Validation of Patient-Reported Outcome measure in pediatric chronic Kidney disease (PRO-Kid).

BACKGROUND: Measuring the burden of symptoms that matter most to children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is essential for optimizing patient-centered care. We developed a novel CKD-specific Patient-Reported Outcome measure (PRO-Kid) to assess both frequency and impact of symptoms in children. In the current study, we further assessed the validity and internal consistency of PRO-Kid. METHODS: In this multicenter study, children age 8 to 18 years with stages 3-5 CKD, including those on dialysis, were recruited from five pediatric centers. Children completed the 14-item PRO-Kid questionnaire and the validated Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL™ 4.0). We explored the dimensionality of the PRO-kid scale using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, to either establish that it is a unidimensional construct or identify evidence of subfactors. We then assessed internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha [Cα]) and construct validity (Pearson correlations). RESULTS: In total, 100 children were included. The median eGFR was 27.4 ml/min/1.73m2 [7.43, 63.4], and 26 children (26%) were on dialysis. Both the PRO-Kid frequency and the impact scales were unidimensional. Cα was high for both the PRO-Kid frequency and impact scales, 0.83 (95% CI = 0.78 to 0.88) and 0.84 (95% CI = 0.80 to 0.89) respectively, showing strong internal consistency. Pearson correlations between PRO-Kid and PedsQL™ scores were also strong: -0.78 (95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.85 to -0.70) for the frequency score and -0.69 (95% CI = -0.78 to -0.56) for the impact score, reflecting the association between poorer quality of life and higher symptom burden. CONCLUSIONS: PRO-Kid is a novel patient-reported symptom burden tool for children 8-18 years of age with CKD that correlates strongly in the expected direction with PedsQL™, supporting its validity. Future work will evaluate changes in PRO-Kid score with progression of CKD, and implementation of the tool into clinical care.

Underwater light source changes microecosystem constructed by Vallisneria spinulosa Yan for water restoration: Efficiency of water purification, characteristics of growth, and rhizosphere.

Submerged macrophytes are effective in ecological restoration of water bodies polluted by nitrogen and phosphorus, and its restoration capacity depends on underwater illumination condition. This study explored the influencing mechanism of illumination on Vallisneria spinulosa Yan (V. spinulosa Yan) for water restoration. Addition of underwater light source increased the total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, and phosphate removal loads of the V. spinulosa Yan growth system by 61.5, 39.2, 8.5, and 5.0 mg m-2 d-1, respectively. Meanwhile, the growth of V. spinulosa Yan was obviously promoted, even with high water turbidity. Although the biological nitrogen removal processes were inhibited by adding underwater light source, the growth of V. spinulosa Yan can be significantly improved, thus enhancing the efficiency of water purification via the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus by V. spinulosa Yan. This study provides a theoretical foundation and technical support for application of submerged macrophytes in ecological water restoration.

Subtle magnesium liberation of self-fabricated functional filler actuates highly efficient phosphorus removal from source-separated urine by SBBR.

Domestic wastewater source-separated treatment has attracted wide attention due to the efficiency improvement of sewage treatment systems, energy saving, resource reuse, and the construction and operation cost saving of pipeline networks. Nonetheless, the excess source-separated urine still demands further harmless treatment. Sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR), a new type of composite biofilm reactor developed by filling different fillers into the sequential batch reactor (SBR) reactor, has higher pollutant removal performance and simpler operation and maintenance. However, the phosphorus removal ability of the SBBR filling with conventional fillers is still limited and needs further improvement. In this study, we developed two new fillers, the self-fabricated filler A and B (SFA/SFB), and compared their source-separated urine treatment performance. Long-term treatment experimental results demonstrated that the SBBR systems with different fillers had good removal performance on the COD and TN in the influent, and the removal rate increased with the increasing HRT. However, only the SBBR system with the SFA showed excellent PO43--P and TP removal performance, with the removal rates being 83.7 ± 11.9% and 77.3 ± 13.7% when the HRT was 1 d. Microbial community analysis results indicated that no special bacteria with strong phosphorus removal ability were present on the surface of the SFA. Adsorption experimental results suggested that the SFA had better adsorption performance for phosphorus than the SFB, but it could not always have stronger phosphorus adsorption and removal performance during long-term operation due to the adsorption saturation. Through a series of characterizations such as SEM, XRD, and BET, it was found that the SFA had a looser structure due to the use of different binder and production processes, and the magnesium in the SFA gradually released and reacted with PO43- and NH4+ in the source-separated urine to form dittmarite and struvite, thus achieving efficient phosphorus removal. This study provides a feasible manner for the efficient treatment of source-separated urine using the SBBR system with self-fabricated fillers.

