Changes in social norms during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic across 43 countries.

The emergence of COVID-19 dramatically changed social behavior across societies and contexts. Here we study whether social norms also changed. Specifically, we study this question for cultural tightness (the degree to which societies generally have strong norms), specific social norms (e.g. stealing, hand washing), and norms about enforcement, using survey data from 30,431 respondents in 43 countries recorded before and in the early stages following the emergence of COVID-19. Using variation in disease intensity, we shed light on the mechanisms predicting changes in social norm measures. We find evidence that, after the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, hand washing norms increased while tightness and punishing frequency slightly decreased but observe no evidence for a robust change in most other norms. Thus, at least in the short term, our findings suggest that cultures are largely stable to pandemic threats except in those norms, hand washing in this case, that are perceived to be directly relevant to dealing with the collective threat.

A guide for social science journal editors on easing into open science.

Journal editors have a large amount of power to advance open science in their respective fields by incentivising and mandating open policies and practices at their journals. The Data PASS Journal Editors Discussion Interface (JEDI, an online community for social science journal editors: www.dpjedi.org ) has collated several resources on embedding open science in journal editing ( www.dpjedi.org/resources ). However, it can be overwhelming as an editor new to open science practices to know where to start. For this reason, we created a guide for journal editors on how to get started with open science. The guide outlines steps that editors can take to implement open policies and practices within their journal, and goes through the what, why, how, and worries of each policy and practice. This manuscript introduces and summarizes the guide (full guide: https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/hstcx ).

Situational factors shape moral judgements in the trolley dilemma in Eastern, Southern and Western countries in a culturally diverse sample.

The study of moral judgements often centres on moral dilemmas in which options consistent with deontological perspectives (that is, emphasizing rules, individual rights and duties) are in conflict with options consistent with utilitarian judgements (that is, following the greater good based on consequences). Greene et al. (2009) showed that psychological and situational factors (for example, the intent of the agent or the presence of physical contact between the agent and the victim) can play an important role in moral dilemma judgements (for example, the trolley problem). Our knowledge is limited concerning both the universality of these effects outside the United States and the impact of culture on the situational and psychological factors affecting moral judgements. Thus, we empirically tested the universality of the effects of intent and personal force on moral dilemma judgements by replicating the experiments of Greene et al. in 45 countries from all inhabited continents. We found that personal force and its interaction with intention exert influence on moral judgements in the US and Western cultural clusters, replicating and expanding the original findings. Moreover, the personal force effect was present in all cultural clusters, suggesting it is culturally universal. The evidence for the cultural universality of the interaction effect was inconclusive in the Eastern and Southern cultural clusters (depending on exclusion criteria). We found no strong association between collectivism/individualism and moral dilemma judgements.

Perceptions of the appropriate response to norm violation in 57 societies.

Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to norm violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a violation of a cooperative norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of norm violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different norm violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate.

Testing the effect of cooperative/competitive priming on the Prisoner's Dilemma. A replication study.

The replicability crisis in psychology demands direct replications to test the reliability of relevant phenomena. Prime-to-behavior effects have been an area under intense scrutiny given its surprising results. However, intuitive unsurprising effects have been mostly neglected, while they may lack robustness as well. In the present study, we focused on an intuitive prime-to-behavior effect in which Kay and Ross (2003) used a 2x2 design to test cooperation/competition priming crossed with an explicit/non-explicit construal of a Prisoner's Dilemma (PD). They found a stronger assimilation effect of priming when the situational construal anteceded the decision, but we could not reproduce their findings in the present close replication, despite counting on higher power. Even with limitations due to the unavailability of original materials, this replication presents evidence that questions the existence of the original finding, and highlights the need for further replications to get a deeper understanding of the hypothesized effect. The complete project is available at: https://osf.io/dhfns/.

