Diagnosis and treatment of disorders of intracranial pressure: consensus statement of the Spanish Society of Neurology's Headache Study Group.

Primary intracranial pressure disorders include idiopathic intracranial hypertension and spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Remarkable advances have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of these 2entities in recent years. Therefore, the Spanish Society of Neurology's Headache Study Group (GECSEN) deemed it necessary to prepare this consensus statement, including diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms to facilitate and improve the management of these disorders in clinical practice. This document was created by a committee of experts belonging to GECSEN, and is based on a systematic review of the literature, incorporating the experience of the participants, and establishes practical recommendations with levels of evidence and grades of recommendation.

Réplica: Red de cuidadores informales de los pacientes con demencia en la provincia de Alicante, descripción de sus características / Reply to: "informal caregivers network of patients with dementia in Alicante province, characteristics description"

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Red de cuidadores informales de los pacientes con demencia en la provincia de Alicante, descripción de sus características / Characteristics of informal caregivers of patients with dementia in Alicante province

Introducción: Los cuidadores informales garantizan el cuidado de los pacientes con demencia, prolongando la estancia en su domicilio. Objetivos: Describir las características de los pacientes con demencia de la provincia de Alicante, así como los perfiles y roles de los cuidadores implicados en su manejo. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio prospectivo multicéntrico realizado en 4 consultas de neurología de la provincia de Alicante (junio del 2009-enero del 2010). Inclusión consecutiva de familiares/cuidadores de pacientes con demencia. Analizamos: a) datos demográficos del paciente y cuidadores (edad/sexo, estado civil/laboral, estudios, parentesco); b) unidad de convivencia del paciente; c) motivación para el cuidado del cuidador principal (CP); d) roles del cuidador secundario (CS); e) nacionalidad del cuidador formal (CF) y origen remuneración (privada/institucional), y f) formación en demencias de los cuidadores. Resultados: Nuestros pacientes residen en su domicilio (74,8%). Principalmente, son mujeres (69%) con enfermedad de Alzheimer (78,4%) moderadamente grave (GDS 4-5, 71,6%). CP y CS son mujeres (72,1% vs 60,5%), de edad media, parentesco directo (hijo/a 64,3% vs 54,4%), nivel cultural bajo y amas de casa. Las primeras garantizan el cuidado por obligación moral (75%), las segundas se ocupan del ocio/estimulación del paciente (82,3%). Los grandes ausentes son los varones (73,3%), quienes residen lejos del familiar (52,4%). El CF es una mujer (91,7%), espa˜nola (81,8%) con remuneración privada. Conclusiones: La mujer es el elemento principal en la red de cuidadores de pacientes con demencia: como CP, de apoyo o CF (todos con escasa formación en demencias), siendo el varón el gran ausente. Conocer la estructura de cuidados de estos pacientes facilitará su manejo (AU)

Introduction: Informal caregivers provide care to dementia patients, and this service prolongs their stay at home. Objectives: To describe characteristics of dementia patients in the province of Alicante, as well as the profiles and roles of caregivers who assist them. Patients and methods: Multi-centre prospective study carried out in 4 neurology departments in Alicante (June 2009 to January 2010). Dementia patients’ relatives/caregivers were included in sequential order. The following variables were analysed: a) Demographic information pertaining to the patient and caregivers (age, sex, marital and employment status, educational level, relationship to patient); b) patient’s family unit; c) motivating factor for primary caregiver (PC); d) secondary caregiver (SC) roles; e) country of citizenship of formal caregiver (FC) and source of remuneration (private/public); f) caregivers’ knowledge of dementia. Results: Most of our patients live at home (74.8%), and are female (69%) with Alzheimer’s disease (78.4%) in a moderately severe stage (GDS level 4-5, 71.6%). PCs and SCs are mainly women (72.1% and 60.5% respectively), middle-aged and directly related to the patient (sons/daughters account for 64.3% of the PCs and 54.4% of the SCs); most are homemakers with a low educational level. Caregivers in the first category (PC) provide care due to moral obligation (75%), while those in the second (SC) involve patients in leisure or other stimulating activities (82.3%). Absent caregivers tend to be males (73.3%) residing long distances from the relative (52.4%). The FC tends to be female (91.7%), Spanish (81.8%) and privately remunerated. Conclusions: Women dominate the network of caregivers for dementia patients, whether as principal caregivers, supporting caregivers or formal caregivers (in all cases, they have only limited training in dementia management). Males are largely absent. Better knowledge of the care structure supporting dementia patients may be helpful in the overall management of these patients (AU)