Intragraft regulatory T cells in the modern era: what can high-dimensional methods tell us about pathways to allograft acceptance?

Replacement of diseased organs with transplanted healthy donor ones remains the best and often only treatment option for end-stage organ disease. Immunosuppressants have decreased the incidence of acute rejection, but long-term survival remains limited. The broad action of current immunosuppressive drugs results in global immune impairment, increasing the risk of cancer and infections. Hence, achievement of allograft tolerance, in which graft function is maintained in the absence of global immunosuppression, has long been the aim of transplant clinicians and scientists. Regulatory T cells (Treg) are a specialized subset of immune cells that control a diverse array of immune responses, can prevent allograft rejection in animals, and have recently been explored in early phase clinical trials as an adoptive cellular therapy in transplant recipients. It has been established that allograft residency by Tregs can promote graft acceptance, but whether intragraft Treg functional diversification and spatial organization contribute to this process is largely unknown. In this review, we will explore what is known regarding the properties of intragraft Tregs during allograft acceptance and rejection. We will summarize recent advances in understanding Treg tissue residency through spatial, transcriptomic and high-dimensional cytometric methods in both animal and human studies. Our discussion will explore properties of intragraft Tregs in mediating operational tolerance to commonly transplanted solid organs. Finally, given recent developments in Treg cellular therapy, we will review emerging knowledge of whether and how these adoptively transferred cells enter allografts in humans. An understanding of the properties of intragraft Tregs will help lay the foundation for future therapies that will promote immune tolerance.

Multiple pesticide residues and risk assessment of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo: a three-year investigation.

Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo (D. officinale) is a traditional Chinese medicine homologous to food, and its safety has attracted considerable attention. Pesticide residues are critical indicators for evaluating the safety of D. officinale. This study investigated the levels of 130 pesticides in 137 stem samples and 82 leaf samples from five main production areas of D. officinale in Zhejiang Province, along with the associated risk of dietary exposure for the population between 2019 and 2021. Forty-five pesticides were detected in 171 samples, of which pyraclostrobin had the highest detection frequency. Multiple residues were detected in 52.56% of the stem samples and 54.88% of the leaf samples, and one stem sample contained up to 18 pesticides. Here, the level of difenoconazole in three samples (two stem samples and one leaf sample) was higher than the maximum residue limit (MRL) in China. Considering the possible health risks related to pesticide residues, a risk assessment of human exposure to pesticides via the intake of D. officinale stems and leaves was evaluated, indicating negligible short-term, long-term, and cumulative risks to human health. However, considering the high detection rate of unregistered pesticides, the supplementation of pesticide registration information on D. officinale should be expedited, and MRLs should be established to ensure food and drug safety.

Association between ultrasound BI-RADS signs and molecular typing of invasive breast cancer.

Objective: To explore the correlation between ultrasound images and molecular typing of invasive breast cancer, so as to analyze the predictive value of preoperative ultrasound for invasive breast cancer. Methods: 302 invasive breast cancer patients were enrolled in Heping Hospital affiliated to Changzhi Medical College in Shanxi, China during 2020 to 2022. All patients accepted ultrasonic and pathological examination, and all pathological tissues received molecular typing with immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. The relevance between different molecular typings and ultrasonic image, pathology were evaluated. Results: Univariate analysis: among the four molecular typings, there were significant differences in tumor size, shape, margin, lymph node and histological grade (P<0.05). 1. Size: Luminal A tumor was smaller (69.4%), Basal -like type tumors are mostly larger (60.9%); 2. Shape: Basal-like type is more likely to show regular shape (45.7%); 3. Margin: Luminal A and Luminal B mostly are not circumscribed (79.6%, 74.8%), Basal -like type shows circumscribed(52.2%); 4. Lymph nodes: Luminal A type tends to be normal (87.8%), Luminal B type,Her-2+ type and Basal-like type tend to be abnormal (35.6%,36.4% and 39.1%). There was no significant difference in mass orientation, echo pattern, rear echo and calcification (P>0.05). Multivariate analysis: Basal-like breast cancer mostly showed regular shape, circumscribed margin and abnormal lymph nodes (P<0.05). Conclusion: There are differences in the ultrasound manifestations of different molecular typings of breast cancer, and ultrasound features can be used as a potential imaging index to provide important information for the precise diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.

