A Network Analysis of Selected Psychosocial Factors in Vulvodynia and Its Subtypes.

OBJECTIVE: Psychosocial factors are related to pain and sex-related outcomes in provoked vulvodynia and possibly in mixed and spontaneous vulvodynia. However, a broader behavioral framework, such as the psychological flexibility model, has received limited attention in this context. Recently, additional psychosocial variables have also emerged that appear relevant to vulvodynia, including perceived injustice, body-exposure anxiety during intercourse, and unmitigated sexual communion. The present study applied network analysis to explore relations between psychological flexibility, newly emerging psychosocial variables relevant to vulvodynia, and their associations with vulvodynia outcomes. The study also explored potential differences across vulvodynia subtypes. DESIGN: An online cross-sectional study of 349 participants with vulvodynia (112 provoked, 237 spontaneous/mixed) was carried out. METHODS: Participants completed self-report questionnaires, including questions on pain and sexual outcomes, depression, facets of psychological flexibility, body-exposure anxiety during intercourse, unmitigated sexual communion, and perceived injustice. Networks were computed for the total sample and for provoked and mixed/spontaneous vulvodynia subsamples. RESULTS: Perceived injustice, pain acceptance, and depression were "central" factors among the included variables, in all models. Psychological flexibility processes were relevant for all networks. Depression was more central in the network for mixed/spontaneous vulvodynia; body-exposure anxiety during intercourse was most central for the provoked subtype. CONCLUSIONS: Among the included variables, perceived injustice, pain acceptance, depression, and psychological flexibility appear to be important in vulvodynia. As different factors are significant across subtypes, tailored treatment approaches are suggested.

Frequency-banded nonlinear Schrödinger equation with inclusion of Raman nonlinearity.

The well-established generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation (GNLSE) to simulate nonlinear pulse propagation in optical fibers and waveguides becomes inefficient if only narrow spectral bands are occupied that are widely separated in frequency/wavelength, for example in parametric amplifiers. Here we present a solution to this in the form of a coupled frequency-banded nonlinear Schrödinger equation (BNLSE) that only simulates selected narrow frequency bands while still including all dispersive and nonlinear effects, in particular the inter-band Raman and Kerr nonlinearities. This allows for high accuracy spectral resolution in regions of interest while omitting spectral ranges between the selected frequency bands, thus providing an efficient and accurate way for simulating the nonlinear interaction of pulses at widely different carrier frequencies. We derive and test our BNLSE by comparison with the GNLSE. We finally demonstrate the accuracy of the BNLSE and compare the computational execution times for the different models.