Characteristics of informal caregivers of patients with dementia in Alicante province.

INTRODUCTION: Informal caregivers provide care to dementia patients, and this service prolongs their stay at home. OBJECTIVES: To describe characteristics of dementia patients in the province of Alicante, as well as the profiles and roles of caregivers who assist them. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Multi-centre prospective study carried out in 4 neurology departments in Alicante (June 2009 to January 2010). Dementia patients' relatives/caregivers were included in sequential order. The following variables were analysed: a) Demographic information pertaining to the patient and caregivers (age, sex, marital and employment status, educational level, relationship to patient); b) patient's family unit; c) motivating factor for primary caregiver (PC); d) secondary caregiver (SC) roles; e) country of citizenship of formal caregiver (FC) and source of remuneration (private/public); f) caregivers' knowledge of dementia. RESULTS: Most of our patients live at home (74.8%), and are female (69%) with Alzheimer's disease (78.4%) in a moderately severe stage (GDS level 4-5, 71.6%). PCs and SCs are mainly women (72.1% and 60.5% respectively), middle-aged and directly related to the patient (sons/daughters account for 64.3% of the PCs and 54.4% of the SCs); most are homemakers with a low educational level. Caregivers in the first category (PC) provide care due to moral obligation (75%), while those in the second (SC) involve patients in leisure or other stimulating activities (82.3%). Absent caregivers tend to be males (73.3%) residing long distances from the relative (52.4%). The FC tends to be female (91.7%), Spanish (81.8%) and privately remunerated. CONCLUSIONS: Women dominate the network of caregivers for dementia patients, whether as principal caregivers, supporting caregivers or formal caregivers (in all cases, they have only limited training in dementia management). Males are largely absent. Better knowledge of the care structure supporting dementia patients may be helpful in the overall management of these patients.

Cefalea menstrual: subtipos, fenotipos clínicos y tratamiento / Menstrual headache: subtypes, clinical phenotypes and treatment

Introducción. Más del 60% de las mujeres refieren presentar cefalea relacionada con el ciclo menstrual. Se ha incluido la ‘migraña menstrual’ en la segunda edición de la Clasificación Internacional de las Cefaleas; sin embargo, la ‘cefaleatensional durante la menstruación’ es una entidad no reconocida por la Sociedad Internacional de Cefaleas.Objetivos. Evaluar la prevalencia de los diferentes subtipos de cefalea menstrual y analizar sus características clínicas y eltratamiento prescrito.Pacientes y métodos. Evaluamos de forma prospectiva a todas las mujeres atendidas en varias consultas de neurología,desde enero a noviembre de 2008, cuya cefalea aparecía durante el período menstrual. Resultados. Se incluyeron un total de 108 pacientes durante el período del estudio, con una edad media de 34,8 ± 8,9 años. El 29,3% presentaba migraña menstrual pura, el 58,7% migraña menstrual relacionada con la menstruación, el 4,5% cefalea tensional pura durante la menstruación y el 7,5% cefalea tensional relacionada con la menstruación. Conclusiones. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la cefalea tensional en el contexto de la menstruación existe, con unaprevalencia en torno al 12% en las pacientes valoradas en nuestras consultas (AU)

