[Life cycle of Proprioseiopsis cannaensis (Muma) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on different types of food]. / Ciclo de vida de Proprioseiopsis cannaensis (Muma) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) com diferentes tipos de alimentos.

Several annual and perennial crops are severely attacked by mites from the family Eriophyidae, Tenuipalpidae and Tetranychidae. A suitable alternative commonly used in several countries for the control of these pest mites involve the use of predatory mites in the family Phytoseiidae. The phytoseiid fauna in the Brazilian natural vegetation is very rich, but nothing is known about the biology of most of these species, as it is the case with Proprioseiopsis cannaensis (Muma). The objective of this study was to determine biological parameters of P. cannaensis fed on pest mite species such as Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) (Eriophyidae), Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Tenuipalpidae) and Tetranychus urticae Koch (Tetranychidae). To enable a comparison for different food sources, one of the treatments consisted of pollen from Typha angustifolia L. The study was conducted in the laboratory at 25+/-1 masculineC, 80+/-10% RH and Photophase of 12 h. Proprioseiopsis cannaensis did not complete the development when it was fed on P. oleivora. Its fecundity was very low with all other food sources (maximum of 3.3 eggs/female with pollen of T. angustifolia). The values of r m for P. cannaensis were -0.05, -0.09 and 0.002 when fed on B. phoenicis, T. urticae and pollen respectively. The unsatisfactory results from the four types of food sources do not permit us to conclude that P. cannaensis utilizes mites from the family Eriophyidae, Tenuipalpidae, Tetranychidae or pollen from different plant species as principal sources of food in nature.

Ciclo de vida de Proprioseiopsis cannaensis (Muma) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) com diferentes tipos de alimentos / Life cycle of Proprioseiopsis cannaensis (Muma) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on different types of food

Several annual and perennial crops are severely attacked by mites from the family Eriophyidae, Tenuipalpidae and Tetranychidae. A suitable alternative commonly used in several countries for the control of these pest mites involve the use of predatory mites in the family Phytoseiidae. The phytoseiid fauna in the Brazilian natural vegetation is very rich, but nothing is known about the biology of most of these species, as it is the case with Proprioseiopsis cannaensis (Muma). The objective of this study was to determine biological parameters of P. cannaensis fed on pest mite species such as Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) (Eriophyidae), Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Tenuipalpidae) and Tetranychus urticae Koch (Tetranychidae). To enable a comparison for different food sources, one of the treatments consisted of pollen from Typha angustifolia L. The study was conducted in the laboratory at 25 ± 1ºC, 80 ± 10 percent RH and Photophase of 12h. Proprioseiopsis cannaensis did not complete the development when it was fed on P. oleivora. Its fecundity was very low with all other food sources (maximum of 3.3 eggs/female with pollen of T. angustifolia). The values of r m for P. cannaensis were -0.05, -0.09 and 0.002 when fed on B. phoenicis, T. urticae and pollen respectively. The unsatisfactory results from the four types of food sources do not permit us to conclude that P. cannaensis utilizes mites from the family Eriophyidae, Tenuipalpidae, Tetranychidae or pollen from different plant species as principal sources of food in nature.

[Mites (Acari) from rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg., Euphorbiaceae) and spontaneous euphorbiaceous in rubber trees cultivation]. / Acaros (Acari) de seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg., Euphorbiaceae) e de euforbiáceas espontâneas no interior dos cultivos.

Quarterly samples were done in 2001 on three rubber tree plantation in the northwest of the state of São Paulo. Three rubber trees of each locality were sampled. Between the rows of rubber tree four species of spontaneous euphorbiaceous were collected: Chamaesyce hirta, C. hyssopifolia, Euphorbia heterophylla and Phyllanthus tenellus. A total of 8.954 mites of 38 species, belonging to 31 genera of 11 families were collected. Tydeidae and Phytoseiidae had the highest diversity of species, 9 and 7, respectively. The most abundant families were Eriophyidae (3.594), Tydeidae (2.825) and Tenuipalpidae (1.027). The most abundant species on the rubber trees were: phytophagous - Calacarus heveae Feres, Tenuipalpus heveae Baker, Lorryia sp.2, Lorryia formosa Cooreman and Lorryia sp.1; predators - Zetzellia quasagistemas Hernandes & Feres, Pronematus sp., Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma and Euseius citrifolius Denmark & Muma. Among the spontaneous euphorbiaceous, predatory mites were abundantly found on C. hirta and E. heterophylla, mainly Pronematus sp. and E. citrifolius, suggesting that these plants could be important in the maintenance of these predators in the rubber tree cultivation areas. However, plants that can shelter predators and at the same time exert strong competition (nutrients, water etc) to rubber trees, can not be recommended for pest management programs. Studies about competition between rubber trees and spontaneous plants need to be conducted for feasible efficient programs of environmental management, aiming at the control of pest mites of rubber tree.

