Review: Recent advances in insect-based feeds: from animal farming to the acceptance of consumers and stakeholders.

The search for new, alternative and sustainable feeding sources, including insects, has become an important challenge on the feed market. In 2017, the European Union (EU) started to allow the use of insect meals as feeds for fish. In addition, in 2021, the EU also authorised the use of insect meal for pig and poultry farming. However, the adoption of insect meal by the European aquaculture sector is still limited, and this is mostly due to the lack of availability of insects and their higher costs than conventional feed ingredients. Thus, the insect-based feed industry is still in its infancy, and its successful development and integration in the food value chain depend on several factors. Among these, the technical feasibility and production of quality products, and acceptance by European consumers and farmers are relevant factors. To address these points, this narrative review describes the state of the art of the potential role of insect-based feeds. The stakeholders' and consumers' perspectives are investigated, along with the effects of insect-based feeds on the production and nutritional values of fish, poultry (meat and eggs), and pork. Indeed, matching the nutritional values of insect products with conventional feeds is one of the future challenges of the insect sector, as their nutritional composition is highly dependent on the rearing substrates, and thus, their use in animal feeding needs to be investigated carefully. Feeding animals with insect-based diets affects their growth performances and the chemical composition of the derived products (fish fillets, meat, and eggs). Whether these effects can be considered positive or negative seems to depend to a great extent on the percentage of insects included in their diets and the chemical composition of the ingredients. The use of insect-based feeds has also shown a potential to improve the nutritional features and values of animal products and even to add new ones. Finally, many of the acceptance studies on the use of insects in feeds have focused mostly on the consumers' perception rather than on industry stakeholders (e.g., farmers). Future research should focus more on the farmers' perceptions on and market analyses of these innovative feeds. Even though it is likely that the upscaling of the insect sector will lead to a decrease in prices and an increase in market availability, it is still critical to understand the potential barriers and drivers for the implementation of insects as feeds from a production point of view.

Determination of lipid requirements in black soldier fly through semi-purified diets.

The insect market is still far from an effective upscale and, to achieve this goal, it is necessary to know the BSF dietary requirements for the production maximization. Worldwide, given the waste variability, is not always easy to identify the optimal waste-based mixture that can allow to reach the best production, in terms of quantity and quality. Due this reason, nutritional need ranges are the basic knowledge, affordable for everyone, to increase the profitability of the insect farming. The study aims to evaluate the effects of 6 semi-purified, isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets (SPII) with increasing lipid levels (1%, L1; 1.5%, L1.5; 2.5%, L2.5; 3.5% L3.5; 4.5%, L4.5) on BSF life history traits (6 replicates/treatment and 100 larvae/replicate). The Gainesville diet was used as environmental control. Considering the whole larval stage, 4.5% lipid level guarantees better performance when compared to content lower than 2.5%. The L4.5 10-day-old larvae yielded greater when compared to the other dietary treatments. At 14 and 18 days of age, the larvae of the groups above 2.5% performed better than L1, while the L1.5 showed intermediate results. Lipid levels below 1.5% on DM, when compared to 4.5%, resulted in a smaller prepupa and pupa size. The results obtained on the adult stage do not allow the identification of a lipid levels ideal range, as in the larval stage. In conclusion, in the whole larval stage and in prepupae/pupae phases, lipid percentage lower than (or equal to) 1% have a negative effect on growth. Other research will be needed in order to evaluate lipid levels above 4.5% on DM.

Black soldier fly larva in Muscovy duck diets: effects on duck growth, carcass property, and meat quality.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of partially defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, HI) larva meal on the carcass characteristics and meat quality of Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata domestica). A total of 192 female ducks aged 3 d were divided between 4 dietary treatments (6 pens/treatment; 8 birds/pen), characterized by increasing levels of substitution of corn gluten meal with HI meal (0%, 3%, 6%, and 9%; HI0, HI3, HI6, and HI9, respectively), and reared until 50 days of age. Twelve birds/treatment (2 birds/pen) were slaughtered on d 51 to evaluate the slaughter traits (i.e., carcass, breast, thigh, and organs weights), carcass yield and meat quality. The slaughter weight, hot and chilled carcass weights, and abdominal fat weight showed a quadratic response to HI meal (minimum for the HI6 group, P < 0.05). Dietary HI meal inclusion did not influence the ultimate pH, the color, the proximate composition or the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values in either the breast or thigh meat. The mineral profile of the meat was slightly affected by the dietary treatment, with a linear increase in the Cu content of the thigh meat (P < 0.05), whereas no differences were observed for Zn, Mn, or Fe. Dietary HI meal inclusion increased the saturated fatty acid rate in the thigh meat (maximum for the HI9 group, P < 0.05), and the monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the breast meat (maximum for the HI0 and HI9 groups, respectively, P < 0.05). The ∑n-6/∑n-3 ratio decreased linearly in both the breast and thigh meat, with the HI9 group showing the lowest values (P < 0.05). Finally, the heavy metal concentrations were below the EU limits for poultry meat. To conclude, the inclusion up to 9% of partially defatted HI larva meal in the diet of Muscovy ducks did not affect the slaughter traits or the meat quality, although it did affect the meat fatty acid profile.