Introduction. Up to 60% of women relate their episodes of headache to menstrual cycle. Menstrual migraine has been included in the second edition of the International Classification of Headache disorders. Menstrual tension-type headache has not yet been recognised by the International Headache Society. Aims. To evaluate the prevalence of different subtypes of menstrual headache and to analyze their clinical features and the treatment prescribed. Patients and methods. We prospectively included women attending several neurology outpatient clinics, from January toNovember 2008 whose headache appeared during the menstrual period. Results. A total of 108 patients were included during the study period. Mean age was 34.8 ± 8.9 years-old. 29.3% sufferedfrom pure menstrual migraine, 58.7% from menstrual related migraine, 4.5% from pure menstrual tension-type headacheand 7.5% from menstrual related tension type headache.Conclusions. Our data suggest that menstrual related tension-type headaches exist with a prevalence found about 12%, inour neurology outpatient clinics

[Differences between Spanish ischemic stroke patients and those from Central and Northern Europe. A case-control study]. / Diferencias entre pacientes con ictus isquémico españoles frente a centro y nordeuropeos: un estudio de casos y controles.

INTRODUCTION: Studies conducted in the American population have revealed the existence of differences in cerebral vascular pathologies and in the prevalence of vascular risk factors between races. The few studies carried out in Hispanic populations have found a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus, as well as a lower frequency of cardioembolic strokes and extracranial carotid atheromatosis, in comparison with whites of Anglo-Saxon extraction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a case-control study in which one case was paired with two controls, according to age and sex. The cases were people from Central and Northern Europe and the controls were Spaniards. All of them had been admitted to hospital because of ischemic stroke or TIA. We compared the frequency of conventional risk factors (RF), the subtype of ischemic stroke and the results from carotid duplex scans. The odds ratio and confidence intervals (CI) at 95% were calculated for paired data. RESULTS: Arterial hypertension (AHT) was less frequent in the cases, with an OR of 0.45 (CI 0.24-0.83). No statistically significant differences were found in the prevalence of diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, heart disease and atrial fibrillation. Fast recovery stroke and TIA were observed more frequently in the cases than in the controls (OR: 3.73; CI: 1.72-8.07), which we interpreted as being due to a bias in admissions. Carotid duplex scanning revealed stenosis > 70% in 21.9% of the cases and in 13% of the controls. CONCLUSIONS: This study did not reveal any differences between Spaniards and Northern Europeans in conventional RF, except for a higher prevalence of AHT in Spaniards. Severe carotid pathology seems to be less frequent in Spaniards. Future research should take into account other RFs (such as cholesterol subfractions, homocysteine, etc.), which are possibly race-linked and may account for the differences described.

Diferencias entre pacientes con ictus isquémico españoles frente a centro y nordeuropeos: un estudio de casos y controles / Differences between Spanish ischemic stroke patients and those from Central and Northern Europe. A case-control study

Introducción. Algunos estudios realizados en población americana han demostrado diferencias entre razas en la patología vascular cerebral y en la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo va-cular. Los pocos estudios sobre población hispana han encontrado una mayor prevalencia de diabetes mellitus, así como una menor frecuencia de ictus cardioembólico y de ateromatosis carotídea extracraneal, en comparación a la raza blanca de origen sajón. Pacientes y métodos. Realizamos un estudio de casos y controles apareando un caso con dos controles, por edad y sexo. Los casos eran personas procedentes del centro y norte de Europa y los controles, personas españolas. Todos se habían hospitalizado por ictus isquémico o AIT. Comparamos la frecuencia de factores de riesgo(FR) convencionales, el subtipo de ictus isquémico y el estudio por ecografía Doppler de las carótidas. Calculamos la odds ratio y los intervalos de confianza (IC) al 95% para datos apareados. Resultados. Los casos presentaron con menor frecuencia hipertensión arterial(HTA), con una OR de 0,45 (IC 0,24-0,83). No encontramos diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la prevalencia de diabetes, hipercolesterolemia, cardiopatía y fibrilación auricular. Obtuvimos una mayor frecuencia de ictus con mejoría rápida y de AIT en los casos que en los controles (OR de 3,73, IC: 1,72-8,07), que interpretamos como un sesgo de ingreso. La ecografía Doppler de las carótidas demostró estenosis superior al 70% en el 21,9% de los casos y en el 13% de los controles. Conclusiones. El presente estudio no revela diferencias entre españoles y noreuropeos en los factores de riesgo convencionales, salvo por una mayor prevalencia de HTA enlos pacientes españoles. La patología carotídea grave parece ser menos frecuente en los españoles. Sería conveniente para futuros trabajos el tener en cuenta otros FR (subfracciones de colesterol,homocisteína, etc.), posiblemente ligados a la raza y que pueden explicar las diferencias descritas