Ácaros (Acari) de seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg., Euphorbiaceae) e de euforbiáceas espontâneas no interior dos cultivos / Mites (Acari) from rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg., Euphorbiaceae) and spontaneous euphorbiaceous in rubber trees cultivation

Foram realizadas coletas trimestrais em 2001 em três cultivos de seringueira no Noroeste do estado de São Paulo. Foram amostradas três seringueiras de cada local. Nas entrelinhas das seringueiras foram coletadas quatro espécies de euforbiáceas espontâneas: Chamaesyce hirta, C. hyssopifolia, Euphorbia heterophylla e Phyllanthus tenellus. Foram coletados 8.954 ácaros de 38 espécies, pertencentes a 31 gêneros de 11 famílias. Tydeidae e Phytoseiidae tiveram maior diversidade de espécies, 9 e 7, respectivamente. As famílias mais abundantes foram Eriophyidae (3.594), Tydeidae (2.825) e Tenuipalpidae (1.027). As espécies mais abundantes nas seringueiras foram: fitófagas - Calacarus heveae Feres, Tenuipalpus heveae Baker, Lorryia sp.2, Lorryia formosa Cooreman e Lorryia sp.1; predadoras - Zetzellia quasagistemas Hernandes & Feres, Pronematus sp., Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma e Euseius citrifolius Denmark & Muma. Entre as euforbiáceas espontâneas, encontrou-se maior abundância de ácaros predadores em C. hirta e E. heterophylla, destacando-se Pronematus sp. e E. citrifolius, sugerindo que estas plantas possam ser importantes na manutenção daqueles predadores nos plantios de seringueira. No entanto, plantas que podem abrigar predadores, mas que também exercem forte competição (nutrientes, água etc.) com a seringueira, não podem ser sugeridas para um programa de manejo de pragas. Estudos sobre competição entre a seringueira e plantas espontâneas precisam ser conduzidos para viabilizar programas eficientes de manejo ambiental, visando o controle dos ácaros-praga da seringueira.

Quarterly samples were done in 2001 on three rubber tree plantation in the northwest of the state of São Paulo. Three rubber trees of each locality were sampled. Between the rows of rubber tree four species of spontaneous euphorbiaceous were collected: Chamaesyce hirta, C. hyssopifolia, Euphorbia heterophylla and Phyllanthus tenellus. A total of 8.954 mites of 38 species, belonging to 31 genera of 11 families were collected. Tydeidae and Phytoseiidae had the highest diversity of species, 9 and 7, respectively. The most abundant families were Eriophyidae (3.594), Tydeidae (2.825) and Tenuipalpidae (1.027). The most abundant species on the rubber trees were: phytophagous - Calacarus heveae Feres, Tenuipalpus heveae Baker, Lorryia sp.2, Lorryia formosa Cooreman and Lorryia sp.1; predators - Zetzellia quasagistemas Hernandes & Feres, Pronematus sp., Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma and Euseius citrifolius Denmark & Muma. Among the spontaneous euphorbiaceous, predatory mites were abundantly found on C. hirta and E. heterophylla, mainly Pronematus sp. and E. citrifolius, suggesting that these plants could be important in the maintenance of these predators in the rubber tree cultivation areas. However, plants that can shelter predators and at the same time exert strong competition (nutrients, water etc) to rubber trees, can not be recommended for pest management programs. Studies about competition between rubber trees and spontaneous plants need to be conducted for feasible efficient programs of environmental management, aiming at the control of pest mites of rubber tree.

