Depression symptoms and risk of sick leave: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Depression symptoms are one of the most common psychiatric disorders and affect all aspects of life. The impact of depression symptoms on sick leave in the working population is a major issue that requires a more comprehensive examination. METHODS: This systematic review used the PRISMA method to identify eligible studies (n = 15). Subsequently, the association between depression symptoms and sick leave was examined and several important subgroup analyses were performed. RESULTS: Depression symptoms were associated with sick leave, with an overall risk ratio (RR) of 1.52 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.34-1.73]. In men, the result displayed RR 2.19 (95% CI 1.17-4.09) and in women, the result showed RR 1.54 (95% CI 1.35-1.76). Additional subgroup analyses that account for methodological differences across studies based on the method of assessing depression symptoms and sick leave showed that this association was consistent. CONCLUSION: Depression symptoms are associated with sick leave. Given that sick leave can have an economic and social burden, more attention to depression symptoms is necessary.

Alcohol use and risk of suicide: a systematic review and Meta-analysis.

Objectives: Alcohol use has several consequences and is one of the variables that increase risk of suicide. This meta-analysis was performed using cohort studies to clarify the association of alcohol use and suicide.Method: Scientific sources were reviewed regarding the keywords. After screening, thirty cohort studies were identified for the meta-analysis. The analysis was performed based on the random effects and subsequent analysis of the subgroups, based on various variables.Result: Analysis of the results showed that there is a relationship between alcohol use and suicide. Risk Ratio (RR) between alcohol use and suicide was 1.65. In men, pooled RR was 1.56 with 95% CI = 1.20-2.03, and in women, the pooled RR was equal to 1.40 with 95% CI = 1.11-1.77.Conclusion: Overall, the findings indicate that alcohol use is a risk factor for suicide. Therefore, it seems that prevention and control of alcohol use can be effective in promoting mental health.

Sleep disturbances and back pain : Systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: In today's society, sleep disturbances and back pain are both common problems which threaten health. Although some studies have focused on the effects of sleep disturbances on back pain, no meta-analysis has been done. The purpose of this study is to systematically review and perform a meta-analysis on the effects of sleep disturbances on back pain. METHODS: A literature search in PubMed, Scopus and EMBASE with keywords until June 2019 was performed. The eligible articles were evaluated qualitatively and the results were pooled using random effects. The publication bias and the degree of heterogeneity were examined. RESULTS: In all, 21 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Sleep disturbances were associated with back pain (odds ratio 1.52; confidence interval [CI] 1.37-1.68; P < 0.001). In men, the odds ratio was 1.49 (CI 1.34-1.65; P < 0.001). In women, the odds ratio was 1.56 (CI 1.33-1.81; P < 0.001). Begg's test (P = 0.856) and Egger test (P = 0.188) did not show any publication bias. A funnel plot and trim-and-fill method showed publication bias, and heterogeneity was also high. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep disturbance is associated with risk of back pain. Improving sleep can be a deterrent against back pain. Therefore, interventions to reduce sleep disturbances can help to improve health. On the other hand, the relationship between sleep disturbances and back pain can be two-sided, and back pain can also lead to sleep disturbances. Not only in view of the lifetime prevalence and the multifactorial impairments of those affected, but also in consideration of social and economic burdens, this issue will remain of considerable importance.

Smoking and risk of sleep-related issues: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.

OBJECTIVES: Smoking has many deleterious consequences on health, one of which can be sleep-related issues. Therefore, a meta-analysis was performed with the aim of pooling results from studies on the relationship between smoking and sleep-related issues. METHODS: The present study follows PRISMA guidelines. Databases were searched by both researchers to find the articles. The review was done up to December 2018. In order to analyze the results of the screened articles, statistical indexes were converted to logarithms and the studies were combined with each other. Finally, several analyses were conducted with respect to various subgroups. In the subgroup analysis, the pool index of the studies was determined and the degree of heterogeneity in each subgroup was presented. Meta-regression was also used. RESULTS: Smoking is associated with a risk of developing sleep-related issues. Risk ratio (1.47; 1.20-1.79) for smokers was higher than for non-smokers. Egger's test and Begg's test indicated publication bias. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking is associated with sleep-related issues. Informing smokers about the effects of smoking on sleep issues can be effective in reducing and preventing its consequences.