A comprehensive review on mixotrophic denitrification processes for biological nitrogen removal.

Biological denitrification is the most widely used method for nitrogen removal in water treatment. Compared with heterotrophic and autotrophic denitrification, mixotrophic denitrification is later studied and used. Because mixotrophic denitrification can overcome some shortcomings of heterotrophic and autotrophic denitrification, such as a high carbon source demand for heterotrophic denitrification and a long start-up time for autotrophic denitrification. It has attracted extensive attention of researchers and is increasingly used in biological nitrogen removal processes. However, so far, a comprehensive review is lacking. This paper aims to review the current research status of mixotrophic denitrification and provide guidance for future research in this field. It is shown that mixotrophic denitrification processes can be divided into three main kinds based on different kinds of electron donors, mainly including sulfur-, hydrogen-, and iron-based reducing substances. Among them, sulfur-based mixotrophic denitrification is the most widely studied. The most concerned influencing factors of mixotrophic denitrification processes are hydraulic retention times (HRT) and ratio of chemical oxygen demand (COD) to total inorganic nitrogen (C/N). The dominant functional bacteria of sulfur-based mixotrophic denitrification system are Thiobacillus, Azoarcus, Pseudomonas, and Thauera. At present, mixotrophic denitrification processes are mainly applied for nitrogen removal in drinking water, groundwater, and wastewater treatment. Finally, challenges and future research directions are discussed.

Assessment of health risks associated with pesticide and heavy metal contents in Fritillaria thunbergii Miq. (Zhe Beimu).

Fritillaria thunbergii Miq. (Zhe Beimu, F. thunbergii) is widely cultivated in China's Zhejiang province, and pesticides and heavy metals are two major factors affecting its quality and safety. A total of 106 F. thunbergii samples from six main production areas were analyzed for 76 pesticides and four heavy metal content (As, Cd, Hg, and Pb). The pesticide detection rate of the samples was 66.98%; overall, the pesticide residues were very low, and residue levels ranged from 0.010 to 0.231 mg kg-1. The detection rates of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb were 95.3%, 100%, 76.4%, and 100%, respectively. A risk assessment of human exposure to pesticides and heavy metals via intake of F. thunbergii was performed, and the results revealed that the pesticide residues and heavy metal content detected in F. thunbergii does not pose a potential risk to human health, either in the long or short term. The exposure assessment showed that the levels of pesticides and heavy metals in F. thunbergii were safe for human consumption. These results provide useful information on F. thunbergii consumption.

Comparison of the performance of HPV DNA chip test and HPV PCR test in cervical cancer screening in rural China.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the performance of two different principles of HPV testing in primary cervical cancer screening and ASC-US triage in rural areas. Methods: 3,328 and 3,913 women were enrolled in Shanxi, China in 2017 and 2018, respectively, and screened using liquid-based cytology and different HPV tests with a 4-year follow-up. Different screening methods commonly used in clinical practice were evaluated. Results: In the HPV PCR test cohort, the prevalence of HPV infection was 14.90%. A total of 38 cases of CIN2+ were identified at baseline, 2 of which were in the HPV-negative cohort and the rest in the HPV-positive cohort (2 = 186.85, p < 0.001). Fifty-three cases of CIN2+ were accumulated over 4 years. The HPV infection rate in the HPV DNA chip test cohort was 21.10%. A total of 26 CIN2+ cases were identified at baseline, all in the HPV-positive population (2 = 92.96, p < 0.001). 54 CIN2+ cases were cumulative over 4 years. At 4-year follow-up, HPV-negative results were significantly more protective against cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) than normal cytologic results at baseline. HPV screening was more sensitive and specific than cytologic screening (using ASC-US as the threshold) and performed better on the HPV DNA microarray test. In addition, compared with HPV 16/18 testing, sensitivity increases and specificity decreases when using HPV testing for cytologic ASC-US triage, regardless of which HPV test is used. Conclusion: In the rural areas where we implemented the study, HPV tests performed well for screening than LBC and HPV DNA chip testing performed better than HPV PCR testing in the screening cohort. Optimal screening was achieved technically when used in combination with LBC for ASC-US population triage, without thinking the feasibility for resource availability.

Humic Acid Improves Greenhouse Tomato Quality and Bacterial Richness in Rhizosphere Soil.