Mites ( Acari ) of rubber trees ( Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg., Euphorbiaceae ) in Piracicaba, state of São Paulo, Brazil

Foram determinadas as principais espécies de ácaros que ocorrem em seringueira (clone RRIM-600) em Piracicaba, SP, de junho de 2002 a maio de 2003 e avaliadas as relações entre elas. O estudo foi realizado numa plantação de 5 ha com arvores de 11 anos de idade e 15 m de altura, circundada de cultivos de milheto, algodão, milho ou feijão. As amostras foram coletadas mensalmente e consistiram de cinco folíolos, cinco pecíolos (a partir de outubro de 2002) e cinco extremidades de ramos (10 cm de comprimento) de 15 seringueiras. Todos os ácaros de um dos cinco folíolos, pecíolos e ramos de cada árvore foram montados para identificação até gênero/espécie para estimar a ocorrência proporcional de cada espécie. Foram encontrados 84.850 ácaros pertencentes a 38 espécies de 34 gêneros e 16 famílias. Tydeidae foi a família com maior número de espécies (11), seguida por Phytoseiidae e Stigmaeidae (4 cada). As famílias mais abundantes foram Eriophyidae, Tenuipalpidae e Tydeidae (totais de 43.023, 26.390 e 13.644 indivíduos, respectivamente). Os maiores níveis populacionais dos ácaros-praga Calacarus heveae Feres e Tenuipalpus heveae Baker ocorreram no final da estação chuvosa. Os predadores mais abundantes foram Metaseiulus camelliae (Chant & Yoshida-Shaul), Amblyseius compositus Denmark & Muma e Euseius citrifolius Denmark & Muma. Os predadores não conseguiram evitar o aumento populacional de C. heveae e T. heveae a partir de março. No entanto, a presença daqueles predadores pode ter evitado o surgimento mais precoce e níveis ainda maiores daqueles ácaros-praga.

Mites (Acari) of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg., Euphorbiaceae) in Piracicaba, state of São Paulo, Brazil.

This study determined the main mite species on rubber trees (clone RRIM-600) in Piracicaba, southeast of São Paulo State, from June 2002 to May 2003 and evaluated the possible relation between them. It was conducted in a plantation of 5 ha on 11 year old trees, 15 m high, surrounded with crops as pearl millet, cotton, bean or corn. Samples were taken monthly and consisted of five leaflets, five petioles (only from October 2002 on) and five terminal sections of twigs (10 cm) from 15 rubber trees. All mites of one leaflet, one petiole and one twig section of each plant were mounted for identification to genera/species to estimate the proportional occurrence of each species. A total of 84,850 mites belonging to 38 species of 34 genera and 16 families were found. Tydeidae was the family with the highest number of species (11), followed by Phytoseiidae and Stigmaeidae (4 each). The most abundant families were Eriophyidae, Tenuipalpidae and Tydeidae (totals of 43,023, 26,390 and 13,644 individuals, respectively). The highest population levels of the pest mites Calacarus heveae Feres and Tenuipalpus heveae Baker occurred at the end of the rainy season. The most abundant predators were Metaseiulus camelliae (Chant & Yoshida-Shaul), Amblyseius compositus Denmark & Muma and Euseius citrifolius Denmark & Muma. The predators could not prevent the increase of C. heveae and T. heveae from March on. However, their presence might have prevented an earlier increase and even higher levels of those mites.

Acaros (Acari) de dois sistemas de cultivo da seringueira no noroeste do estado de São Paulo / Mites ( Acari ) of two cultivation systems adopted in northwestern State São Paulo

A cultura da seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Agr.) vem se expandindo consideravelmente no noroeste do estado de São Paulo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a fauna de ácaros em dois sistemas comuns de cultivo nessa região, um em monocultivo e outro em consórcio com gariroba (Syagrus oleracea (Mart.) Becc. O estudo foi conduzido entre maio de 2002 e abril de 2003, tomando-se amostras mensais de 150 folíolos de seringueira de cada plantação e 150 folíolos de gariroba. As faunas dos dois sistemas foram semelhantes; os números de espécies, gêneros e famílias, assim como as famílias mais diversas e mais abundantes foram semelhantes entre eles. Dezoito espécies ocorreram exclusivamente em plantas de gariroba. O número de ácaros sobre estas foi consideravelmente menor, mas a riqueza de espécies foi maior que em seringueiras. Dentre as espécies mais freqüentes e abundantes em seringueira, Eutetranychus banksi (McGregor) e Pronematus sp. foram as únicas também freqüentes em gariroba, porém bem menos abundantes. Nenhum dos predadores abundantes em seringueira (Zetzellia aff. yusti, Euseius citrifolius Denmark & Muma, Pronematus sp. e Spinibdella sp.) foi abundante em gariroba. O fungo Hirsutella thompsonii Fisher foi o único patógeno de ácaros encontrado neste estudo, atacando Calacarus heveae Feres. Aparentemente, na forma como cultivada na região, a gariroba não constitui um reservatório adequado dos ácaros predadores mais importantes em seringueira.