An intuitive and efficient method for cell voltage prediction of lithium and sodium-ion batteries.

The voltage delivered by rechargeable Lithium- and Sodium-ion batteries is a key parameter to qualify the device as promising for future applications. Here we report a new formulation of the cell voltage in terms of chemically intuitive quantities that can be rapidly and quantitatively evaluated from the alkaliated crystal structure with no need of first-principles calculations. The model, which is here validated on a wide series of existing cathode materials, provides new insights into the physical and chemical features of a crystal structure that influence the material potential. In particular, we show that disordered materials with cationic intermixing must exhibit higher potentials than their ordered homologues. The present method is utilizable by any solid-state chemist, is fully predictive and allows rapid assessement of material potentials, thus opening new directions for the challenging project of material design in rechargeable batteries.

[Thrombopenia and the nature of the microorganism in infected critically ill children]. / Thrombopénie et nature des germes infectants en réanimation pédiatrique.

BACKGROUND: Thrombopenia is correlated with sepsis and mortality in pediatric intensive care units. The purpose of this study was to find an association between thrombopenia and the microorganism type to guide the choice of empiric antibiotic therapy in infected critically ill children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective descriptive study, including all newborns, infants, and children admitted to a pediatric surgical intensive care unit from 1st January to 31st December 2009. We identified patients who developed an infection and/or thrombopenia (platelet count less than 100,000/mm(3)) during hospitalization. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-seven patients were included (57 newborns, 41 infants, 99 children). Ninety patients developed 100 infectious episodes during the study period. Of the 57 newborns enrolled in the study, 31 (54%) developed 37 infections. Seventy-six microorganisms (55 Gram-negative bacilli [GNB], 17 Gram-positive cocci, two Gram-negative cocci, two fungal pathogens) were identified during 65 infectious episodes in 55 patients. Thirty-four episodes of thrombopenia were observed in 30 patients. Thrombopenia was observed only in infected patients (P<0.001). Thrombopenia was associated with infections caused by GNB (26/28 vs 20/37, P=0.001) and by Klebsiella (16/28 vs 6/37, P=0.001) and may be associated with infections caused by GNB producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (P=0.07). Gram-positive cocci infections were correlated to the non-occurrence of thrombopenia (P=0.02). Postoperative peritonitis was also significantly associated with thrombopenia (P=0.03). The mortality rate in our patients was 12.7% (22.8% in neonates). There was an association between thrombopenia and death in univariate analysis (11/25 vs 19/172, P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis did not confirm thrombopenia as an independent predictive factor of mortality in children. CONCLUSION: Because of the relatively high proportion of resistant GNB, an empiric antibiotic therapy combining a carbapenem and an aminoglycoside may be indicated in infected critically ill children developing thrombopenia.

Porous metal organic framework nanoparticles to address the challenges related to busulfan encapsulation.

Busulfan is an alkylating agent widely used in chemotherapy, but with severe side effects. Many attempts have been made to entrap busulfan in nanocarriers to avoid liver accumulation and to protect it against rapid degradation in aqueous media. However, poor loadings (≤ 5 wt%) and fast release were generally obtained due to the low affinity of busulfan towards the nanocarriers. Moreover, drug crystallization often occurred during nanoparticle preparation. To circumvent these drawbacks, metal organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles, based on crystalline porous iron (III) carboxylates, have shown an unprecedented loading (up to 25 wt%) of busulfan. This was attributed to the high porosity of nanoMOFs as well as to their hydrophilic-hydrophobic internal microenvironment well adapted to the amphiphilic character of busulfan. NanoMOFs formulations have kept busulfan in molecular form, preventing its crystallization and degradation. Indeed, busulfan was released intact, as proved by the maintenance of its pharmacological activity.

[Syringomyelobulbia associated with cervical spondylosis. Pathophysiology and therapeutic implications]. / Syringomyélobulbie et canal cervical étroit.