Humic acid (HA) has attracted increasing attention as a new type of organic fertilizer in horticultural production, such as greenhouse-planted cherry tomato. However, we need more information to evaluate the effects of HA on soil rhizosphere bacteria and tomato performance under greenhouse conditions. In this study, greenhouse-planted cherry tomato was observed with HA added at dosages of 1500, 3000, 4500, and 6000 kg·ha-1, respectively. The other two organic fertilizers [farmyard manure (FM) and commercial organic fertilizer (COF)], were used as comparison with a dosage of 3000 kg·ha-1. Illumina MiSeq sequencing was conducted for bacterial diversity analysis, and tomato quality analysis based on total soluble solids, titratable acid, and sugar-acid ratio was performed for different fertilizer treatments. The results revealed that HA application resulted in the best flavor, compared to CK without the organic fertilizer used and with the other two organic fertilizers. The Chaol estimator and Shannon index showed that fertilizer addition decreased microbial diversity but increased species richness. At a dosage of 3000 kg·ha-1, the effects of different fertilizers were ranked as HA > FM > COF. Our findings offered suggestions to reasonably optimize cherry tomato organic fertilizer application.

Roles of Surfactants in Oriented Immobilization of Cellulase on Nanocarriers and Multiphase Hydrolysis System.

Surfactants, especially non-ionic surfactants, play an important role in the preparation of nanocarriers and can also promote the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose. A broad overview of the current status of surfactants on the immobilization of cellulase is provided in this review. In addition, the restricting factors in cellulase immobilization in the complex multiphase hydrolysis system are discussed, including the carrier structure characteristics, solid-solid contact obstacles, external diffusion resistance, limited recycling frequency, and nonproductive combination of enzyme active centers. Furthermore, promising prospects of cellulase-oriented immobilization are proposed, including the hydrophilic-hydrophobic interaction of surfactants and cellulase in the oil-water reaction system, the reversed micelle system of surfactants, and the possible oriented immobilization mechanism.

Enhancement of cottonseed oil refining wastewater treatment by zero valent iron under sunlight irradiation and O2 bubbling.

This study is the first to apply a zero-valent iron (ZVI) system in the treatment of cottonseed oil (CTO) refining wastewater. The results indicated that the ZVI system can effectively degrade and mineralize CTO in the wastewater, whereas sunlight irradiation and O2 bubbling can considerably enhance CTO degradation, removing 93.5% of CTO and 69.0% of chemical oxygen demand within 180 min. In addition, a low concentration (0.1 mM) of SO42- and Cl- in the wastewater improved CTO degradation, whereas a high concentration (>1 mM) of these anions considerably inhibited the degradation process. However, NO3- at all concentrations hindered CTO degradation. Furthermore, OH and O2- were the main active species for CTO degradation in the ZVI system under dark conditions. However, in addition to these two species, photogenerated hole (h+) played a key role in CTO degradation under sunlight irradiation. This observation might be derived from the photocatalytic effect due to photoexcitation of the iron corrosion product, γ-FeOOH. Our findings show that the ZVI system assisted by sunlight irradiation and O2 bubbling is feasible for CTO-refining wastewater treatment and can guide the real wastewater treatment project.

Ex vivo delivery of regulatory T-cells for control of alloimmune priming in the donor lung.

BACKGROUND: Survival after lung transplantation (LTx) is hampered by uncontrolled inflammation and alloimmunity. Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are being studied as a cellular therapy in solid organ transplantation. Whether these systemically administered Tregs can function at the appropriate location and time is an important concern. We hypothesised that in vitro-expanded recipient-derived Tregs can be delivered to donor lungs prior to LTx via ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP), maintaining their immunomodulatory ability. METHODS: In a rat model, Wistar Kyoto (WKy) CD4+CD25high Tregs were expanded in vitro prior to EVLP. Expanded Tregs were administered to Fisher 344 (F344) donor lungs during EVLP; left lungs were transplanted into WKy recipients. Treg localisation and function post-transplant were assessed. In a proof-of-concept experiment, cryopreserved expanded human CD4+CD25+CD127low Tregs were thawed and injected into discarded human lungs during EVLP. RESULTS: Rat Tregs entered the lung parenchyma and retained suppressive function. Expanded Tregs had no adverse effect on donor lung physiology during EVLP; lung water as measured by wet-to-dry weight ratio was reduced by Treg therapy. The administered cells remained in the graft at 3 days post-transplant where they reduced activation of intra-graft effector CD4+ T-cells; these effects were diminished by day 7. Human Tregs entered the lung parenchyma during EVLP where they expressed key immunoregulatory molecules (CTLA4+, 4-1BB+, CD39+ and CD15s+). CONCLUSIONS: Pre-transplant Treg administration can inhibit alloimmunity within the lung allograft at early time points post-transplant. Our organ-directed approach has potential for clinical translation.