Introduction. Studies conducted in the American population have revealed the existence of differences incerebral vascular pathologies and in the prevalence of vascular risk factors between races. The few studies carried out in Hispanic populations have found a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus, as well as a lower frequency of cardio-embolic strokes and extracranial carotid atheromatosis, in comparison with whites of Anglo-Saxon extraction. Patients and methods. We performed a case-control study in which one case was paired with two controls, according to age and sex. The cases were people from Central and Northern Europe and the controls were Spaniards. All of them had been admitted to hospital because of ischemic stroke or TIA. We compared the frequency of conventional risk factors (RF), the subtype of ischemic stroke and the results from carotid duplex scans. The odds ratio and confidence intervals (CI) at 95% were calculated for paired data. Results. Arterial hypertension (AHT) was less frequent in the cases, with an OR of 0.45 (CI0.24-0.83). No statistically significant differences were found in the prevalence of diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, heart disease and atrial fibrillation. Fast recovery stroke and TIA were observed more frequently in the cases than in the controls(OR: 3.73; CI: 1.72-8.07), which we interpreted as being due to a bias in admissions. Carotid duplex scanning revealed stenosis > 70% in 21.9% of the cases and in 13% of the controls. Conclusions. This study did not reveal any differences between Spaniards and Northern Europeans in conventional RF, except for a higher prevalence of AHT in Spaniards. Severe carotid pathology seems to be less frequent in Spaniards. Future research should take into account other RFs (such as cholesterol subfractions, homocysteine, etc.), which are possibly race-linked and may account for the differences described

[A control and case study of multiple sclerosis in the Alicante and Villajoyosa areas]. / Estudio de casos y controles sobre la esclerosis múltiple en las áreas de Alicante y Villajoyosa.

INTRODUCTION: Three studies have been carried out in the area of Alcoy (Spain) which show an association between contact with dogs and multiple sclerosis. We present a control and case study conducted in a different geographical area, the area of Alicante. AIMS. To examine environmental factors linked with multiple sclerosis in the health care district of Alicante, and to compare findings with those from the health care district of Alcoy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A study of cases and controls was conducted with 47 patients, each of which was paired with four controls according to gender, age and place of residence. All the cases fulfilled criteria of defined multiple sclerosis. The controls were obtained from the Emergency and Casualty Services at different hospitals in the area. Each of the environmental factors studied was stratified by genders. RESULTS: A total of 47 patients and 188 controls were analysed. A statistically significant association was found between the disease and smoking, a low educational level, a social level 2 on the classification developed by Koch Henriksen, having had measles before the age of 15 and contact with dogs. The fact of being the third, or later, child in a family and a family history of cephalea were more frequent among controls than among cases. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple sclerosis in the Alicante area is related with contact with dogs, smoking, a low educational level, a high social level and measles before the age of 15. Since an association between contact with dogs and multiple sclerosis has been shown repeatedly in other previous studies conducted in the town of Alcoy, we are now in a position to state that this factor is indeed linked with the appearance of multiple sclerosis.

[The epidemiology of multiples sclerosis in Alcoi. Analytical data]. / Epidemiología de la esclerosis múltiple en Alcoi. Datos analíticos.