Further considerations regarding PANAS: Contributions from four studies with different Argentinean samples

Abstract In this research we analyzed the psychometric properties of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) in samples coming from four independent studies: university students (Study 1, n = 392; Study 2, n = 395), general adult population (Study 3, n = 316), and athletes (Study 4, n = 533). Through confirmatory analyses we evaluated the following models: (a) two-factor model (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988), (b) three-factor model by Mehrabian (1997), (c) three-factor model by Gaudreau, Sánchez and Blondin (2006) and (d) bi-factor model (Leue & Beauducel, 2011), all of them in their oblique and orthogonal variants. Several models presented an acceptable fit, but only after allowing correlated errors and excluding the items alert and excited. While orthogonal solutions of the three models showed the best fit in Studies 2, 3 and 4, oblique solutions presented the best fit in Study 1. Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability and omega indexes oscillated between .55 and .89. Considering the original theoretical model and the practical utility of the PANAS, we favor the model of two orthogonal factors, excluding the aforementioned items.

Resumen En esta investigación analizamos las propiedades psicométricas del Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) en muestras de cuatro estudios independientes: estudiantes universitarios (Estudio 1, n = 392; Estudio 2, n = 395), población general adulta (Estudio 3, n = 316) y atletas (Estudio 4, n = 533). Mediante análisis confirmatorios evaluamos los siguientes modelos: (a) dos factores (Watson, Clark & Tellegen, 1988), (b) tres factores por Mehrabian (1997), (c) tres factores por Gaudreau, Sánchez and Blondín (2006) y (d) bi-factorial (Leue & Beauducel, 2011), todos en sus variantes oblicua y ortogonal. Varios modelos presentaron un ajuste aceptable, pero solo después de permitir correlacionar los errores y excluir los ítems alerta y excitado. Mientras que las soluciones ortogonales de los tres modelos mostraron un mejor ajuste en los Estudios 2, 3 y 4, las soluciones oblicuas presentaron un mejor ajuste en el Estudio 1. El alfa de Cronbach, la confiabilidad compuesta y el índice omega oscilaron entre .55 y .89. Considerando el modelo teórico original y la utilidad práctica del PANAS, nos inclinamos hacia el modelo de dos factores ortogonales, excluyendo los ítems antes mencionados.

Validating the Structure of the New Ecological Paradigm Scale among Argentine Citizens through Different Approaches / Validez estructural de la Escala del Nuevo Paradigma Ecológico en ciudadanos argentinos utilizando diferentes abordajes / Validade estrutural da Escada do Novo Paradigma Ecológico em cidadãos argentinos usando diferentes abordagens

Objective. This study assessed the psychometric properties of the New Ecological Paradigm - R scale, in a sample of adult people from Córdoba, Argentina. This scale assesses attitudes, beliefs, values, and worldviews regarding the environment. Previous studies have found differences in the dimensionality, while the consistency has shown to be acceptable. Method. The structure of the instrument was explored using an exploratory factor analysis and also an exploratory structural equation modeling. Results. Both techniques have shown that the bifactor model comprising 11 items yielded the best fit to the data compared to other models. Internal consistency was adequate. While gender differences were not observed, a high educational level was associated with a more ecological view, and age was inversely related to it. Conclusion. Even though good psychometric properties were observed, there is a need for further studies in order to obtain evidence of the predictive value of the scale in the Argentinian context.

Objetivo. Este estudio evaluó las propiedades psicométricas de la escala del Nuevo Paradigma Ecológico - R, en una muestra de personas adultas de Córdoba, Argentina. Esta escala evalúa actitudes, creencias, valores y visiones del mundo con respecto al ambiente. Estudios previos han encontrado diferentes estructuras factoriales subyacentes, en tanto que la evidencia de consistencia interna es aceptable. Método. Se analizó la estructura del instrumento por medio de análisis factorial exploratorio y también con un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales exploratorio. Resultados. Ambas técnicas mostraron que el modelo bifactorial que comprende 11 ítems produjo el mejor ajuste a los datos en relación con otros modelos. La consistencia interna fue adecuada. No se observaron diferencias de género, en tanto que un nivel educativo mayor se asoció con una visión más ecológica y la edad se relacionó de manera inversa. Conclusión. Aunque se observaron adecuadas propiedades psicométricas, se resalta la necesidad de realizar futuros estudios para obtener evidencia del valor predictivo de la NEP-R en el contexto argentino.

