Disentangling the attention network test: behavioral, event related potentials, and neural source analyses.

BACKGROUND: The study of the attentional system remains a challenge for current neuroscience. The "Attention Network Test" (ANT) was designed to study simultaneously three different attentional networks (alerting, orienting, and executive) based in subtraction of different experimental conditions. However, some studies recommend caution with these calculations due to the interactions between the attentional networks. In particular, it is highly relevant that several interpretations about attentional impairment have arisen from these calculations in diverse pathologies. Event related potentials (ERPs) and neural source analysis can be applied to disentangle the relationships between these attentional networks not specifically shown by behavioral measures. RESULTS: This study shows that there is a basic level of alerting (tonic alerting) in the no cue (NC) condition, represented by a slow negative trend in the ERP trace prior to the onset of the target stimuli. A progressive increase in the CNV amplitude related to the amount of information provided by the cue conditions is also shown. Neural source analysis reveals specific modulations of the CNV related to a task-related expectancy presented in the NC condition; a late modulation triggered by the central cue (CC) condition and probably representing a generic motor preparation; and an early and late modulation for spatial cue (SC) condition suggesting specific motor and sensory preactivation. Finally, the first component in the information processing of the target stimuli modulated by the interaction between orienting network and the executive system can be represented by N1. CONCLUSIONS: The ANT is useful as a paradigm to study specific attentional mechanisms and their interactions. However, calculation of network effects is based in subtractions with non-comparable experimental conditions, as evidenced by the present data, which can induce misinterpretations in the study of the attentional capacity in human subjects.

Enfermedad renal crónica en la población general: importancia de la tasa de filtrado glomerular estimada absoluta / Chronic renal disease in the general population: importance of the absolute estimated glomerular filtration rate

Introducción: Evaluamos la Prevalencia de la Enfermedad Renal Crónica (ERC) en la población general y la asociación con factores de riesgo reconocidos. Determinamos la utilidad de la Tasa de Filtrado glomerular estimada absoluta(TFGea). Métodos: Utilizamos la fórmula MDRD-4 variables corregida por la superficie corporal del individuo evaluado. Se definió como ôProbable ERC sin considerar la proteinuriaö a la población con TFGea < 60 ml/m y ôProbable ERC considerando proteinuriaö a la anterior más la población con TFGea ≥ 60 ml/m que presenta proteinuria ≥ 30 mg/L. Regresión logística uni y multivariable para determinar asociación de TFGea < de 60 ml/m con factores comórbidos. Resultados: Se evaluaron 811 personas de edad promedio 52.5 ± 17.0 años. La Tasa de Probable ERC sin considerar a la proteinuria patológica es de 11.7% (IC95%:9.5-14.3) y de 15.8%(IC95%:13.2-18.8) considerándola. El grupo 3a(TFGea 45-59 ml/m) resultó el más frecuente: 9.9 % (IC95%:7.8-12.3). Los factores predictores significativosde TFGea <60 ml/m en el modelo multivariado son: la Mayor edad, la Litiasis Urinaria actual o pasada, el Sexo femenino y el Antecedente de Neoplasia. La TFGe relativa (ml/m/1.73m2) demostró una Tasa de Probable ERC sin considerar proteinuria de 12.8% (IC95%: 10.48-15.54), 1.1% más que la demostrada por la TFGea. Conclusiones: La Prevalencia de Probable ERC es alta en Santa Fe. La mayor edad, la Litiasis Urinaria actual o pasada, el Sexo femenino y el Antecedente de Neoplasia se asocian a TFGea < 60 ml/m. La TFGea permite reducir la Tasa de Probable ERC en el 1.1%.(AU)

Introduction: We assessed the prevalence of the Chronic Renal Disease (CRD) in the general population and the association with known risk factors. We determined the use of the absolute estimated glomerular filtration rate ( absolute eGFR) Methods: We used the MDRD formula with 4 variables corrected for body surface area of the examined individual. The population with absolute eGFR < 60 mL/min was defined as ôLikely CRD regardless proteinuriaö and the latter plus the population with absolute eGFR ≥ 60 mL/ min presenting proteinuria ≥ 30 mg/L was defined as ôLikely CRD considering proteinuriaö. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression to determine the association between absolute eGFR <60 mL/min with comorbid factors. Results: 811 individuals of an average age of 52.5 ± 17.0 years were examined. The rate of likely CRD without consideration of pathological proteinuria is 11.7% (95% CI:9.5 -14.3) while the rate considering this factor is 15.8% (95% CI:13.2 -18.8). The 3a group (absolute eGFR 45-59 mL/min) was the most frequent one: 9.9 % (95% CI:7.8 -12.3). The significant predictive factors for absolute eGFR <60 mL/min in the multivariate model are: older age, past or current urinary lithiasis, female gender and history of neoplasia. The relative eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) showed a likely CRD rate without consideration of proteinuria of 12.8% (95% CI: 10.48 -15.54), 1.1% higher than observed for absolute eGFR. Conclusions: The prevalence of potential CRD is high in Santa Fe. The older age, either past or current urinary lithiasis, female gender and history of neoplasia are associated with absolute eGFR < 60 mL/min. Absolute eGFR helps to reduce the rate of likely CRD in 1.1%.(AU)

