Risk of Soil Recontamination Due to Using Eleusine coracana and Panicum maximum Straw After Phytoremediation of Picloram.

This study aimed to evaluate the herbicidal activity of picloram on the biomass of the remediation plants Eleusine coracana and Panicum maximum after cultivation in a soil contaminated with this herbicide. These species were grown in three soils, differentiated based on texture (clayish, middle, and sandy, with 460, 250, and 40 g kg(-1) of the clay, respectively), previously contaminated with picloram (0, 80, and 160 g ha(-1)). After 90 days, the plants were harvested and an extract was produced by maceration of leaves and stems of these plants. It was applied to pots containing washed sand, comprising a bioassay in a growth chamber using soybean as a bioindicator for picloram. Soil and plant samples were analyzed by HPLC. The results showed the presence of picloram or metabolites with herbicidal activity in the shoots of E. coracana and P. maximum at phytotoxic levels with regard to soybean plants, indicating that they work only as phytoextractors and that the presence of straw on the soil surface can promote recontamination within the area. It is not recommended to cultivate species susceptible to picloram in areas where it was reported remediation by E. indica and P. maximum and still present residues of these species.

The validation of an analytical method for sulfentrazone residue determination in soil using liquid chromatography and a comparison of chromatographic sensitivity to millet as a bioindicator species.

Commonly used herbicides, such as sulfentrazone, pose the risk of soil contamination due to their persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity. Phytoremediation by green manure species has been tested using biomarkers, but analytical data are now required to confirm the extraction of sulfentrazone from soil. Thus, the present work was carried out to analyze sulfentrazone residues in soil based on liquid chromatography with a comparison of these values to the sensitivity of the bioindicator Pennisetum glaucum. The soil samples were obtained after cultivation of Crotalaria juncea and Canavalia ensiformis at four seeding densities and with three doses of sulfentrazone. The seedlings were collected into pots, at two different depths, after 75 days of phytoremediator sowing and then were used to determine the herbicide persistence in the soil. A bioassay with P. glaucum was carried out in the same pot. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), using UV-diode array detection (HPLC/UV-DAD), was used to determine the herbicide residues. The HPLC determination was optimized and validated according to the parameters of precision, accuracy, linearity, limit of detection and quantification, robustness and specificity. The bioindicator P. glaucum was more sensitive to sulfentrazone than residue determination by HPLC. Changes in sulfentrazone concentration caused by green manure phytoremediation were accurately identified by the bioindicator. However, a true correlation between the size of the species and the analyte content was not identified.

Caracteres morfológicos de soja e braquiária consorciadas sob subdoses de fluazifop-p-butil / Morphologic characters of soybean and Brachiaria intercropped under reduced rates of fluazifop-p-butil

A degradação das pastagens é um dos maiores problemas da pecuária, afetando diretamente a sustentabilidade do setor. Como alternativas de recuperação, tem sido proposta a utilização de culturas anuais em consórcio com forrageiras. No entanto, para a viabilização do consórcio, é necessário o manejo adequado da forrageira minimizando a competição com a cultura. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar os efeitos da aplicação do fluazifop-p-butil em caracteres morfológicos de Brachiaria brizantha e soja, cultivadas em consórcio. O experimento foi realizado em Coimbra-MG. Foram avaliadas seis doses de fluazifop-p-butil (0, 18, 36, 54, 72 e 90g ha-1) aplicadas em duas épocas (21 e 28 dias após a emergência da soja - DAE) e 2 testemunhas (soja e braquiária em monocultivo e capinadas). Não foi verificada interação entre doses e épocas de aplicação. Todavia, as doses 0, 18 e 36g ha-1, influenciaram negativamente o índice de área foliar (IAF), a biomassa seca das folhas, da haste + pecíolos e das vagens das plantas de soja. O IAF, a biomassa seca das folhas (BSF), o número, o comprimento e a biomassa seca dos colmos (BSC) da B. brizantha, foram afetados pelas doses e épocas de aplicação. A aplicação aos 28 DAE foi mais prejudicial à B. brizantha do que quando realizada aos 21 DAE. Na avaliação efetuada aos 53 DAE, para as variáveis BSF, BSC e IAF, as doses 0, 18 e 36g ha-1, aplicadas aos 21 DAE, e as doses 0 e 18g ha-1, aplicadas aos 28 DAE, não diferiram da B. brizantha em monocultivo. Aos 78 DAE, somente a dose 0 não diferiu da B. brizantha em monocultivo nas duas épocas de aplicação. Ao utilizar 36g ha-1 de fluazifop-p-butil, houve o favorecimento da B. brizantha em relação à soja. Por outro lado, a dose de 54g ha-1 de fluazifop-p-butil privilegiou a soja em detrimento da B. brizantha. Nas condições em que foi conduzido o ensaio a faixa ideal do herbicida, visando o consórcio, foi de 40g ha-1 de fluazifop-p-butil.