RESUMO
OBJETIVO: Conhecer as práticas e percepções de profissionais da educação sobre o aleitamento materno. MÉTODOS: Estudo exploratório e descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa. A coleta de dados ocorreu em 2015, com 19 profissionais da educação atuantes em berçários das creches de um município de fronteira do Sul do Brasil. Utilizou-se a técnica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo para organizar e tabular os dados qualitativos. RESULTADOS: A construção dos discursos do sujeito coletivo permitiu visualizar que, na percepção das professoras, o aleitamento materno é considerado negativo e não há benefícios nessa prática para crianças matriculadas no berçário I, principalmente pela indisponibilidade da mãe em ir à creche. Deste modo, considerou-se o local como não sendo um bom lugar para mãe amamentar. A percepção da profissional sobre o aleitamento materno o coloca como uma barreira à sua prática profissional e, por isso, o ensino, a manutenção e a promoção à amamentação não ocorrem. Além disso, foram mencionadas dificuldades quanto à infraestrutura escolar para a implementação do aleitamento. CONCLUSÃO: As profissionais consideram que o aleitamento materno pode ser uma barreira à sua prática profissional, relatam as dificuldades existentes para essa prática e, efetivamente, não o incentivam.
OBJECTIVE: To know education professionals' breastfeeding-related practices and perceptions. METHODS: Descriptive and exploratory study, with a qualitative approach. Data collection took place in 2015, with 19 education professionals working in nurseries of day-care centers in a bordering municipality of Southern Brazil. The Collective Subject Discourse technique was used in order to organize and tabulate the qualitative data. RESULTS: The construction of the collective subject discourses led to the evidence that, in the teachers' perception, breastfeeding is considered negative and there are no benefits in this practice for children enrolled in nursery I, mainly because the mothers could not manage to go to the daycare center. Thus, the place was regarded as an unsuitable location for the mother to breastfeed. The professional's perception of breastfeeding renders it a hindrance to their professional practice and, therefore, the teaching, maintenance and promotion of breastfeeding doesn´t occur. Moreover, issues regarding the school infrastructure were mentioned as difficulties for the implementation of breastfeeding. CONCLUSION: The professionals consider that breastfeeding may represent a barrier to their professional performance; they report the existing difficulties for such practice and do not actually encourage it.
OBJETIVO: Conocer las prácticas y percepciones de profesionales de la educación sobre la lactancia materna. MÉTODOS: Estudio exploratorio y descriptivo de abordaje cualitativo. La recogida de datos se dio en 2015 con 19 profesionales de la educación que actúan en los nidos de las guarderías de un municipio de la frontera del Sur de Brasil. Se utilizó la técnica del Discurso del Sujeto Colectivo para organizar y tabular los datos cualitativos. RESULTADOS: La construcción de los discursos del sujeto colectivo ha permitido visualizar que la lactancia materna es considerada negativa en la percepción de las profesoras y que no hay beneficios de esa práctica para los bebés matriculados en el nido I, en especial por la indisponibilidad de la madre para irse a la guardería. De esa manera, se consideró el sitio inadecuado para una madre amamantar. La percepción de la profesional sobre la lactancia materna la identifica como una barrera a su práctica profesional y, por eso, la enseñanza, la manutención y la promoción del amamantamiento no se dan. Además de eso, se han mencionado las dificultades de la infraestructura escolar para la implementación de la lactancia materna. CONCLUSIÓN: Las profesionales consideran que la lactancia materna puede ser una barrera a su práctica profesional, relatan las dificultades que hay para esa práctica y, efectivamente, no la incentivan.
Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno , Educação Infantil , Educação em Saúde , Berçários para LactentesRESUMO
In the past years, DNA barcoding has emerged as a quick, accurate and efficient tool to identify species. Considering the difficulty in identifying some Parodontidae species from the La Plata basin and the absence of molecular data for the group, we aimed to test the effectiveness of DNA barcoding and discuss the importance of using different approaches to solve taxonomic problems. Eight species were analyzed with partial sequences of Cytochrome c oxidase I. The mean intraspecific K2P genetic distance was 0.04% compared to 4.2% for mean interspecific K2P genetic distance. The analyses of distance showed two pairs of species with K2P genetic divergence lower than 2%, but enough to separate these species. Apareiodon sp. and A. ibitiensis, considered as the same species by some authors, showed 4.2% genetic divergence, reinforcing their are different species. Samples of A. affinis from the Uruguay and Paraguay rivers presented 0.3% genetic divergence, indicating a close relationship between them. However, these samples diverged 6.1% from the samples of the upper Paraná River, indicating that the latter represents a potentially new species. The results showed the effectiveness of the DNA barcoding method in identifying the analyzed species, which, together with the morphological and cytogenetic available data, help species identification.