Enfermedad renal crónica en la población general: importancia de la tasa de filtrado glomerular estimada absoluta / Chronic renal disease in the general population: importance of the absolute estimated glomerular filtration rate

Introducción: Evaluamos la Prevalencia de la Enfermedad Renal Crónica (ERC) en la población general y la asociación con factores de riesgo reconocidos. Determinamos la utilidad de la Tasa de Filtrado glomerular estimada absoluta(TFGea). Métodos: Utilizamos la fórmula MDRD-4 variables corregida por la superficie corporal del individuo evaluado. Se definió como “Probable ERC sin considerar la proteinuria” a la población con TFGea < 60 ml/m y “Probable ERC considerando proteinuria” a la anterior más la población con TFGea ≥ 60 ml/m que presenta proteinuria ≥ 30 mg/L. Regresión logística uni y multivariable para determinar asociación de TFGea < de 60 ml/m con factores comórbidos. Resultados: Se evaluaron 811 personas de edad promedio 52.5 ± 17.0 años. La Tasa de Probable ERC sin considerar a la proteinuria patológica es de 11.7% (IC95%:9.5-14.3) y de 15.8%(IC95%:13.2-18.8) considerándola. El grupo 3a(TFGea 45-59 ml/m) resultó el más frecuente: 9.9 % (IC95%:7.8-12.3). Los factores predictores significativosde TFGea <60 ml/m en el modelo multivariado son: la Mayor edad, la Litiasis Urinaria actual o pasada, el Sexo femenino y el Antecedente de Neoplasia. La TFGe relativa (ml/m/1.73m2) demostró una Tasa de Probable ERC sin considerar proteinuria de 12.8% (IC95%: 10.48-15.54), 1.1% más que la demostrada por la TFGea. Conclusiones: La Prevalencia de Probable ERC es alta en Santa Fe. La mayor edad, la Litiasis Urinaria actual o pasada, el Sexo femenino y el Antecedente de Neoplasia se asocian a TFGea < 60 ml/m. La TFGea permite reducir la Tasa de Probable ERC en el 1.1%.

Introduction: We assessed the prevalence of the Chronic Renal Disease (CRD) in the general population and the association with known risk factors. We determined the use of the absolute estimated glomerular filtration rate ( absolute eGFR) Methods: We used the MDRD formula with 4 variables corrected for body surface area of the examined individual. The population with absolute eGFR < 60 mL/min was defined as “Likely CRD regardless proteinuria” and the latter plus the population with absolute eGFR ≥ 60 mL/ min presenting proteinuria ≥ 30 mg/L was defined as “Likely CRD considering proteinuria”. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression to determine the association between absolute eGFR <60 mL/min with comorbid factors. Results: 811 individuals of an average age of 52.5 ± 17.0 years were examined. The rate of likely CRD without consideration of pathological proteinuria is 11.7% (95% CI:9.5 -14.3) while the rate considering this factor is 15.8% (95% CI:13.2 -18.8). The 3a group (absolute eGFR 45-59 mL/min) was the most frequent one: 9.9 % (95% CI:7.8 -12.3). The significant predictive factors for absolute eGFR <60 mL/min in the multivariate model are: older age, past or current urinary lithiasis, female gender and history of neoplasia. The relative eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) showed a likely CRD rate without consideration of proteinuria of 12.8% (95% CI: 10.48 -15.54), 1.1% higher than observed for absolute eGFR. Conclusions: The prevalence of potential CRD is high in Santa Fe. The older age, either past or current urinary lithiasis, female gender and history of neoplasia are associated with absolute eGFR < 60 mL/min. Absolute eGFR helps to reduce the rate of likely CRD in 1.1%.