Spinal spondylosis is rarely implicated in syringomyelia. We report the case of a 70-year-old patient with a 10-year history of gait disturbance; constrictive pain of lower limbs and urinary incontinance. Physical examination disclosed spastic tetraparesis. In the upper limbs, deep tendon reflexes were abolished, with hyposthesia and hands amyotrophy. Brain and cervical MRI showed syringomyelobulbia with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Extensive cervical laminectomy induced a mild clinical improvement. A second MRI performed 6 months after surgery depicted a complete disappearance of the bulbo-medullar cavitation with secondary atrophy. Extradural spondylotic compression of the spinal cord should be firmly considered as an etiology of syringomyelia. A purely extradural decompression could be sufficient to induce regression of the medullary cavitation.

Extrahepatic immunologic manifestations in chronic hepatitis C and hepatitis C virus serotypes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine, using a serotyping assay, whether the occurrence of extrahepatic immunologic disorders in patients with chronic hepatitis C is dependent on hepatitis C virus serotype. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Liver unit and virology laboratory of a university hospital. PATIENTS: 59 consecutive patients with chronic hepatitis C. MEASUREMENTS: Hepatitis C virus serotype was determined using a recently developed immunoenzymatic assay that detects antibodies directed to serotype-specific immunodominant epitopes. Cryoglobulin, rheumatoid factor, and numerous antitissue antibodies were sought. Biopsies of labial salivary glands were done in 49 of the 59 patients. RESULTS: Prevalence was 59% for serotype 1, 10% for serotype 2, 12% for serotype 3, and 3% for mixed infection. Fifteen percent of patients could not be serotyped. Cryoglobulinemia was found in 36% of patients and rheumatoid factor was found in the serum of 71%. At least one antitissue antibody was found in the serum of 41% of patients; salivary gland biopsy showed lymphocytic capillaritis in 49% of patients. These immunologic abnormalities were seen in patients infected with any of the three serotypes, and prevalences of the abnormalities did not differ significantly among patients infected with different serotypes. CONCLUSIONS: We confirm that the prevalence of extrahepatic immunologic abnormalities is high in patients with chronic hepatitis C. These abnormalities may occur in patients infected with any of the three major hepatitis C virus serotypes now present in developed countries.

Immunological disorders in C virus chronic active hepatitis: a prospective case-control study.

Hepatitis C virus-related chronic hepatitis may be associated with various immunological disorders. The aim of this study was to determine prospectively the prevalence of the clinical, biochemical and pathological immunological abnormalities in a series of 61 consecutive patients with chronic hepatitis C, compared with those in 61 age- and sex-matched control subjects without markers of hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus infections and with those in 61 patients with chronic hepatitis B. The following investigations were systematically performed before any treatment: detection of serum cryoglobulinemia and rheumatoid factor, detection of a large variety of serum anti-tissue antibodies, biopsy of labial salivary glands, ophthalmological examination, dosage of thyroid-stimulating hormone and in vivo capillary microscopy. Cryoglobulinemia was found in 36% of the hepatitis C virus patients, four of whom had dermatological and/or neurological manifestations of vasculitis, and rheumatoid factor was present in 70%. Serum anti-tissue antibodies were detected in 41% of cases, mostly antinuclear and anti-smooth muscle antibodies. Liver-kidney microsomal and antithyroid antibodies were rare. Salivary gland lesions were found in 49% of the patients: all had lymphocytic capillaritis, sometimes associated with lymphocytic sialadenitis resembling that of Sjögren's syndrome, but without features of sicca syndrome and Ro/SSA antibodies. Five percent of the patients had lichen planus. The prevalences of cryoglobulinemia, rheumatoid factor and anti-tissue antibodies were significantly higher than those in the control group and patients with chronic hepatitis B.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[Chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis induced by wild germander. 3 cases]. / Hépatite chronique active et cirrhose induites par la germandrée petit-chêne. Trois cas.

We report 3 cases of chronic liver injury that were observed after prolonged treatment with wild germander, a herbal medicine recently prohibited by French Ministry of Health, following several reports suggesting its hepatotoxicity. Chronic active hepatitis was found in 2 cases, and active cirrhosis in 1 case. The onset of hepatitis occurred after 6 to 7 months of treatment. Serum anti-nuclear and anti-smooth muscle antibodies were present in 2 patients. In 2 cases, wild-germander involvement was recognized several months after appearance of liver injury. Following treatment discontinuation, outcome was favorable in the 3 patients. These observations suggest that diagnosis of acute or chronic liver injury of unknown origin should always include the search for herbal medicine treatment.