Back pain and depressive symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Low back pain is a common disorder that has many consequences. This study is an attempt to meta-analyze the risk of depression symptoms in back pain. METHOD: Four databases were selected for review, and this search was conducted using key words. Eleven eligible articles were selected for review and meta-analysis was conducted. Subgroup analyses were continued with study design and the method of measuring depression. Also, the heterogeneity and publication bias were examined. RESULTS: Eleven cohort and cross-sectional articles are used in the meta-analysis between back pain and depressive symptoms. The odds ratio 2.07 was calculated for this relationship. In prospective-cohort studies, 1.71 (95% confidence interval = 1.24-2.36) results indicated that back pain is a risk factor for depression symptoms and in cross-sectional studies, pooled odds ratio (2.33; 95% confidence interval = 1.29-4.21) showed that back pain is associated with depression symptoms. Some degree of publication bias was not found in the study. CONCLUSIONS: Back pain is an effective factor in increasing the likelihood of depression. Adoption of effective prevention and treatment approaches can play an important role in reducing the psychological consequences in these individuals.

Alcohol consumption and sick leave: a meta-analysis.

Several factors are involved in the risk of sick leave and it seems that alcohol consumption is a factor in this regard. We seek a meta-analysis of sick leave with regards to alcohol consumption. Until November 2018 scientific databases were searched using keywords, after screening for studies, 21 studies were eligible for including in the meta-analysis. The main result and the results of the subgroups were analyzed based on the random effects method. The pooled risk ratio (RR) was calculated for the results and confidence intervals (CI) were also shown. Result showed that alcohol consumption is a risk factor for sick leave with RR = 1.07 and (CI) = 1.01-1.13 (p = 0.012). In men, the results are equal to RR = 1.11 and CI = 1.01-1.22 (p = 0.030) and in women, the results are equal to RR = 1.10 and CI = 1.03-1.18 (p = 0.006). The results showed a very low bias. Based on the evidence, it can be concluded that alcohol consumption increases the risk of sick leave in working population. Hence, measuring health and conducting prevention and treatment programs can be beneficial in reducing the burden of alcohol.

Smoking as a risk factor for physical impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 18 cohort studies.

Smoking has various negative effects on diseases and disabilities. The authors examined the relationships between smoking and physical impairments in this meta-analysis. Two databases including PubMed, Scopus, and two gray literature databases including Google Scholar and Research Gate were searched systematically using Mesh keywords. After reviewing the studies, 18 Prospective cohort studies were selected based on criteria. Risk Ratio (RR) of physical impairment as outcome of smoking and subgroup analysis based on gender, adjusted quality, geographic location and smoking status were done using random effects. Publication bias was calculated as well. The results showed that the risk of physical impairment in smokers is equal to RR = 1.26 and CI = 1.16-1.36 (P = <001). In women, RR = 1.19 and CI = 0.80-1.75 (P = 0.388); and in men, RR = 1.87 and CI = 1.31-2.68 (P = <001) were achieved. Some evidences of publication bias were found. Smoking increases the risk of physical impairment. Men are at a greater risk of physical impairment; perhaps because the prevalence of smoking in men is higher than women.

Cancer Diagnosis and Suicide Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Cancer is one of the most common diseases and suicide is one of the causes of cancer patients' mortality. However, the suicide mortality rate in cancer patients has not been thoroughly investigated. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and a meta-analysis of suicide mortality risk in cancer patients. The authors systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, psycInfo, and Google Scholar databases using MESH keywords until July 2018; searching was limited to English. Random effects model was used for meta-analyzing the studies. Forest plot was calculated for the whole of the 22 studies and the subgroups. Publication bias was examined, and qualitative evaluation of the articles entered into the meta-analysis was also carried out. 22 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) for suicide mortality (SMR = 1.55; 95% and confidence interval (CI) CI = 1.37-1.74) in cancer patients were achieved. It has been shown (SMR = 1.67; 95% CI = 1.48-1.89 and p < 0.001) that cancer has increased suicidal rates in men and also in women (SMR = 1.34; 95% CI = 1.20-1.50 and p < 0.001). The following results were reported based on the subtypes of cancer; pooled SMR = 2.06; 95% CI = 1.32-3.23, and p < 0.001 in esophagus, stomach, pancreas and liver cancers; SMR = 1.57; 95% CI = 1.26-1.97, and p < 0.001 in colon and rectum cancers; SMR = 3.07; 95% CI = 2.20-4.28, and p < 0.001 in bronchus, trachea and lung cancers; SMR = 1.24; 95% CI = 1.03-1.48, and p = 0.020 in breast cancer; SMR = 1.71; 95% CI = 1.38-2.12, and p < 0.001 in prostate cancer. Overall, there is an evaluated suicide mortality rate in cancer patients. There was some evidence of publication bias. Our findings indicate that cancer increases the risk of suicide. Given the results and co-morbidities between suicide-induced cancer and other psychological disorders, the development of psychological interventions can be useful in reducing the risk of suicide in these patients.