Application of constructed wetlands in treating rural sewage from source separation with high-influent nitrogen load: a review.

Constructed wetlands (CWs) are characterized by low construction cost, convenient maintenance and management, and environmentally friendly features. They have emerged as promising technologies for decentralized sewage treatment across rural areas. Source separation of black water and gray water can facilitate sewage recycling and reuse of reclaimed water, reduce the size of treatment facilities, and lower infrastructure investment and operating cost. This is consistent with the concept of sustainable development. However, black water contains high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, and the denitrification capacity of CWs is not excellent due to insufficient carbon source. Therefore, application of CWs for black water treatment faces challenges. This article provides a review on the progress in CWs for treatment of the sewage with high-influent nitrogen load, with emphasis on the commonly used strengthening means and the role of plants in nitrogen removal via CWs. The current issues of rural sewage treatment with high-influent nitrogen load by CWs are also assessed. Finally, the challenges and perspectives are discussed for the optimization of CWs-enhanced denitrification strategies.

Surviving Inhibition Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Disrupts Multipotency in Haemangioma Stem Cells.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the potential therapies for infantile haemangiomas by targeting survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, using its specific small molecule inhibitor YM155. METHODS: The expression of survivin in human haemangioma tissue was explored using immunohistochemistry and immunohistofluorescence. Cell cycle analysis and EdU assays were used to measure cell proliferation. Heochst33342 and Annexin V/PI double staining were performed to measure cell apoptosis. The capacity for self-renewal and multilineage differentiation potential of haemangioma stem cells (HemSCs) were measured by clone formation assays and multiple differentiation assays. Murine haemangioma models were established to explore the therapeutic efficacy of YM155 in vivo. RESULTS: Strong staining of survivin in stromal cells was observed in the proliferative haemangioma tissue. In vitro studies demonstrated that YM155 induced cell cycle arrest and proliferation suppression of HemSCs, and also caused cell apoptosis at a higher concentration. YM155 impaired the self-renewal capacities and damaged multiple differentiation potentials of HemSCs. Importantly, YM155 suppressed blood vessel formation and cell proliferation, and induced cell apoptosis in murine haemangioma models. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that targeting survivin using its specific suppressant, YM155, prevented the progression of infantile haemangioma by suppressing cell proliferation, inducing cell apoptosis and disrupting the differentiation potential of HemSCs. These results indicate a novel and promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of infantile haemangioma.

Effect of Biochar on the Degradation Dynamics of Chlorantraniliprole and Acetochlor in Brassica chinensis L. and Soil under Field Conditions.

Although biochar is a promising soil enhancement material, we have limited understanding of its effect on certain pesticide in soils and plants under field conditions. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of walnut shell biochar (WSB), which is rich in benzylic ring C and lignin charcoal, on the degradation dynamics of chlorantraniliprole (CAP) and acetochlor in Brassica chinensis L. fields. The functional group structure, aromatic ring structure, and crystallite size of the WSB were determined by thermogravimetric analysis and derivative thermogravimetry analysis (TGA-DTG), NMR, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction, respectively. With WSB applications of 5% (v/v) in root soil, B. chinensis L. growth was facilitated. Degradation dynamic analysis showed that the half-life of CAP on B. chinensis L. and in soil did not change greatly. For acetochlor, the half-life in soil was 6.93 days with WSB application and 9.90 days without WSB application. The WSB application increased bioconcentration factor values more significantly for acetochlor than for CAP. These results show that WSB has a greater impact on acetochlor than on CAP when used for pesticide degradation in the field.

Combined process of bio-contact oxidation-constructed wetland for blackwater treatment.