INTRODUCTION: The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis (ME) in the Alcoi area has been studied by our groups for many years. When studying the factors linked to ME in this area initially we observed that migration, contact with dogs and the textile industry were associated with the disorder. A later study, in which the migration factor was controlled, still showed a significant association with contact with dogs and the textile industry. OBJECTIVE: To make an analytical study avoiding the possible confusing effect of contact with the textile industry, since this may be associated with other factors. We also compared the results of previous studies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We made a case control study in which each case was paired with four controls for age, sex and having worked or not worked in the textile industry. The cases fulfilled the criteria for diagnosis of ME. The control patients came from the Emergency and Trauma Departments of Alcoi hospital. RESULTS. We analyzed 37 patients and 148 controls. Significant values were obtained for smoking, low social class, chickenpox and measles infections when aged under 15 years, pneumonia when aged over 15 years and contact with dogs, sheep and dissolvents. CONCLUSIONS: Contact with dogs was associated with multiple sclerosis in all the studies carried out in the Alcoi area to date. This is therefore a risk factor for the disorder in the Alcoi population.

Estudio de casos y controles sobre la esclerosis múltiple en las áreas de Alicante y Villajoyosa / A control and case study of multiple sclerosis in the Alicante and Villajoyosa areas

Introducción. Existen tres estudios realizados en el área de Alcoy que demuestran una asociación entre el contacto con perros y la esclerosis múltiple. Presentamos un estudio de casos y controles realizado en una zona geográfica distinta, el área de Alicante. Objetivo. Estudiar los factores ambientales asociados a la esclerosis múltiple en el área sanitaria de Alicante, y comparar los hallazgos en esta área con los del área sanitaria de Alcoy. Pacientes y métodos. Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles con 47 pacientes, y se apareó cada uno de ellos con cuatro controles según el sexo, la edad y el lugar de residencia. Todos los casos cumplían criterios de esclerosis múltiple definida. Obtuvimos los controles de los Servicios de Urgencias y Traumatología de varios hospitales del área. Cada uno de los factores ambientales estudiados se estratificó por sexos. Resultados. Se analizaron 47 pacientes y 188 controles. Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa de la enfermedad con el consumo de tabaco, el nivel de educación bajo, el nivel social 2 de la clasificación de Koch-Henriksen, haber padecido el sarampión antes de los 15 años y el contacto con perros. El hecho de ser el tercero o más de los hermanos y los antecedentes familiares de cefalea fueron más frecuentes entre los controles que entre los casos. Conclusiones. La esclerosis múltiple en el área de Alicante se relaciona con el contacto con perros, el consumo de tabaco, el nivel de educación bajo, el nivel social alto y el sarampión antes de los 15 años. Al haber demostrado previamente una asociación del contacto con perros y la enfermedad, de forma reiterada, en otros estudios realizados sobre la población de Alcoy, afirmamos que dicho factor se relaciona con la aparición de esclerosis múltiple (AU)

Epidemiología de la esclerosis múltiple en Alcoi. Datos analíticos / The epidemiology of multiples sclerosis in alcoi. Analytical data

Introducción. Nuestro grupo ha estudiado desde hace años la epidemiología de la esclerosis múltiple (EM) en el área de Alcoi. Al estudiar los factores vinculados a la EM en esta área, observamos inicialmente que la migración, el contacto con perros y la industria textil se asociaban a la enfermedad. Un estudio posterior, en el que se controló el factor migración, mostraba todavía una asociación significativa con el contacto con perros y la industria textil. Objetivos. Realizar un estudio analítico y evitar el posible efecto de confusión que pueda ejercer el hecho de tener contacto con la industria textil, por asociarse a otros factores. Comparar los resultados con los de los estudios previos. Pacientes y métodos. Se realizó un estudio caso-control, en el que cada caso se apareó con cuatro controles por edad, sexo y haber trabajado o no en la industria textil. Los casos cumplían criterios de EM definida. Los controles se obtuvieron de los servicios de Urgencias y Traumatología del Hospital de Alcoi. Resultados. Se analizaron 37 pacientes y 148 controles. Se obtuvieron valores significativos para el consumo de tabaco, el grupo social bajo, las infecciones por varicela y sarampión antes de los 15 años, la neumonía después de los 15 años y el contacto con perros, ovejas y disolventes. Conclusiones. El contacto con perros se mantiene asociado a la EM en todos los estudios realizados en el área de Alcoi hasta la fecha. Por tanto, constituye un factor de riesgo para la enfermedad en esta población (AU)

