RESUMO
In this research, six strains of oleaginous yeasts native to southern Chile were analyzed for their biotechnological potential in lipid accumulation. For this purpose, the six strains, named PP1, PP4, PR4, PR10, PR27 and PR29, were cultivated in a nitrogen-deficient synthetic mineral medium (SMM). Then, two strains were selected and cultivated in an industrial residual "vinasse", under different conditions of temperature (°C), pH and carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio. Finally, under optimized conditions, the growth kinetics and determination of the lipid profile were evaluated. The results of growth in the SMM indicate that yeasts PP1 and PR27 presented biomass concentrations and lipid accumulation percentages of 2.73 and 4.3 g/L of biomass and 36.6% and 45.3% lipids, respectively. Subsequently, for both strains, when cultured in the residual vinasse under optimized environmental conditions, biomass concentrations of 14.8 ± 1.51 g/L (C/N 80) and 15.83 ± 0.57 g/L (C/N 50) and lipid accumulations of 28% and 30% were obtained for PP1 and PR27, respectively. The composition of the triglycerides (TGs), obtained in the culture of the yeasts in a 2 L reactor, presented 64.25% of saturated fatty acids for strain PR27 and 47.18% for strain PP1. The saturated fatty acid compositions in both strains are mainly constituted of fatty acids, myristic C 14:0, heptadecanoic C 17:0, palmitic C 16:0 and stearic C 18:0, and the monounsaturated fatty acids constituted of oleic acid C 18:1 (cis 9) (28-46%), and in smaller amounts, palmitoleic acid and heptadecenoic acid. This work demonstrates that the native yeast strains PP1 and PR27 are promising strains for the production of microbial oils similar to conventional vegetable oils. The potential applications in the energy or food industries, such as aquaculture, are conceivable.
RESUMO
Plantaciones de teca (Tectona grandis L.f.) en Ecuador están siendo afectadas por una compleja enfermedad de marchitez vascular y muerte regresiva, con características epidémicas, sin que hasta el momento se conozca el o los agentes causales. Se planteó describir la sintomatología de la enfermedad e identificar los hongos fitopatógenos asociados a árboles enfermos en el Trópico Húmedo Ecuatoriano mediante morfofisiología. Se seleccionaron tres plantaciones de 2, 5 y 7 años de edad, en cada una se delimitó tres parcelas de 500 m2. Se realizó la descripción sintomatológica, evaluó la incidencia y severidad de la enfermedad empleando una escala de cinco categorías. Por parcela se diseccionaron tres árboles, cuyos tejidos se llevaron al laboratorio, donde se emplearon tres estrategias metodológicas (cámara húmeda, sandwiches de zanahoria, y medio de cultivo papa-dextrosa-agar; PDA) para estimular la expresión de los fitopatógenos. En árboles enfermos se detectó clorosis, pérdida de turgencia, ápices de crecimiento secos, emisión de brotes epicormicos en el fuste, y marchitez fulminante. Se aisló e identificó Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & Halst., y especies de Fusarium de forma consecutiva con las tres estrategias metodológicas empleadas. La incidencia de la enfermedad fue del 16.6%, 15.2%, y 11.6% para las plantaciones de 2, 5 y 7 años, respectivamente. Los árboles enfermos en la plantación de 2 años se encontraron en las escalas 2, 4 y 5, mientras que en plantaciones de 5 y 7 años se ubicaron en las escalas 2, 3 y 5 de progreso de la enfermedad...(AU)
Teak plantations (Tectona grandis L. f.) in Ecuador are being affected by a complex disease of vascular wilt and dieback, with epidemic characteristics, without knowing the causal agent(s) so far. We proposed to describe the symptomatology of the disease and identify phytopathogenic fungi associated with diseased trees in the Ecuadorian Humid Tropic by morphophysiology. Three plantations of 2, 5 and 7 years of age were selected, in each three plots of 500 m2 were delimited. The symptomatologic description was made, evaluated the incidence and severity of the disease using a scale of five categories. By plot, three trees were dissected, whose tissues were taken to the laboratory, where three methodological strategies were used (wet chamber, carrot sandwiches, and potatodextrose-agar culture medium, PDA) to stimulate the expression of phytopathogens. In diseased trees, chlorosis, turgor loss, dry growth apices, emission of epicormic shoots in the stem, and fulminating wilt were detected. It was isolated and identified Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & Halst., and Fusarium species. consecutively with the three methodological strategies employed. The incidence of the disease was 16.6%, 15.2%, and 11.6% for plantations of 2, 5 and 7 years, respectively. The sick trees in the plantation of 2 years were found in scales 2, 4 and 5, while in plantations of 5 and 7 years they were located in scales 2, 3 and 5 of progress of the disease. ..(AU)
Assuntos
Fusarium/patogenicidade , Necrose e Clorose das Plantas , Ceratocystis/isolamento & purificação , Árvores/microbiologia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Incidência , Ecossistema Tropical , Equador , Fungos/patogenicidadeRESUMO
Se condujo una investigación en el Trópico Húmedo Ecuatoriano (THE), dirigida a encontrar un método eficiente para evaluar la resistencia genética en árboles de Schizolobium parahybum (pachaco) frente al complejo Ceratocystis: C. paradoxa, C. moniliformis, y C. fimbriata. Se estudiaron dos métodos basados en el empleo de dos tipos de tejidos vegetales: a) tejidos de ramas laterales, y 2) tejidos de corteza fustal. Se emplearon cinco rodales de pachaco, tres de los cuales son considerados de introducción original de la especie forestal al THE desde la amazonía, y dos que son descendientes de los primeros. Los resultados permitieron definir que el método basado en tejidos de corteza fustal, fue el más eficiente y logísticamente viable. La metodología final aplicada, consistió en extraer corteza desde árboles adultos, reducirla a secciones pequeñas de 1,5 cm x 4 cm (6 cm2) y mantenerlas en una cámara húmeda durante 96 horas. Una vez distribuidas las secciones de corteza, se inocularon con 0,45mL-1 de una suspensión calibrada a razón de 30.000 unidades de infección (ascosporas, conidias y micelio). Para la evaluación, se empleó una escala arbitraria de 0 a 4 que permitió estimar el crecimiento de micelio y número de peritecios para cada uno de los hongos. Esta metodología permitió discriminar entre árboles: resistentes (0,0 a 1,0), moderadamente resistentes (1,1 a 2,0), susceptibles (2,1 a 3,0), y muy susceptibles (3,1 a 4,0), lo cual la hace viable para futuros trabajos de selección de individuos y mejoramiento genético de la especie.