In this study, a combined process of bio-contact oxidation and constructed wetland for blackwater treatment was assessed. The effects of hydraulic retention time and particle size on treatment performance were systematically studied. Additionally, microbial communities in the combined process were characterized. The results show that the removal efficiency of COD, TN, NH4+-N, and TP under optimum conditions in this study were 81.6%, 56.1%, 42.2%, and 73.7%, respectively. The maximum nitrogen removal rate reached 16.5 g m-2 d-1 (3 d). N and P removed via direct plant absorption accounted for only 19.7% and 16.1% of the total system, respectively. Plants play a crucial role in the microbial community of constructed wetlands and influence the overall performance of the system. The biofilm on roots favored aerobic and heterotrophic bacteria such as the aerobic denitrification microorganisms of Pelagibacterium, Halomonas, and Zoogloea. Overall, the combined process is a suitable technique for the treatment of blackwater.

Effects of Vitrinite in Low-Rank Coal on the Structure and Combustion Reactivity of Pyrolysis Chars.

Pyrolysis is a highly promising technology for the efficient utilization of low-rank coal. The structure of coal plays an important role in its utilization. In this paper, the evolution of the char structure during heat treatment (200-800 °C) of Naomaohu coal and its different vitrinite-rich fractions was studied. The functional group structure, aromatic ring structure, and crystallite size of chars were determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, respectively. The results indicated that minerals inhibit the condensation reaction of aromatic rings during pyrolysis. The high vitrinite content in coal is conducive to the formation of larger char crystallite average sizes (L a). The relationship between L a (1.69-3.10 nm) and the Raman band area ratio A (GR+VL+VR)/A D or A D/A all was established. In addition, the combustion performance and kinetics of chars were also investigated. The results showed that the char from high contents of the liptinite fraction has lower combustion reactivity, and demineralization treatment has significantly reduced the combustion reactivity of char.

A B cell-dependent pathway drives chronic lung allograft rejection after ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice.

Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) limits long-term survival after lung transplant (LT). Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) promotes chronic rejection (CR) and CLAD, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. To examine mechanisms linking IRI to CR, a mouse orthotopic LT model using a minor alloantigen strain mismatch (C57BL/10 [B10, H-2b ] → C57BL/6 [B6, H-2b ]) and isograft controls (B6→B6) was used with antecedent minimal or prolonged graft storage. The latter resulted in IRI with subsequent airway and parenchymal fibrosis in prolonged storage allografts but not isografts. This pattern of CR after IRI was associated with the formation of B cell-rich tertiary lymphoid organs within the grafts and circulating autoantibodies. These processes were attenuated by B cell depletion, despite preservation of allograft T cell content. Our observations suggest that IRI may promote B cell recruitment that drives CR after LT. These observations have implications for the mechanisms leading to CLAD after LT.

Decomplexation of Cr(III)-EDTA and simultaneous abatement of total Cr by photo-oxidation: efficiency and in situ reduction of intermediate Cr(VI).

Most prevailing processes are incapable of removing Cr(III)-organic complexes efficiently and facing the problem of in-process formation of highly toxic Cr(VI) based on oxidation. The efficient decomplexation of Cr(III) complexes and simultaneous abatement of Cr with low Cr(VI) accumulation would be desirable in treatment of Cr(III)-complexed wastewater. Here, we found efficient degradation of Cr(III)-EDTA and simultaneous removal of Cr by forming Cr2O3 precipitate from simulated solution as well as an electroplating effluent under UV irradiation. The results showed a complete degradation of Cr(III)-EDTA after reaction time of 60 min and 70-80% of TOC mineralization within 180 min as well. About 90% of Cr(III) precipitated as Cr2O3 simultaneously, with the residual total Cr below 1.5 mg/L. The degradation of Cr(III)-EDTA was a stepwise de-acetate group process, as proven by the obvious attenuation of peaks related to carboxyl groups and C-C bond from FT-IR spectra of Cr(III)-EDTA and significant mineralization of TOC after UV irradiation. Based on negligible accumulation of Cr(VI) (less than 0.1 mg/L) under N2-sparged condition, the C-centered radicals from the ß-fragmentation of O-centered radicals formed by photo-induced ligand-to-metal charge transfer were responsible for the in situ reduction of intermediate Cr(VI), resulting in the low accumulation of Cr(VI). The addition of 20 mg/L Fe2+ was capable of removing the remaining Cr(VI) and total Cr, with Cr(VI) and total Cr less than 0.1 and 1.0 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, the photo-oxidation process combined with Fe2+ addition were efficient in removing other Cr(III) complexes, such as Cr(III)-citrate and those from a realistic electroplating effluent. We believe that this study would provide an alternative option for efficient degradation of Cr(III) complexes and simultaneous abatement of Cr from contaminated water.