Escopo. Em este estudo, foram avaliadas as propriedades psicométricas da escalaa do Novo Paradigma Ecológico - R, em uma amostra de pessoas adultas da cidade de Córdoba, Argentina. Esta escala avalia atitudes, crenças, valores e visões de mundo sobre o médio ambiente. Estudos prévios têm achado diferentes estruturas fatoriais subjacentes, em tanto que a evidencia de consistência interna é aceitável. Metodologia. A estrutura do instrumento foi explorada por médio de uma análise fatorial exploratória e também com um modelo de equações estruturais exploratório. Resultados. Ambas técnicas mostraram que o modelo bi-fatorial composto por 11 itens produziu o melhor ajuste aos dados em relação a outros modelos. A consistência interna foi adequada. Não foram observadas diferencias de gênero, enquanto um nível educativo maior foi associado com uma visão mais ecológica e a idade foi relacionada de jeito inverso. Conclusão. Embora não foram observadas boas propriedades psicométricas, remarcamos a necessidade de futuros estudos para obter evidencia de valor preditiva da NEP-R em nosso contexto.

Is the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale appropriate to detect mild cognitive impairment? / ¿Es la Escala de Demencia de Mattis adecuada para detectar deterioro cognitivo leve?

Algunos estudios han intentado evaluar la capacidad de la Escala de Demencia de Mattis (MDRS) para detectar demencia incipiente o Deterioro Cognitivo Leve(DCL), pero los resultados no son claros. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la sensibilidad y especificidad de la MDRS para detectar DCL, y localizar el puntaje de corte más adecuado para la población local. Metodología. Una batería neuropsicológica que incluyó la MDRS fue aplicada a 60 adultos mayores de ambos sexos (edad media=68.38, DE=6.80) en Córdoba, Argentina, quienes fueron clasificados según su estado cognitivo en “Normales” (34 casos) o “DCL” (26 casos) según su desempeño en la batería neuropsicológica administrada, excluyendo la puntuación en la MDRS. El criterio empleado fue el de la Sociedad Española de Neurología. Se realizaron comparaciones de medias y un análisis de regresión logística para evaluar la capacidad del MDRS para diferenciar ambos grupos y localizar el puntaje de corte. Resultados. Aunque la MDRS diferenció ambos grupos a partir de la media (p=.004), la precisión diagnóstica fue sólo del 63 por ciento al utilizar un puntaje de corte total de 133. La sensibilidad fue del 42 por ciento y la especificidad fue del 79 por ciento. Conclusiones. El MDRS no parece ser una herramienta útil para detectar DCL, ya que presenta numerosos casos mal clasificados. El desarrollo de herramientas más adecuado para detectar DCL resulta fundamental...

Some studies have tried to assess the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS) capability to detect incipient dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), but the results are not clear. The aim of this research was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the MDRS, and to localize the optimal cutoff score for MCI. Methodology. A neuropsychological battery that included the MDRS was administered to 60 older adults of both genders (Mean age=68.38, SD=6.80) in Córdoba, Argentina, who were then classified as “Control” (34 cases) or “MCI” (26 cases) according to performance in the neuropsychological evaluation, excluding the MDRS. The criteria used were those stated by the Sociedad Española de Neurología. We performed mean comparisons in order to evaluate if the MDRS was able to detect the group differences. Then, a logistic regression with the MDRS total score as the predictor variable and the group as the criterion variable was performed to determine the cutoff score. Results. Even though the mean comparisons showed a significant difference in the MDRS (p=.004), the diagnostic accuracy was only 63 percent with a 133 points cutoff score. The sensitivity was 42 percent and the specificity was 79 percent. Conclusions. The MDRS does not seem to be a useful tool to detect MCI since it generates numerous misclassified cases. The development of more accurate tools becomes fundamental in order to detect MCI...