Nos últimos anos o DNA barcoding surgiu como uma ferramenta rápida, precisa e eficiente para identificar espécies. Considerando a dificuldade na identificação de algumas espécies de Parodontidae da bacia do rio da Prata e da ausência de dados moleculares para o grupo, testamos a eficácia do código de barras de DNA e discutimos a importância do uso de diferentes abordagens para resolver problemas taxonômicos. Oito espécies foram analisadas com sequencias parciais do gene citocromo c oxidase I. A distância genética média K2P intraespecífica foi de 0,04% comparado com 4,2% para distância genética média K2P interespecífica. As análises de distância mostraram dois pares de espécies com divergência genética K2P inferior a 2%, mas o suficiente para separar estas espécies. Apareiodon sp. e A. ibitiensis, consideradas a mesma espécie por alguns autores, mostraram 4,2% de divergência genética, confirmando serem espécies diferentes. Amostras de A. affinis dos rios Uruguai e Paraguai apresentaram 0,3% de divergência genética, indicando um maior grau de relação entre elas, no entanto, esses exemplares divergiram em 6,1% em relação aos exemplares do alto rio Paraná, o que indica que estes últimos representam uma espécie potencialmente nova. Os resultados mostraram a eficácia do método de DNA barcoding na identificação das espécies analisadas, os quais, em conjunto com os dados morfológicos e citogenéticos disponíveis auxiliam na identificação inequívoca das espécies.
Assuntos
Animais , Classificação , Citogenética/instrumentação , DNA , Peixes/classificaçãoRESUMO
Parodontidae fish show few morphological characteristics for the identification of their representatives and chromosomal analyses have provided reliable features for determining the interrelationships in this family. In this study, the chromosomes of Apareiodon hasemani from the São Francisco River basin, Brazil, were analyzed and showed a karyotype with 2n = 54 meta/submetacentric chromosomes, and a ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system. The study revealed active NORs located on pair 11 and additional 18S rDNA sites on pairs 7 and 22. The 5S rDNA locus was found in pair 14. It showed a pericentric inversion regarding the ancestral condition. The satellite DNA pPh2004 was absent in the chromosomes of A. hasemani, a shared condition with most members of Apareiodon. The WAp probe was able to detect the amplification region of the W chromosome, corroborating the common origin of the system within Parodontidae. These chromosomal data corroborate an origin for the ZW system of Parodontidae and aid in the understanding of the differentiation of sex chromosome systems in Neotropical fishes.
RESUMO
Parodon and Apareiodon lack sufficiently consistent morphological traits to be considered a monophyletic group in Parodontidae. Species within this family are either sex-homomorphic or sex-heteromorphic (i.e., lacking a differentiated sex chromosome system, ZZ/ZW or ZZ/ZW(1)W(2)). In this study, a DNA fragment from the heterochromatin segment of the W chromosome of Apareiodon ibitiensis (named WAp) was microdissected and used for in situ mapping of nine Parodontidae species. The species were also characterized using a satellite DNA probe (pPh2004). The species were phylogenetically clustered according to 17 characters, which were examined by both classical and molecular cytogenetic techniques. Given the present results, the single ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system seems to have been derived from a paracentric inversion of a terminal WAp site onto the proximal regions of the short arms of a metacentric chromosome pair, followed by WAp site amplification. We reason that these events restrained recombination and favored differentiation of the W chromosome in some species. Moreover, co-hybridization experiments targeting the WAp and pPh2004 repetitive DNA sites of A. affinis suggest that the ZZ/ZW(1)W(2) sex chromosomes of this species may have arisen from a translocation between the proto-sex chromosome and an autosome. Our phylogenetic analysis corroborates the hypothesis of sex chromosome differentiation and establishes groups of closely related species. The phylogenetic reorganization in response to these new data supports the presence of internal monophyletic groups within Parodontidae.
Assuntos
Peixes/genética , Sequências Repetitivas de Ácido Nucleico , Cromossomos Sexuais , Animais , DNA/química , Feminino , Peixes/classificação , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Cariótipo , Masculino , FilogeniaRESUMO
Karyotype, sex chromosome system and cytogenetics characteristics of an unidentified species of the genus Apareiodon originating from Piquiri River (Paraná State, Brazil) were investigated using differential staining techniques (C-banding and Ag-staining) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with 5S and 18S rDNA probes. The diploid chromosome number was 2n = 54 with 25 pairs of meta- (m) to submetacentric (sm) and 2 pairs of subtelocentric (st) chromosomes. The major ribosomal rDNA sites as revealed by Ag-staining and FISH with 18S rDNA probe were found in distal region of longer arm of st chromosome pair 26, while minor 5S sites were observed in the interstitial sites on chromosome pairs 2 (smaller cluster) and 7 (larger one). The C-positive heterochromatin had pericentromeric and telomeric distribution. The heteromorphic sex chromosome system consisted of male ZZ (pair 21) and female middle-sized m/st Z/W chromosomes. The pericentric inversion of heterochromatinized short arm of ancestral Z followed by multiplication of heterochromatin segments is hypothesized for origin of W chromosome. The observed karyotype and chromosomal markers corresponded to those found in other species of the genus.
Assuntos
DNA Ribossômico/genética , Peixes/genética , Cromossomos Sexuais/genética , Animais , Brasil , Bandeamento Cromossômico , Feminino , Peixes/classificação , Heterocromatina/genética , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Masculino , RNA Ribossômico 18S/genética , RNA Ribossômico 5S/genética , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Morphological and cytogenetical studies were carried out on the freshwater fish Parodon nasus and Parodon tortuosus in order to evaluate a putative synonymy. The diploid chromosome number observed in both species was 2n = 54 (48M/SM and 6ST) with no differences between the sexes. Despite slight differences in the pattern of heterochromatin distribution and the number of cusps in symphysean teeth, the location of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) and 5S rRNA genes (both species-specific features) were similar in both species. The remarkable similarity observed between these allopatric species supports recent taxonomical reviews indicating that P. tortuosus is a synonym for P. nasus.