Body mass index and risk of sick leave: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Body mass index (BMI) is related to different health dimensions and can be a risk factor for diseases. Our objective was to systematically review and meta-analysis the association BMI and the risk of sick leave. Four databases were searched for articles until late December 2018 and the results of the studies were extracted and combined using random effects methods. Several sub-group analyses were conducted as well as bias of publication were measured. A total of 23 longitudinal studies entered into meta-analysis. BMI ≥ 25 was a risk factor for sick leave; the risk ratio (RR) is equal to 1.20 with confidence interval (CI): 1.14 to 1.28. In the overweight, this result was achieved: RR = 1.09 and CI = 1.04 to 1.15 (P = 0.001) and in the obesity, RR = 1.30 and CI = 1.19 to 1.42 (P < 0.001). In both men and women, overweight and obesity were both a risk factor for sick leave. A high BMI is a risk factor that threatens health in different dimensions and therefore, overweight/obesity prevention and treatment should be given increasing attention. This will reduce the burden of illness and its consequences.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between smoking and the incidence of frailty.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Cigarette smoking is one of the main causes of health problems in the world and can also lead to an increased risk of frailty. Our goal is to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between smoking and frailty. METHODS: Researchers searched PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and Research Gate by using keywords through December 2018. Eligible articles were merged and a meta-analysis was conducted using the random effects method. Finally an analysis was done based on smoking status, and publication bias was assessed as well. RESULTS: The population analyzed comprised 61,905 people. The risk ratio (RR) of frailty based on smoking was 1.22 with a confidence interval (CI) of 1.12-1.33 (p < 0.001). In current smokers, the RR was 1.63 (p < 0.001). No significant difference was found in former smokers. The results indicated a publication bias in the studies included into the meta-analysis. DISCUSSION: Smoking increases the risk of disability; therefore, the provision of cigarette smoking cessation treatment can reduce this risk. As the results also showed, former smokers are less likely to be frail.

Depression and risk of disability pension: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Depression is a common mental disorder that leads to undesirable consequences. The study of the role of depression in disability pension can provide valuable insights. This study was conducted with the goal of systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between depression and disability pension. METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, PsycInfo, and Google Scholar databases were systematically searched until March 2018. Fifteen prospective cohort studies were selected and included in the meta-analysis. The random-effects method was used to combine the studies. Subgroup analysis was performed, and publication bias was also examined. RESULTS: Depression was a risk factor for disability pension (pooled risk ratio =1.68 and 95% confidence interval = 1.50-1.88). In men, pooled risk ratio was 1.82 for the effect of depression on the risk of disability pension (95% confidence interval = 1.45-2.28). In women, pooled risk ratio was 1.62 (95% confidence interval = 1.31-2.02). The results showed that there is publication bias. CONCLUSIONS: Depression is a factor for retirement due to disability. Therefore, the prevention and treatment of depression can reduce socioeconomic and psychological consequences imposed on society.

Diabetes and anxiety symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Although some studies have been conducted on the association between diabetes and anxiety symptoms, the data on this association remain controversial. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine the association between diabetes and anxiety symptoms. The authors systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases until July 2018. After the screening process, 23 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Stata-14 was used for meta-analyzing. Forest plot was calculated for the whole 23 studies and subgroups, and publication bias was also examined. Overall, diabetes was positively associated with anxiety; pooled odds ratio was equal to1.48; 95% confidence interval was 1 .27-1.74. In cross-sectional study, the result was odds ratio = 1.50; 95% confidence interval = 1.26-1.77, and in prospective-cohort study, the result was odds ratio = 1.34; 95% confidence interval = 1.21-1.49. There was small evidence of publication bias. Overall, our findings indicate that diabetes is a risk factor for anxiety symptoms. Therefore, having a healthy medical condition can be an anxiety prevention agent.