A research was conducted in the Humid Tropics of Ecuador (THE), aimed at finding an efficient method to evaluate genetic resistance in Schizolobium parahybum (Pachaco) trees against Ceratocystis complex: C. paradoxa, C. moniliformis and C. fimbriata. We studied two methods based on the use of two types of plant tissues: a) tissue of lateral branches, and 2) stem bark tissues. Five forest of pachaco were used, three of which are considered original introduction of forestry specie to THE from the Amazon, and two who are descendants of the former. The results allowed to define the method based on stem bark tissue was the most efficient and logistically feasible. The final methodology applied, consisted in to remove bark from mature trees, reducing it to small sections of 1.5 cm x 4 cm (6cm2) and maintained in a moist chamber for 96 hours. Once distributed the sections of bark, were inoculated with 0.45mL-1 of a suspension calibrated at a rate of 30.000 units of infection (ascospores, conidia and mycelium). For evaluation, we used an arbitrary scale from 0 to 4, which allowed to estimate the growth of mycelium and perithecia number for each of the fungi. This methodology allows us to discriminate between trees: resistant (0.0 to 1.0), moderately resistant (1.1 to 2.0), susceptible (2.1 to 3.0), and very susceptible (3.1 to 4 , 0), which makes it viable for future selection of individuals and breeding of the forest species.
Assuntos
Infecções por Actinomycetales , Árvores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Árvores/genética , Árvores/microbiologia , Fabaceae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fabaceae/genética , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Fungos/patogenicidade , Micélio , Esporos Fúngicos , EquadorRESUMO
La enfermedad de muerte regresiva y pudrición del fuste de Pachaco (Schizolobium parahybum Vell Blake) fue detectada inicialmente 1988, matando árboles jóvenes en la zona central del Trópico Húmedo Ecuatoriano, desde entonces, cada año, miles de árboles mueren por esta causa. En el año 2002 se realizó la presente investigación que abarcó tres rodales de distintas edades, ubicados en provincias diferentes, planteándose los siguientes objetivos: describir la sintomatología de la enfermedad, su incidencia en las zonas de estudio e identificar los microorganismos asociados a árboles de S. parahybum enfermos. La enfermedad mostró una sintomatología compleja, empezando con una marchitez vascular y perdida de coloración verde oscura de las hojas hasta tornarse cloróticas. Las heridas no cicatrizadas mostraron una pudrición circular que afecta la corteza y el xilema, emanando fluidos de color amarillo claro a café oscuro, con fuerte olor a materia orgánica en descomposición. En la provincia de Los Ríos (rodal mayor a 25 años) se encontró la mayor incidencia de la enfermedad (55 por ciento), seguido de las provincias Esmeraldas (rodal de 8 años) y Santo Domingo de Los Tsáchilas (rodal de 4 años) con 29 y 24 por ciento, respectivamente. De árboles enfermos se aislaron e identificaron cinco hongos, tres a nivel de género: Macrophoma sp., Fusarium sp. y Graphium sp. y dos a nivel de especies: Ceratocystis paradoxa (Dade) y C. moniliformis (Hedgc.). Las pruebas de patogenicidad demostraron que C. paradoxa, Macrophoma sp. y C. moniliformis provocaron los mayores valores de volumen aparente de necrosis con 5.40, 3.55 y 3.48 cm3respectivamente.
Dieback disease and stem rot of Pachaco (Schizolobium parahybum Vell Blake) was detected initially in 1988, killing young trees in the Ecuadorian Humed Tropics, since then, thousands of trees are dying annually. The present investigation was made in 2002, where were included three rodales of different ages, located in different provinces. The aim for this research was describe the symptoms its incidence in the zones of study and identifying the associated microorganisms affecting S. parahybum. The disease showed complex symtoms, beginning with a wither of dark, green coloration of the leaves until becoming clorotics. The healed wounds did not show a circular root that affects the crust and xylem, of where emanates fluid of clear yellow color to dark coffee, with strong smell to organic matter in decomposition. In Los Ríos province (rodal more than 25 years old) the greater incidence of the disease was 55 percent, followed by he provinces of Esmeraldas (rodal of 8 years old) and Santo Domingo de Los Tsáchilas (rodal of 4 years old) with 29 and 24 percent respectively. Of ill trees five fungi isolated themselves and identified, three at sort level: Macrophoma sp., Fusarium sp. and Graphium sp. and two at level of species: Ceratocystis paradoxa (Dade) and C. Moniliformis (Hedgc.). The pathogenicity tests demonstrated that C. paradoxa, Macrophoma sp. and C. moniliformis caused the higher values of apparent volume of necrosis with 5.40, 3.55 and 3.48 cm3 respectively.