG cohort compared to the blue dye cohort (9% vs. 28%, p = .001). CONCLUSIONS: ICG improved the detection rate of pelvic SLN compared to blue dye and may be considered as the superior technique. In clinical practice, the rate of systematic LND further decreased after incorporating SLN mapping with ICG. Reliable safety data are still pending.

Shape Modification is Common in Woven EndoBridge-Treated Intracranial Aneurysms: A Longitudinal Quantitative Analysis Study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: After endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms with the Woven EndoBridge (WEB) device, worsening of aneurysm occlusion or re-opening was reported to be possibly associated with WEB shape modification. This study analyzed quantitatively the WEB shape modification with time in association with anatomic results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty patients with 32 WEB-treated intracranial aneurysms fulfilled the inclusion criteria of cranial CT at baseline (day of intervention) and a follow-up CT at least >1 months' later (median follow-up time, 11.4 months; interquartile range, 6.5-21.5 months). Adequate occlusion was observed in 84.4%, and aneurysm remnant, in 15.6%. WEB shape modification was quantified by a semiautomated approach on CT scans. Time courses were evaluated graphically and analytically; association analyses were performed by linear mixed-effects regression models. RESULTS: In 29/32 WEB devices (90.6%), the reduction in height was found to be at least 5%. The decrease in height with time was significantly associated with the time interval in days since the intervention (P < .0001): A stronger decrease in WEB height was associated with a longer time since the intervention (median reduction in 1 year, 19.2%; range, 8.6%-52.3%). No significant association was found with the quality of aneurysm occlusion, device size, rupture status of the aneurysm, aneurysm location, and reintervention rate. CONCLUSIONS: Shape modification was common in WEB-treated intracranial aneurysms with a median height reduction of 19.2% in 1 year. The quality of aneurysm occlusion was not associated with WEB modification.

[Success, satisfaction and improvement of informed consents for computed tomography : A survey among patients and physicians]. / Aufklärungserfolg, Zufriedenheit und Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten bei Computertomographie-Aufklärungen : Eine Befragung von Patienten und Ärzten.

BACKGROUND: Providing informed consent before a computed tomography (CT) is important for the physicians and the patients. A personal interview about the procedure, risks, and possible alternatives is mandatory before a CT examination. METHODS: A survey was carried out on patient satisfaction with regard to the duration and content of informed consents of CT examinations. Physicians were also interviewed about the duration and content of CT informed consents. Another part of the survey dealt with the acceptance of technical innovations, such as information videos or tablets/PCs. RESULTS: A total of 512 patients and 106 physicians took part in the survey. The duration of the informed consent was estimated by the patients to be 4.08 min on average and 4.7 min by the physicians. The most detailed information given by the physicians regards side effects associated with contrast agents. Less information was given on possible diagnostic alternatives and the need for an examination. According to this, about 92% of all patients did not remember having received information about alternative examinations. Furthermore, 88.7% of the patients and 95.3% of the physicians recommended informed consent using interactive videos and animations, and 74% of the patients and 98.8% of the physicians recommended answering questions on tablet/PC. CONCLUSION: Patients estimated the duration of a CT informed consent to be a little bit shorter, although some patients did not remember the content very well. The acceptance of technical innovations was very high among the participants. The use of information videos and tablets/PCs could increase the success of providing informed consent.

[Hepatolienal candidosis as a rare differential diagnosis of disseminated small parenchym lesions]. / Hepatolienale Candidose als seltene Differenzialdiagnose disseminierter kleinherdiger Parenchymveränderungen.

HISTORY: We report about a 17-year-old patient with the secondary malignancy of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). He developed fever of unclear origin during the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.History We report about a 17-year-old patient with the secondary malignancy of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). He developed fever of unclear origin during the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. EXAMINATIONS: In the focus search, the routine sonography of the abdomen showed disseminated hypoechoic small- parenchymal lesions of the liver. In the complementary MRI, disseminated small lesions of the liver parenchyma and the spleen were demarked after contrast agent administration. DIAGNOSIS: Imaging revealed suspicion of hepatolienal candiasis.Diagnosis Imaging revealed suspicion of hepatolienal candiasis. THERAPY: Empirical therapy with amphotericin B was used. A sonographic punch biopsy of the liver was performed. The pathological examination showed oval particles in the PAS staining in the sense of an opportunistic mycosis of the Candida infection type. CONCLUSION: The case shows that in immunosuppressed patients, candidiasis must always be considered as a differential diagnosis with simultaneous parenchymal changes in the liver and/or spleen. In addition, in the screening situation, a suitable linear transducer should be used when asking about fungal lesions in the liver and spleen. Alternatively, if suspected hepato-lienal candidiasis could be diagnosed by a contrast-enhanced MRI of the upper abdomen/abdomen.

[Analysis of documented informed consent forms for computed tomography : Completeness and data quality in four clinics]. / Analyse von dokumentierten Computertomographie-Aufklärungen : Vollständigkeit und Datenqualität in vier Kliniken.

BACKGROUND: Before performing a medical procedure, such as a computed tomography, an obligatory informed consent of the patient and its detailed documentation is necessary. METHODS: A total of 1424 informed consent forms for contrast-enhanced computed tomography from four clinics with different healthcare levels were analyzed. Informed consent forms were evaluated related to completeness, legibility and quality. RESULTS: In all, 1110 (77.9%) informed consent forms were sufficiently completed, 267 patients (18.8%) answered the form incompletely and 47 patients (3.3%) returned it without answering a question. Handwritten comments were found in 1391 (97.7%) cases. Thereof, 1329 (93.3%) were graded as detailed comments and 62 (4.4%) as less detailed comments. These comments were well legible in 675 (47.4%) cases, 558 (39.2%) informed consents showed limited legibility and in 158 (11.1%) more than 50% of the comments were unreadable. Signatures were complete in 1374 (96.5%) informed consent forms. CONCLUSION: The results show a better quality and documentation of informed consent forms for computed tomography obtained by radiology residents compared to radiological specialists. Compared to the radiologists, the non-radiologists performed significantly worse. The establishment of videos and use of digital informed consent forms could provide a possible solution.

[The role of the vesical imaging-reporting and data system (VI-RADS) for bladder cancer diagnostics-status quo]. / Bedeutung der VI-RADS-Klassifikation für die Bildgebung beim Harnblasenkarzinom ­ Stand der Dinge.

Initial clinical and pathological diagnostic workup of urinary bladder cancer is based on cystoscopy, transurethral resection of suspicious lesions, and computed tomography when indicated. Accurate staging is necessary for further therapeutic decision-making. This review summarizes the current status of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and the vesical imaging-reporting and data system (VI-RADS) classification. MpMRI may improve the accuracy of assessment of local tumor invasion compared to conventional imaging alone. VI-RADS standardizes reporting of MRI staging and classifies the likelihood of muscle-invasive bladder cancer into five categories. Preliminary data suggest low interobserver variability. However, prospective multicenter studies are necessary to validate the VI-RADS classification. Progress in functional, molecular, and hybrid imaging may further improve the accuracy of clinical tumor and nodal staging for bladder cancer.