[Sporadic familial meningiomas]. / Meningiomas familiares esporádicos.

INTRODUCTION: Meningiomas are primary tumours of the central nervous system. Usually they are sporadic. The occurrence in more than one member of a family is unusual. Up till now this coincidence had been related with type 2 neurofibromatosis. In this paper we comment on two siblings who did not fulfil neurofibromatosis diagnostic criteria as an example of sporadic familial meningiomas. CLINICAL CASES: Two siblings (a 79 years old female and a 77 years old male) were diagnosed of a meningioma in an interval of two years, with surprising clinical and neuroimaging similarities. In sporadic meningiomas, abnormalities in the long arm of chromosome 22 have been found. Type 2 neurofibromatosis causative gene has also been found in this chromosome. Meningiomas are quite often found in this entity, and therefore, this gene was implicated as a main factor in the genesis of an important number of meningiomas. However, several studies have not found an association between these tumours and the locus for neurofibromatosis, leading to think that there may be other genes that may influence on meningiomas development.

Meningiomas familiares esporádicos / Sporadic familial meningiomas

Introducción. Los meningiomas son tumores primarios del sistema nervioso central que suelen ser esporádicos. La aparición de meningiomas en más de un miembro de la familia es atípica. Los casos de meningiomas familiares simples o múltiples se han relacionado hasta ahora con la neurofibromatosis tipo 2.En este artículo presentamos el caso de dos hermanos sin criterios diagnósticos de neurofibromatosis, que formarían parte de los denominados meningiomas familiares esporádicos. Casos clínicos. Presentamos el caso de dos hermanos (mujer de 79 años y varón de 77 años) que en el intervalo de dos años son diagnosticados de sendos tumores cerebrales en forma de meningioma, presentando ambos características clínicas y alteraciones en la neuroimagen sorprendentemente semejantes. Los meningiomas esporádicos suelen presentar alteraciones genéticas a nivel del brazo largo del cromosoma 22.En este cromosoma se ha identificado el gen que causa la neurofibromatosis tipo 2, proceso en el que es frecuente la aparición de meningiomas, por lo que se propuso al gen de esta enfermedad como factor crucial en la génesis de un número importante de meningiomas. Sin embargo, diversos estudios realizados sobre meningiomas familiares esporádicos han determinado que estos tumores no están ligados al locus de la neurofibromatosis, lo que refuerza la hipótesis de que existen otros genes que influirían en el desarrollo de los meningiomas (AU)

[Cerebral venous thrombosis]. / Trombosis venosas intracraneales.

INTRODUCTION: Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a type of pathology which has many predisposing factors and forms of presentation, which make diagnosis and prognosis difficult. The objective of this paper is to review, and bring up to date, different aspects of knowledge concerning: aetiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment. MAIN FINDINGS: The proportion of cases of unknown aetiology is between 20-35% in spite of new causes being described. Magnetic resonance and recently, angiographic resonance are the diagnostic methods of choice, although conventional angiography is still necessary in some cases. The treatment of CVT is based on correction of the cause, control of symptoms and the use of anti-thrombotic drugs, mainly anticoagulants and more recently, fibrinolytic agents. The mortality of current series of patients is 10-15% and only 15-25% of the patients show sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: CVT is not rare and neuro-imaging techniques allow early diagnosis of more cases. In general prognosis is good. Antithrombotic treatment is still controversial and further study is necessary in this field.