Valoración psícométríca de la Psychological Entitlement Scale desde la Teoría Clásica de los Tests y la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem / Psychometric Evaluation of the Psychological Entitlement Scale Using Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory / Valoração psicométrica da Psychological Entitlement Scale desde a Teoria clássica dos testes e a Teoria da resposta ao item

Objetivo. Esta investigación se propuso examinar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala Psychological Entitlement Scale (PES) en el contexto local desde la Teoría clásica de los tests (TCT) y la Teoría de respuesta al ítem (TRI). Método. Participaron 402 estudiantes universitarios con una media de edad de 22.77 años (DS = 4.85), de ambos géneros (61.9% mujeres) y de distintas carreras universitarias y 324 personas de 18 a 65 años de edad (M = 32.77, DS = 10.71), de ambos géneros (56.2% mujeres) y de diferentes niveles socioeconómicos, residentes en la ciudad de Córdoba, seleccionados de manera accidental. Todos ellos fueron evaluados con la PES y la Escala de dominancia triple. Resultados. Desde la TCT, análisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios evidenciaron que ocho de los nueve ítems que comprendía la escala original mostraron una estructura unifactorial, con adecuadas cargas factoriales y/o pesos de regresión. Además, se observaron valores aceptables de consistencia interna. Las personas clasificadas como prosociales presentaron valores significativamente menores en la PES que las personas individualistas y competitivas (r-p² = 0.04). Desde la TRI, si bien se obtuvo un buen ajuste global al modelo de escalas de clasificación de un parámetro, el análisis de ítems evidenció índices inaceptables para un ítem y categorías poco informativas. Conclusión. Aunque se obtuvo evidencia sobre adecuadas propiedades psicométricas desde la TCT, análisis desde la TRI sugieren realizar ajustes al instrumento, en particular, reagrupar categorías de respuesta que resultaron poco informativas.

Objective. The aim of this research was to examine the psychometric properties of the Psychological Entitlement Scale (PES) in the local context using Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT). Method. Participants were 402 university students with a mean age of 22.77 years (SD = 4.85), both genders (61.9% female), and from different university careers, and 324 residents of the city of Córdoba, aged 18 to 65 years (M = 32.77, SD = 10.71), both genders (56.2% women), with different socio-economic backgrounds. All participants were selected at random, and evaluated with PES and Triple Dominance Scale measures. Results. From the TCT, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated that eight of the nine items comprising the original scale showed an unifactorial structure with adequate factor loadings and/or regression weights. Also, acceptable values of internal consistency were observed. Individuals classified as pro-social presented significantly lower values in the PES than individualistic and competitive people (small effect size). From the IRT, the rating scale model showed a good global fit to the scale model, although the item analysis indicated unacceptable indices for one item, and some categories which were not very informative. Conclusion. Although TCT results demonstrated good psychometric properties, analysis from the IRT suggested adjustments to the instrument, in particular, the regrouping of response categories which were not very informative alone.

Escopo. Esta pesquisa propõe examinar as propriedades psicométricas desde a escada Psychological Entitlement Scale (PES) no contexto local desde a Teoria clássica dos testes (TCT) e a Teoria de resposta ao item (TRI). Metodologia. Participaram 402 estudantes universitários com uma media de idade de 22.77 anos (DS = 4.85,), de ambos gêneros (61.9% mulheres) e de diferentes carreiras universitárias e 324 pessoas de 18 a 65 anos de idade (M = 32.77, DS = 10.71), de ambos géneros (61.9% mulheres) e de diferentes níveis sócio-económicos, residentes na cidade de Córdoba, selecionados de maneira acidental. Todos eles foram avaliados com a PES e a Escada de dominancia tripla. Resultados. Desde a TCT, análises fatoriais exploratórios e confirmatórios evidenciaram que oito dos nove itens que compreendia a escada original mostraram uma estrutura unifatorial, com adequadas cargas fatoriais e/ou peso de regressão. Além, foram observados valores aceitáveis, de consistência interna. As pessoas classificadas como prosociais presentaram valores significativamente menores na PES que as pessoas individualistas e competitivas (r-p² = 0.04). Desde a TRI, embora foi obtido um bom ajuste global ao modelo de escadas de classificação de um parâmetro o análises de itens evidenciou índices inaceitáveis para um item e categorias pouco informativas. Conclusão. Embora foi obtida evidencia sobre adequadas propriedades psicométricas desde a TCT, análises desde a TRI sugerem fazer ajustes ao instrumento, em particular, reagrupar categorias de resposta que resultaram pouco informativas.