Obesity and anxiety symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Obesity and anxiety are the two most common health problems and increased body mass index can be lead to anxiety. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the frequency of anxiety symptoms in people who are obese/overweight. METHODS: For this purpose the authors systematically searched keywords in the databases PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO and Google scholar through August 2018. After a comprehensive review, 25 studies were included into the meta-analysis. RESULTS: Results of the meta-analysis showed that the frequency of anxiety in obesity had a pooled odds ratio (OR) of 1.30 and a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.20-1.41 and in overweight had an OR of 1.10 and CI of 1.00-1.21. Comparison between obesity/overweight and normal weight showed high frequency of anxiety in obesity/overweight with respect to subgroups (sex, obesity and anxiety assessment, adjusted/unadjusted, anxiety duration and age). Evaluation of 25 studies included in the meta-analysis showed publication bias. CONCLUSION: Overall, findings indicate anxiety occurs more frequently in obese/overweight people compared with normal weight people.

Migraine headache and depression in adults: a systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Migraines have adverse psychological consequences, one of which is the tendency towards depression. This study aimed to investigate the effects of migraine on adults' depression in the form of a systematic review and meta-analysis METHODS: Several scientific databases were searched using relevant keywords until the end of January 2018. After reviewing the titles and abstracts and the full texts, the researchers eventually included 16 eligible articles. Major and sub-group analyses were carried out using random effects. Publication bias was also measured. RESULTS: Pooled Odd Ratio (PR) = 1.95; and 95% confidence interval (CI) = CI = 1.61-2.35 were obtained in studying the effects of migraine on depression. This effect was equal to OR = 1.81 (95% CI = 1.20-2.72) in cohort studies, and OR = 2.00; 95% CI = 1.64-2.43 in cross sectional studies. The heterogeneity was high, and no publication bias was found. CONCLUSIONS: Migraine can play an important role in increasing the incidence of depression in affected patients. Therefore, identifying and ultimately treating the disease can be beneficial in reducing the negative psychological effects of this disease.

Body mass index and risk of suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Studies have examined associations between obesity and suicide. However, the overall outcomes of the studies are not fully elucidated, and the orientation of these studies needs to be identified. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the suicide risk based on body mass index (BMI). METHODS: The authors systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, PsycInfo and Google Scholar databases until December 2017. After the screening process, 15 prospective studies were included in meta-analysis. Stata-14 was used for meta-analysis. Forest Plot was calculated for the whole of the 15 studies and the subgroups; publication bias was examined as well. RESULTS: In obesity group, Pooled Risk Ratio (RR) was achieved for suicide mortality (RR = 0.67; 95% confidence interval (CI) CI = 0.54-0.81) and suicidal ideation (RR = 1.50; 95% CI = 0.76-2.23). It was also measured in overweight group, for suicide mortality (RR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.71-0.85) and suicidal ideation (RR = 1.17; 95% CI = 0.65-1.69). CONCLUSION: Overall, there is an inverse association between obesity and overweight with suicide mortality and attempted suicide, and positive association between obesity and overweight with suicidal ideation. There was no evidence of publication bias. Overall, our findings indicate the role of BMI in suicide.

Psychometric properties revised reinforcement sensitivity theory (r-RST) scale in chronic pain patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of present study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Reinforcement Sensitivity Questionnaire (RSQ) in patients with chronic pain. METHODS: For this purpose, 312 (first study) and 70 (second study) patients with chronic pain were selected, and the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ) and Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory (PBPI) were distributed among them for their response. The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated by Cronbach's alpha, retest, and split-half coefficient; then, the criterion validity with other questionnaires was evaluated to determine the psychometric properties of the RSQ. The factor structure was assessed via confirmatory factor analysis. RESULTS: The results of the factor analysis indicated that the RSQ has five factors, and checking the validity by using Cronbach's alpha, retest, and split-half coefficient reflected the stability of the scale; the criterion validity of the RSQ with other questionnaires showed desirable discriminant and convergent validity. CONCLUSION: Overall, the findings indicated that the RSQ has good psychometric properties in chronic pain samples, and the tool can be used in studies of chronic pain. It seems that the RSQ is a good predictor for pain in patients with chronic pain.